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To date, Bulgaria has been free of African Horse Sickness (AHS). Contacts with and proximity to countries, in which it is assumed there are cases of the disease, necessitate surveillance of equine animals near the border strict control of outgoing and incoming animals, especially those returning to the country after a long stay abroad of participation in races. Instructions for carrying out veterinary activities in instances when the disease occurs in Bulgaria have been worked out, since there were occurrences of Blue tongue disease (the disease has the same epizootiological vectors of spreading) in regions bordering with Turkey last year. The serological screening investigations of blood sera by ELISA of equine animals from the same villages and regions during one active period of flight of culicoides did not establish the presence of antibodies to this dangerous transmissive disease. The present study contributed to working out scientific-methodological diagnostic preparedness in Bulgaria as regards this exotic transmassive disease.

Background: Different barrier membranes and augmentation techniques are used in oral surgery to recover lost bone structures with varied success. Recently, a combination between bone graft materials and Platelet-Rich-Fibrin (PRF) is implemented in the periodontology and implantology.

Aim: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the qualitative (linear alveolar ridge changes) and quantitative (healing complications) outcomes after guided bone regeneration (GBR) using a custom-made 3D printed titanium mesh versus titanium reinforced dense PTFE membrane for vertical and horizontal augmentation of deficient alveolar ridges., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Tooth extraction is one of the oldest and most well-known surgical procedures in dental medicine. It is still routinely performed by general practitioners and dental undergraduates. The Benex extraction system allows for the extraction of teeth in a vertical direction, which avoids most trauma against surrounding alveolar bone and soft tissues. The study included 56 patients who were recruited from the Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University-Plovdiv. The patients were split into two groups of 28 patients-Group I (control group) and Group II (study group). For each group, the success of the extraction, buccal cortical plate preservation, pain experience and early wound healing were assessed. There was no statistical significance between the success of the extractions in both groups. The Benex extractions preserved the buccal cortical plate in 95% of the cases, whereas the forceps extractions preserved it in only 71.8%, which is statistically significant. On the seventh day, patients in Group II reported less pain, without a significant difference. There was a significantly bigger number of completely healed extraction wounds on the 10th day. Atraumatic extractions allow for more hard and soft tissues to be preserved in the extraction site. This is essential for a successful outcome and the aesthetically pleasing results of the following dental restoration.

Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been used for some time in clinical practice as a local antiseptic agent with excellent efficacy. The combination of CHX with APRF (Advanced-platelet rich fibrin) membrane has the potential to stimulate tissue regeneration and to provide a bactericidal effect. We hypothesize that this may reduce the rate of infections development and protect cell viability., Aim: The aim of this study was two-fold-to create a stable APRF membrane treated with different concentrations of CHX (0.01% and 0.02%) and to monitor its effect on the viability of PDL cells in vitro. This benefits the introduction of a new protocol for APRF membrane production -CHX-PRF and enriches the available evidence on the effect of this antiseptic agent on PDL (Periodontal ligament) cells., Materials and Methods: APRF membranes were prepared by the addition of two concentrations (0.01% and 0.02%) of CHX. Membranes without the antiseptic were also prepared and used as control samples. PDL cells were cultivated on the membranes for 72 h. Cell number and vitality were examined by fluorescent cell viability assays., Results: Our results demonstrated that a concentration of 0.01% CHX allowed the production of a stable APRF membrane. This concentration slightly reduced the viability of PDL cells to 96.7%, but significantly decreased the average number of cells attached to the membrane-149 ± 16.5 cells/field compared to controls -336 ± 26.9 cells/field. APRF-CHX 0.02% membranes were unstable, indicating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect of CHX., Conclusions: The introduced novel protocol leads to the production of a new type of APRF membrane-CHX-PRF. The incorporation of an antiseptic into the APRF membrane can improve its bactericidal activity and might serve as an important step for the prevention of postoperative infections.

