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In order to identify biomarkers of lipid deterioration in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) muscle during cold storage, the lipid profile change of the grass carp muscle stored at 4 ℃ for different periods (3, 6, and 9 d) was investigated by UPLC-Q Exactive HF-X. Multivariate statistical analysis and one-way ANOVA were used to screen the differential lipids during the cold storage, and then to enrich the metabolic pathways involved in the differential lipids through the KEGG database. The results showed that the pH in grass carp muscle decreased gradually, while the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, total free fatty acid content, and volatile base total nitrogen increased gradually, reaching 0.82 µg/kg, 168.22 µg/10 g and 23.63 mg/100 g, respectively, on the 9 d of cold storage. A total of 1265 lipid molecules belonging to 5 categories and 35 subclasses were identified in the chilled grass carp muscle. Glycerol phospholipids (GP) and glycerol esters (GL) were the main components of lipids in grass carp muscle. There was no significant difference in lipid profile between grass carp muscle refrigerated for 3~6 days (P>0.05), but there were significant changes in lipid composition when refrigerated for 9 days. Fatty acyl (FA) and sphingolipids (SP) were the major different lipids in the early stage of refrigeration (3~6 days), and GP was the main lipids with significant changes in the late stage of refrigeration (6~9 days). A total of 20 different lipid molecules were screened from multivariate statistical difference analysis, and they were mainly glycerol ester and glycerol phospholipid, among which PE (16:1e/22:6) showed significant differences (P

To explore the different extraction methods and traditional refining process of squid visceral fish oil and its quality changes, the deep-sea squid viscera from the Equator, Argentina, and the North Pacific were used as raw materials in this study. Firstly, different organic reagent extraction methods and compound methods were used to extract fish oil from Argentine squid viscera. The method with the highest oil yield and best quality was selected for refining three types of crude squid visceral oil. The sensory morphology, physicochemical indicators, fatty acid composition and volatile flavor compounds of three types of crude and refined squid visceral oils were analyzed. The results showed that the oil extraction method of the No.6 solvent assisted freeze-thaw was the best, with a yield of 12.90%, and the physical and chemical indexes of squid visceral oil after refining were significantly improved. The peroxide value, insoluble impurities, color difference value, acid value, moisture and volatiles, and anisidine values were significantly reduced (P

Low salt dry-curing (LSD), as a healthier pre-treatment for the preservation of fishery products, is a potential technique substitute for excessively salty curing. The regulatory effects of 2 % and 3 % LSD on the quality evolution through an intrinsic correlation between microbiota succession and flavour precursors of refrigerated grass carp fillets were investigated in this study. The results showed that the LSD pre-treatment was effective in promoting proteolysis, free amino acid and fatty acid metabolism with the microbiota succession and quality evolution. Compared with unpre-treated samples, the 3 % LSD pre-treatment effectively extended the shelf life by 10 days within the acceptable quality attributes. Not only did the LSD pre-treatment lead to catalytic microbiota succession and inhibitive spoilage substance production but it also improved the flavour precursors, which are taste-active amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Moreover, considerable correlations between quality attributes, taste-active amino acids, PUFAs and microbiota were obtained.

Rice bran residue possessed a steady lipase activity ((26.68 ± 3.69)%) after its endogenous lipase was extracted continuously by phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for 24 h. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore whether there exist any bound lipases in rice bran (Oryza sativa). Three physical treatments (grinding, homogenizing and ultrasound crush) and 6 enzymatic treatments (cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, complex cellulase, glucoamylase and α-amylase) were applied to rice bran in order to investigate this bound lipase. The relative catalytic activities of extraction supernatant and residue for pectinase group were (437.63 ± 22.54)% and (159.26 ± 2.12)%, respectively, which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than other groups. This phenomenon demonstrated that lipase was the most likely to combine with pectin. Molecular simulation proved that pectin could combine with two rice bran lipases (lipase 315 and lipase 308) and cover the catalytic centers so as to prevent the lipases from encountering the substrate and inhibiting their catalytic activities. During combination, pectin could make the lipases more compact and reduce the solvent accessible surface area of lipases, which would make the lipases inactive to molecular interaction. In summary, part of rice bran lipase was proved to exist in bound form and combined with the pectin.

In this article, when 2≤p≤4, we establish the Cloc0,1-regularity of weak solutions to the degenerate parabolic p-Laplacian equation ∂tu=−∑i=16Xi*(|∇Hu|p−2Xiu) on the group SU(3) granted with horizontal vector fields X1, …, X6. Compared to the Heisenberg group, Hn, we obtained the optimal range of p; that is, 2≤p≤4.

