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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disease caused by an imbalance between carbohydrate intake and metabolism, is one of the most difficult metabolic diseases to treat worldwide. The main symptoms of T2DM include hyperglycemia, insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, polydipsia and polyuria. T2DM is often accompanied by many complications such as atherosclerosis, renal function injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a polypeptide composed of 31 amino acids, which is mainly used to maintain glucose homeostasis in vivo and relieve T2DM. However, its half-life is short and it is easily degraded in vivo. This article introduces probiotics and their metabolites that regulate GLP-1 in the host, and also discusses the alleviative effect of GLP-1 on T2DM, including the association between GLP-1 and T2DM, the clinical application of metformin and GLP-1 agonists, the insufficiency of GLP-1 in alleviating T2DM and the regulation of the GLP-1 content by related prebiotics. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms of probiotics and their metabolites on GLP-1, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids (BAs), tryptophan and its derivatives and extracellular polysaccharides, are summarized in order to provide some references for studies on the regulatory effects of probiotics and their metabolites on GLP-1 production and release in the host as well as their alleviative effects on T2DM.

The 3D geological model serves as a cornerstone, establishing the essential foundation and prerequisite for numerical simulations, analytical assessments, and evaluative procedures that are integral to the disciplines of geotechnical and geological engineering. The task of integrating vast quantities of multi-source, heterogeneous modeling data, the absence of stratigraphic division standards to meet varying precision requirements, and addressing the application demands of 3D geological models beyond the geological domain, pose significant challenges to the endeavor of 3D geological modeling. This is especially true for the construction of large-scale, high-precision 3D geological models at the urban level. Our research introduces a methodology for 3D geological modelling, with a particular focus on the dual-weighted interpolation technique for the integration of land-sea data and the establishment of a three-tiered coding system for bedrock layers. Focusing on Qingdao, a city characterized by its bedrock geology and situated along the eastern coastal region of China, our proposed method has successfully catalyzed the creation of models across four distinct scales: a comprehensive city-wide model covering an area of 11,282 square kilometers, five general models, two demonstration models, and five refined models. Further application cases have demonstrated that these models are not only capable of meeting the requirements of geological and geotechnical engineering across various scenarios, but also exhibit excellent interoperability and significant application potential when integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The outcomes of this study are significant for the theoretical development and technological advancement of 3D geological modeling, and can also bring inspiration and reference to the work of 3D geological modeling in other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jet impingement flash technology represents a paramount research subject in the domain of heat and mass transfer. To augment its commercial potential, the conjunction of annular multi‐aperture jet impingement with negative pressure flash evaporation is introduced in this study. The employment of an annular nozzle array is integral to the enhancement of the heat and mass transfer efficiency between the phases. The Realizable k‐ε model is used in this study. The negative pressure flash vaporization model was also developed by introducing a mass source term and an energy source term based on the Mixture model. The flow characteristics are characterized using numerical simulation. Additionally, the λ2 vortex identification criterion is investigated the vortex structure. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with experimental findings, demonstrating that a higher initial vacuum leads to a stronger flashing effect and a more chaotic movement of the flow group within the flow field. Thus, this study provides a reference method for the structural design and optimization of annular symmetric jet impingement negative pressure deammonia chemical equipment for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) ectoenzyme regulates vascular intimal proliferation and mineralization of bone and soft tissues. ENPP1 variants cause Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy (GACI), a rare genetic disorder characterized by ectopic calcification, intimal proliferation, and stenosis of large- and medium-sized arteries. ENPP1 hydrolyzes extracellular ATP to pyrophosphate (PPi) and AMP. AMP is the precursor of adenosine, which has been implicated in the control of neointimal formation. Herein, we demonstrate that an ENPP1-Fc recombinant therapeutic inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro and in vivo. Addition of ENPP1 and ATP to cultured VSMCs generated AMP, which was metabolized to adenosine. It also significantly decreased cell proliferation. AMP or adenosine alone inhibited VSMC growth. Inhibition of ecto-5′-nucleotidase CD73 decreased adenosine accumulation and suppressed the anti-proliferative effects of ENPP1/ATP. Addition of AMP increased cAMP synthesis and phosphorylation of VASP at Ser157. This AMP-mediated cAMP increase was abrogated by CD73 inhibitors or by A2aR and A2bR antagonists. Ligation of the carotid artery promoted neointimal hyperplasia in wild-type mice, which was exacerbated in ENPP1-deficient ttw/ttw mice. Prophylactic or therapeutic treatments with ENPP1 significantly reduced intimal hyperplasia not only in ttw/ttw but also in wild-type mice. These findings provide the first insight into the mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect of ENPP1 and broaden its potential therapeutic applications beyond enzyme replacement therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]