Here we review the knowledge on the local biological immunological response (formation of "pseudo periosteum" of the host) to two types of nonresorbable membranes used in the horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge augmentation: the titanium-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and the titanium mesh membrane. A literature search was conducted including available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on cellular and molecular immunological response to these two types of nonresorbable membranes, in particular the formation of "pseudo periosteum"., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The aim of the present clinical study was to assess and compare the histomorphometric results and efficacy of freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) in combination with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), and PRF as a sole grafting material for socket preservation. Ninety patients in need of tooth extraction and implant restoration were included in this study. The participants were randomly divided into three groups based on post-extraction clinical protocol: socket preservation procedure with allograft in combination with a PRF membrane (PRFm), PRF as a sole grafting material, and a control group. A total of 90 implants were placed four months post-extraction. During the surgical re-entry a bone biopsy was harvested with a trephine drill. Histological samples were prepared and analyzed for percentage vital bone and connective tissue. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis were used to assess the results. Both test groups revealed a significantly higher percentage of vital bone formation compared to the control group. No statistically significant differences regarding vital bone formation and connective tissue quantity between the tested groups were observed (FDBA + PRFm: 3.29 ± 13.03%; and PRF: 60.79 ± 9.72%). From a clinical and histological point of view, both materials in the test groups are suitable for the filling of post-extraction sockets without bone defects. Both of the tested groups revealed a significantly higher percentage of vital bone formation compared to the control group.

Background: This study aims to evaluate whether there is a correlation between implant stability, bone density, vital bone formation and implant diameter and length., Methods: Ninety patients were enrolled in this study. They underwent a socket preservation procedure with allograft or PRF and after 4 months, a total of 90 implants were placed. CBCT scans were assigned prior to implant placement in order to assess the bone density. During the surgical re-entry, a bone biopsy was harvested with a trephine drill. Immediately after implant insertion, the primary stability was measured. The secondary stability was measured 4 months after implant placement., Results: Primary stability showed a significant positive linear correlation with bone density (r = 0.471, p < 0.001) as well as with percentage of new bone formation (r = 0.567, p < 0.001). An average significant association of secondary stability with bone density (rs = 0.498, p < 0.001) and percentage of newly formed bone (r = 0.477, p < 0.001) was revealed. The mean values of primary stability in all three implant sizes, regarding the diameter of the implants, were similar (narrow 67.75; standard 66.78; wide 71.21) with no significant difference ( p = 0.262). The same tendency was observed for secondary stability (narrow 73.83; standard 75.25; wide 74.93), with no significant difference ( p = 0.277)., Conclusions: The study revealed a high correlation between primary and secondary implant stability, and bone density, as well as with the percentage of vital bone formation. Implant length and diameter revealed no linear correlation with the implant stability.

Introduction: Sufficient bone volume, as well as the bone quality characteristics are necessary prerequisites to ensure optimal mechanical stability of the implants and subsequent osseointegration., Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation between bone density values obtained by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), the primary stability of dental implants and the histomorphometric analysis of bone quality., Materials and Methods: Following tooth extraction, socket preservation with frieze-dried bone allograft or protein-rich fibrin (PRF) was performed on 30 patients with 30 maxillary teeth in the region from second premolar to second premolar. Four months after the procedure, CBCT was used to assess the bone density (Hounsfield units) in the area of extraction. Thirty bone samples were harvested from implant sites using a trephine drill. They were analyzed with Image J software. Immediately after placing the implant, the implant stability quotient was measured using the Osstell Idx device., Results: The results revealed significant correlations between bone density and primary stability along the vestibulo-oral (r=0.392, p=0.032) and mesiodistal axes (r=0.407, p=0.026). Bone density also correlated strongly with the percentage of newly formed bone (r=0.776, p<0.001)., Conclusion: Bone quality, in terms of bone density measured in CBCT and new bone formation are correlated to the primary stability of the dental implants and vice versa., (This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The aim of this study was to compare two different methods for evaluation of alveolar bone resorption after the socket preservation procedure. In the current study, 9 patients with a total of nine teeth indicated for extraction were included. Patients received alveolar ridge preservation with allograft (BoneAlbumin™, OrthoSera Dental, Gyor, Hungary) or Platelet-Rich fibrin (PRF). CBCT (Planmeca ProMax 3D, Helsinki, Finland), was taken at 1 week and 4 months after the socket preservation procedure. A 3D scan, obtained with Trios (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) of the alveolar bone of the surgical site and the adjacent teeth at the place of extraction was performed during the surgical procedure, immediately after the graft placement in the alveolar socket, and after 4 months. Virtual study models were generated using the three-dimensional file processing software "Meshlab" (ISTI-CNR Rome Italy). The changes of alveolar height and width were measured and analyzed. Results were taken from both methods. Radiographic examination revealed that the average value of horizontal resorption is 0.6⁻2.4 mm, and vertical resorption is 0.46⁻2.8 mm. On virtual models, the average value for horizontal resorption is 1.92⁻3.64 mm, the vertical resorption value is 0.95⁻2.10 mm. The Trios intraoral scan can provide non-invasive and more accurate quantitative insights into the dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge after the bone remodeling process. More research is needed for verification of these results.