Background: Radiotherapy and surgery are the standard local treatments for lung cancer brain metastases (BMs). However, limited studies focused on the effects of radiotherapy and surgery in lung cancer BMs with poor prognosis factors. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 714 patients with lung cancer BMs. Analyses of overall survival (OS) and risk factors for OS were assessed by the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Age ≥ 65 years, a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score ≤ 70, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild type, and extracranial metastases were related to poor prognosis. Patients were stratified according to these poor prognosis factors. In patients with the ALK/EGFR wild type, whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and surgery improved the OS of patients. WBRT and SRS were the independent protective factors for OS. In patients with extracranial metastases, patients who received WBRT plus SRS or WBRT alone had longer OS than those who did not receive radiotherapy. WBRT plus SRS and WBRT were the independent protective factors for OS. Conclusions: Radiotherapy and surgery are associated with improved survival for lung cancer BMs with the ALK/EGFR wild type. Radiotherapy is associated with improved survival in lung cancer BMs with extracranial metastases.

In this paper, we establish a structural inequality of the ∞-subLaplacian ▵0,∞ in a class of the semi-simple Lie group endowed with the horizontal vector fields X1,…,X2n. When 1

With the implementation of AGV technology and automated scheduling, storage and retrieval systems have become widely utilized in warehouse management. However, due to the use of unidirectional channels, AGV movement is restricted, and detours may occur frequently. Additionally, as the number of AGVs increases, deadlocks can arise, which lead to delays in order packaging and a decrease in overall warehouse performance. Hence, this paper proposes a dynamic scheduling method for task assignment and route optimization of AGVs to prevent collisions. The routing optimization method is based on an improved A* algorithm, which takes into account the dynamic map as input. Moreover, this paper investigates highly complex collision scenarios in bidirectional channels. Through simulation experiments, it is evident that scheduling methods based on bidirectional channels offer a clear advantage in terms of efficiency compared to those based on unidirectional channels.

Summary: Cis-regulatory elements regulate gene expression and lineage specification. However, the potential regulation of cis-elements on mammalian embryogenesis remains largely unexplored. To address this question, we perform single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-seq in embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) and E13.5 mouse embryos. We construct the chromatin accessibility landscapes with cell spatial information in E7.5 embryos, showing the spatial patterns of cis-elements and the spatial distribution of potentially functional transcription factors (TFs). We further show that many germ-layer-specific cis-elements and TFs in E7.5 embryos are maintained in the cell types derived from the corresponding germ layers at later stages, suggesting that these cis-elements and TFs are important during cell differentiation. We also find a potential progenitor for Sertoli and granulosa cells in gonads. Interestingly, both Sertoli and granulosa cells exist in male gonads and female gonads during gonad development. Collectively, we provide a valuable resource to understand organogenesis in mammals.

Patients with colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) are at a higher probability of infection with COVID-19 than healthy individuals. However, there is no globally accepted treatment protocol for patients with COAD/COVID-19. Quercetin has been found to have significant antitumor, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in several studies. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the potential of quercetin as the agent for COAD/COVID-19 and to explore its mechanisms. We used bioinformatics algorithms to obtain COAD/COVID-19-related genes (CCRG) from COAD-related transcriptome data and COVID-related transcriptome sequencing data, and used these genes to construct a COAD prognostic model. We intersected the CCRG with the therapeutic target genes of quercetin and obtained a total of 105 genes (potential target genes of quercetin for the treatment of COAD/COVID-19). By constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, we ascertained FOS, NFKB1, NFKB1A, JUNB, and JUN as possible core target genes of quercetin for the treatment of COAD/COVID-19. Bioinformatic analysis of these 105 genes revealed that the mechanisms for quercetin the treatment of COAD/COVID-19 may be associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, immune, anti-viral and multiple pathways containing IL-17, TNF, HIF-1. In this study, we constructed a prognostic model of COAD/COVID19 patients by using CCRG and elucidated for the first time the potential target genes and molecular mechanisms of quercetin for the treatment of COAD/COVID-19, which may benefit the clinical treatment of COAD/COVID-19 patients. However, no clinical trials have yet been conducted to further validate the findings, but this will be the future direction of our research.

Animal models play a key role in life science research, especially in the study of human disease pathogenesis and drug screening. Because of the closer proximity to humans in terms of genetic evolution, physiology, immunology, biochemistry, and pathology, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have outstanding advantages in model construction for disease mechanism study and drug development. In terms of animal model construction, gene editing technology has been widely applied to this area in recent years. This review summarizes the current progress in the establishment of NHPs using gene editing technology, which mainly focuses on rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. In addition, we discuss the limiting factors in the applications of genetically modified NHP models as well as the possible solutions and improvements. Furthermore, we highlight the prospects and challenges of the gene-edited NHP models.

