Search

To investigate the impact of extrusion parameters on the formation of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) and acrylamide in plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs), the content changes and the correlations of compounds related to their formation were studied. The extrusion promoted CML, CEL and acrylamide formation, with more CEL being formed than CML. Variations in the moisture level and barrel temperature exerted a greater influence on the CML, CEL, acrylamide and α-dicarbonyl compounds than the screw speed and the feed rate. An increase in the moisture content led to a decrease in the CEL content, whereas it enhanced CML formation. The impact of moisture on acrylamide formation varied depending on whether low- or high-moisture extrusion was applied. Elevated temperatures promoted the accumulation of CEL, methylglyoxal and 2,3-butanedione while diminishing the accumulation of CML, acrylamide, glyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone. CML and CEL were positively correlated with glyoxal and methylglyoxal, respectively. CEL and methylglyoxal were negatively correlated with protein and water content, whereas CML, glyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone displayed positive correlations. In summary, higher moisture levels and feed rates and lower screw speeds and barrel temperatures are advantageous for producing PBMAs with lower CEL and total advanced glycation end-products contents, while lower or higher moisture contents, a lower feed rate and a higher barrel temperature are beneficial to reducing the acrylamide content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed mucilages are potential sources of natural polysaccharides. They are biodegradable, biocompatible, sustainable, renewable, and safe for human consumption. Due to the desirable physicochemical and functional properties (e.g. gelling, thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying), seed mucilages have attracted extensive attention from researchers for utilization as a promising material for the development of advanced carrier systems. Seed mucilages have been utilized as natural polymers to improve the properties of various carrier systems (e.g. complex coacervates, beads, nanofibers, and gels) and for the delivery of diverse hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds (e.g. vitamins, essential oils, antioxidants, probiotics, and antimicrobial agents) to achieve enhanced stability, bioavailability, bioactivity of the encapsulated molecules, and improved quality attributes of food products. This review highlights the recent progress in seed mucilage-based carrier systems for food and nutraceutical applications. The main contents include (1) sources, extraction methods, and physicochemical and functional characteristics of seed mucilages, (2) application of seed mucilages for the development of advanced carrier systems, (3) major issues associated with carrier fabrication, and (4) mechanisms of carrier development, latest improvements in carrier formulation, carrier efficiency in the delivery of bioactive agents, and application in food and nutraceuticals. Furthermore, major challenges and future perspectives of seed mucilage-based carriers for a commercial application are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, microalgal protein (MP) has gained a lot of interest, and research on its properties and applications is steadily increasing. However, the crude protein derived from microalgae is generally undervalued and has not yet found significant applications in the food industry. There are still many issues that need to be addressed in order to promote the MP industry and make it viable. In this review, about 30 microalgal species commonly used for human consumption are depicted with their safety aspects, and the potential MP production strategies and technologies are evaluated and compared in terms of protein yield efficiency. The latest findings on the nutritional, biological, and techno-functional properties of MP are summarized to identify the potential future applications in food. Apart from that, the challenges and current issues facing the MP industry are addressed, and several technological and strategic approaches are suggested to stimulate more relevant and problem-solving research activities in this area. From the literature review, it can be concluded that MPs have balanced amino acid profiles, high quality, and good bioaccessibility. They also possess various biological activities and diverse physicochemical properties, which could be suitable for different food development needs. However, the disruption of stubborn cell walls and the migration of low sensory scores of microalgae are important challenges for the current MP industry. To increase the sustainability of MP in the human food industry, developing low-cost and large-scale microalgae cultivation strategies, seeking efficient protein purification techniques, and exploring novel applications based on the MP properties are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]