An indirect variant of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with the classic form of swine fever has been worked out. The test makes it possible to assess the level of antibodies with a great number of animals over a short period of time with no special equipment. The method has proved promising in taking prophylactic measures.

A Fab-fragment was obtained from rabbit anti-swine JgG serum through the breakdown of JgG by means of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin in ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. It was found that the Fab-fragment gave no positive precipitation in the immunodiffusion agar gel test, and in electrophoresis on 10 per cent acrylamide gel following preliminary breakdown with 1 per cent SDS and 2 per cent ME and heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 2 minutes it showed only one polypeptid chain with equal mobility as that of the light JgG chain. On the basis of the results obtained speculations are made of the mode and site where pepsin supposedly acts.

Experiments were carried out to follow up the effect of aflatoxin on the production of hemagglutinating antibodies in birds vaccinated against Newcastle disease and the changes in the serum profile. Birds that had been given a feed mixture with 560 and 640 mcg per kg for 20 days showed a lower titer of hemagglutinating antibodies and a drop of the alpha1, alpha2, beta1, gamma2-globulin fractions as well as a rise of the albumin and gamma1-globulin fractions. The liver and kidneys of the treated birds showed dystrophic changes.

Investigations were carried out with regard to the application of the sensitive, rapid, and effective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the demonstration of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Used was the peroxydase-marked immunoglobulin fraction of the anti-DV rabbit serum in the microconditions of the double-antibody method. The demonstration of the NDV was in a cultivation liquid of NDV-infected BHK21 cells. As control served intact cells as well as strains Roussev and La Sota of NDV pruified through ultracentrifugation on an isokinetic saccharose gradiend. It is stated that ELISA is much more sensitive than the hemagglutination test and the agar gel immunodiffusion test.

The sensitivity of ELISA and the hemagglutination-inhibition test was comparatively studied in the demonstration of Newcastle disease antibodies in the sera of 57 vaccinated birds. Differences were established in the antibody titers as demonstrated by the two methods. The sensitivity of ELISA was found to be 100 times higher than that of the HI-test. Discussed is the possible use of ELISA in cases where no antibodies or low-titer hemagglutinating ones are demonstrated via the HI-test.

Attempts to stimulate the immunity against Newcastle disease in birds aged 2 months, of the Leghorn breed, were carried out. It was found that levamisol at the rate of 3 mg/kg body weight given once, parenterally, 24 hours prior to or after the immunization of the birds with a live La Sota vaccine or given three times, parenterally or orally, did not stimulate the humoral immune response. No differences were found in the level of the total protein, protein fractions, and the titer of the hemagglutinating antibodies between the test and the control birds. There was, however, prolongation of the time of effective immunity in the levamisol-treated and vaccinated birds as against the birds that were vaccinated against Newcastle disease only. Discussed in the possible mechanism of stimulating the immunity with levamisol.