Endometriosis (EMs) is a common benign gynecological disease in women of childbearing age, which usually causes pelvic pain, secondary dysmenorrhea, and infertility. EMs has been linked to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in epidemiological data. The relationship of both, however, remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms between EMs and RPL. We searched Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain omics data of EMs and RPL. Co-expression modules for EMs and RPL were investigated by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The intersections of gene modules with the strong correlation to EMs or RPL obtained by WGCNA analysis were considered as shared genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and their corresponding target genes linked to EMs and RPL were found though the Human MicroRNA Disease Database (HMDD) and the miRTarbase database. Finally, we constructed miRNAs-mRNAs regulatory networks associated with the two disorders by using the intersection of previously obtained target genes and shared genes. We discovered as significant modules for EMs and RPL, respectively, by WGCNA. The energy metabolism might be the common pathogenic mechanism of EMs and RPL, according to the findings of a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. We discovered several target genes that might be linked to these two disorders, as well as the potential mechanisms. RAB8B, GNAQ, H2AFZ, SUGT1, and LEO1 could be therapeutic candidates for RPL and EMs. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and platelet activation were potentially involved in the mechanisms of EM-induced RPL. Our findings for the first time revealed the underlying pathological mechanisms of EM-induced RPL and identified several useful biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.

ObjectivesIn this research, we aim to explore the bioinformatic mechanism of infertile endometriosis in order to identify new treatment targets and molecular mechanism.MethodsThe Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to download MRNA sequencing data from infertile endometriosis patients. The “limma” package in R software was used to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to classify genes into modules, further obtained the correlation coefficient between the modules and infertility endometriosis. The intersection genes of the most disease-related modular genes and DEGs are called gene set 1. To clarify the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for infertile endometriosis, we used Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Gene and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) enrichment, Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) on these intersecting genes. We identified lncRNAs and miRNAs linked with infertility and created competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) regulation networks using the Human MicroRNA Disease Database (HMDD), mirTarBase database, and LncRNA Disease database.ResultsFirstly, WGCNA enrichment analysis was used to examine the infertile endometriosis dataset GSE120103, and we discovered that the Meorangered1 module was the most significantly related with infertile endometriosis. The intersection genes were mostly enriched in the metabolism of different amino acids, the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, and the cAMP signaling pathway according to KEGG enrichment analysis. The Meorangered1 module genes and DEGs were then subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The hub genes in the PPI network were performed KEGG enrichment analysis, and the results were consistent with the intersection gene analysis. Finally, we used the database to identify 13 miRNAs and two lncRNAs linked to infertility in order to create the ceRNA regulatory network linked to infertile endometriosis.ConclusionIn this study, we used a bioinformatics approach for the first time to identify amino acid metabolism as a possible major cause of infertility in patients with endometriosis and to provide potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Pyrethroid is widely used in developing countries and is a potential threat to human health. So putting forward an effective pyrethroid cleaning method is of vital importance. Clearance of fenpropathrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in cabbage by using ultrasonic treatment accompanied with different baking soda concentrations were investigated in this study. The results of response surface methodology showed that the maximum clearance rate was 70.61% for fenpropathrin under the optimal power, treated time, treated temperature and baking soda concentration, which were 260.02 W, 10 min, 20.15 °C and 0.014 g/mL, respectively. Similarly, the maximum removal efficiency was 73.72% for cypermethrin under 240 W, 13.84 min, 19.53 °C and 0.014 g/mL, and 92.15% for deltamethrin under 238.99 W, 12.42 min, 25 °C and 0.013 g/mL. The clearance rate of pyrethroid by this method was significant higher (P 0.05). Results showed that ultrasonic treatment combined with baking soda was an effective way to eliminate the fenpropathrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in cabbage without influencing cabbage quality.

Autophagy is a conservative lysosomal catabolic pathway commonly seen in eukaryotic cells. It breaks down proteins and organelles by forming a two-layer membrane structure of autophagosomes and circulating substances and maintaining homeostasis. Autophagy can play a dual role in viral infection and serve either as a pro-viral factor or an antiviral defense element dependent on the virus replication cycle. Recent studies have suggested the complicated and multidirectional role of autophagy in the process of virus infection. On the one hand, autophagy can orchestrate immunity to curtail infection. On the other hand, some viruses have evolved strategies to evade autophagy degradation, facilitating their replication. In this review, we summarize recent progress of the interaction between autophagy and viral infection. Furthermore, we highlight the link between autophagy and SARS-CoV-2, which is expected to guide the development of effective antiviral treatments against infectious diseases.

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved degradative process contributing to cytoplasm quality control, metabolic recycling and cell defense. Aging is a universal phenomenon characterized by the progressive accumulation of impaired molecular and reduced turnover of cellular components. Recent evidence suggests a unique role for autophagy in aging and age-related disease. Indeed, autophagic activity declines with age and enhanced autophagy may prevent the progression of many age-related diseases and prolong life span. All tissues experience changes during aging, while the role of autophagy in different tissues varies. This review summarizes the links between autophagy and aging in the whole organism and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of autophagy in the aging process in tissues such as skeletal muscle, eye, brain, and liver.

When 2−1/Q

Purpose: To determine the underlying mechanisms of action of Astragalus membranaceus in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) treatment. Methods: This study utilized network pharmacology analysis and STRING database to identify compound targets and visualize PPI network. Furthermore, an LDH model was induced in human nucleus pulposus cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then the vital target genes were evaluated in this model treated with active components of Astragalus membranaceus. Results: Network pharmacology analysis indicates that several key proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A), AKT1, JUN, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) may play essential roles in LDH treated with Astragalus membranaceus. The active components in Astragalus membranaceus suppressed the production of IL-1ß and IL-6, and increased the expressions of VEGF A, MMP9 and MMP2 in LPS-induced LDH model. Conclusion: The active components of Astragalus membranaceus effectively inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced LDH model, indicating that Astragalus membranaceus is a potential therapeutic candidate for LDH treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A beam-steerable wideband reflectarray antenna (WRA) for $C$ -band high-power microwave (HPM) application is presented in this paper. The $C$ -band WRA comprises a multimode conical horn antenna with high power handling capacity (PHC), $25\times25$ special designed antenna elements, a metal frame and a dielectric plate used as a radome. In our previous work, it has been verified that a wideband prototype using this antenna element has a relative bandwidth of 50% (3.3-5.5 GHz) and its beam scanning range reaches ±60° in low power experiments. In this paper, combined with the equivalent circuit model, the wideband and high PHC property of the WRA element is further explained. To demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed element in HPM applications, we combined the $C$ -band WRA (which was redesigned from the previous wideband prototype) with a well-designed narrowband HPM source operating at 4.3 GHz, and constructed a matching HPM experimental platform. The $C$ -band WRA works at 4.1-4.5 GHz, and the results of low power experiments indicate that it can maintain good performance during beam scanning. Its sidelobe level and cross-polarization level are always less than −15 dB and −22 dB, respectively, while its maximum aperture efficiency reached 68.99% (the corresponding antenna gain is 28.07 dB at 4.3 GHz). On the other hand, the PHC of the WRA element reaches 3.82 GW/ $\text{m}^{2}$ and the $C$ -band WRA reaches 1.24 GW in simulation. HPM verification experiments have been carried out, and the experimental results show that the PHC of the fabricated prototype exceeded the expectation, which proves that the WRA has broad application prospects in HPM fields.

A continuous transverse stub (CTS) array antenna with broad bandwidth and high-power handling capacity is proposed in this paper. The technologies of multi-step impedance matching and T-shaped electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) loading are utilized, which improved the antenna operating frequency bandwidth. An H-plane lens horn is used to feed the CTS array. As a result, a good bandwidth capability of more than 32% is achieved, with a gain variation less than 3.0 dB. The measured sidelobe level (SLL) is below −18 dB in the entire frequency range. Moreover, the power handling capacity of the antenna is more than 80 MW and can reach the GW level after arraying, which indicates that this antenna has application potential in the high-power microwave (HPM) field.

This study presents the design and simulation of a novel type of TM01-TE01 mode converter for high-power microwave applications, which efficiently converts the TM01 circular waveguide mode into the TE01 circular waveguide mode. The converter is composed of three sections: power-dividing section, twist-waveguide section and power-combining section. These sections were analyzed and discussed respectively, and the whole converter structure was studied numerically. The results show that at the central frequency 12.5 GHz, the TM01-TE01 conversion loss of the converter made of aluminum is 0.05 dB and the bandwidth for S21 > 0.25 dB is 2.73 GHz. Moreover, the power-handling capacity is over 2 GW.

An eight-ring radial helical array antenna based on a novel slot-coupled structure is designed and simulated. The novel coupling structure has the advantages of high power-handling capacity and excellent coupling ability. The simulation results of the array antenna agree well with theoretical calculations, and the aperture efficiency is about 78.1% when the beam is in the normal direction. The power-handling capacity is about 100 MW on vacuum condition. The simulation results also show that the gain is 30.7 dB and the main lobe’s axial ratio is 0.25 dB. Furthermore, the structure of the antenna is compact, and it may be applied to larger circular helical arrays to realize higher gain and higher power-handling capacity.