Attempts were made to immunize suckling pigs against classic swine fever. The pigs were treated orally, originating from sows which were immunized on the 30th-40th and the 90th-100th day of pregnancy, as well as from sows which were vaccinated one month prior to impregnation. A Bulgarian lapinized K vaccine and a Soviet LK-VNIIVViM cell culture were used (immunization being carried out 1-2 hours before the newborns were allowed to suck) at the rate of 150 doses for both vaccines. It was demonstrated that the application of a live vaccine, which was patterned as cited above, eliminated the inhibiting action of colostral antibodies and induced stable postvaccinal immunity. However, the effectiveness of the immunity conferred depended on the vaccine used in each specific case. The Soviet vaccine, in which the amount of the virus per vaccinal dose was five times as much, was shown to be more appropriate to the needs for oral immunization of suckling pigs of sows that were immune to classic swine fever than the lapinized K vaccine.

A specific buffered antigen has been obtained, employing a method developed by the authors, stained with Bengal rose and intended for performing a fast agglutination reaction to confirm brucellosis. The antigen produces a clear and demonstrative agglutination reaction with positive sera. Practically, the test is readily carried out, and can be made a routine both in every serologic laboratory and for investigations under field conditions. The reaction produced with this antigen can determine dependably the epizootic status on a farm or in the herd. The diagnostic value of the antigen is essential, especially with swine. Besides, it shows a wide a diagnostic scope for brucellosis with all species of animals (97--98 per cent).

A method was worked out for the diagnosing of swine fever by means of infecting sensitive cell cultures on lamellae with lyzed red blood cells and lymphocytes, the demonstration being performed through immunofluorescence. The new method made it possible to avoid killing of suspected animals for diagnostic purposes (in order to prepare suspensions of parenchymal organs and isolate the virus) while the characteristic morphologic changes were still not well manifested.

The total protein and the protein fractions were studied in pigs raised both under industrial conditions and on the personal farms. It was found that the process of immunogenesis in pigs varied largely parallel to the various conditions of raising. The numerous immunoprophylactic treatments under industrial conditions were found to have an adverse effect on the forming of the immune response, even without apparent antigen competition. The investigations aimed at elucidating the expediency of the adopted and very often unsubstantiated, repeatedly effected treatments for the rational use of mixed vaccines.

Obtained were the JgG and Fab fragments from a monovalent serum against the F-protein of the Newcastle disease virus. Both the JgG and the Fab fragment inhibited the virus reproduction in cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts and BHK21 if they were added after the adsorption and virus penetration of the cells. The inhibitory action of the antibodies was due to their direct fixation by the newly synthesized F-protein in the cells infected with the virus. The rate of inhibition of the Newcastle disease virus as shown by the JgG and Fab fragments of the serum produced against a pure F-protein was the same with the use of chick embryo fibroblasts as with BHK21.

Investigations were carried out to make clear the effect of prostaglandin F2alfa on forming the primary immune response, using a model of the La Sota antigen. It was found that up to the 48h hour following the use of prostaglandins the immune response decreased, while at the 72nd hour no such drop was observed. It is suggested to pay due attention also to the application of prostaglandin preparations in taking immunoprophylactic measures in cattle breeding and industrial pig farming.

An idea may be got on the properties of the vaccine by applying a specific gamma-globulin against swine fever in pigs, mixed in definite amounts with lapinized K-vaccine and this mixture is injected to rabbits. By studying the mixture of sera from pigs, vaccinated against swine fever prior to a fixed period of time, and the K-vaccine, applied to rabbits, an idea may be obtained on the tension of the immunity and re-vaccination requirements may be assessed.

A Brucella buffered antigen, stained with Bengal rose by a method of the authors, was obtained. It showed a high distinguishing capacity with regard to the nonspecific agglutinations after Huddleson and Wright at a negative complement-fixation test for brucellosis with sera from cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses. Such differentiation, however, proved to be incomplete and for sera of different animals varied within the range of 34 to 0.0 per cent.