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Additional file 5: Table S1. The characteristics of patients with CaOx stones and patients with renal cancers. Table S2. ShRNA sequences designed for silencing OCT4 BMP2 and OLMALINC. Table S3 Primer sequences designed for qRT-PCR. Table S4. Primer sequences designed for 5’ and 3’ RACE of OLMALINC. Table S5. The details of primary antibodies used in immunoblotting (IB). Table S6. Primer sequences designed for CHIP-qPCR. Table S7. Primer sequences designed for bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) of BMP2 promoter. Table S8. The predicted sites in BMP2 or SMAD4 promoter which OCT4 binds to. Table S9. The intersection of OCT4 binding lncRNAs identified by RIP-Seq and upregulated lncRNAs identified by RNA profiling. Table S10. The full length of OLMALINC identified by 5’ and 3’ RACE in the current study and the transcript variant deposited in the NCBI database.

BackgroundThe role of serum testosterone levels in male renal stone formation remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum testosterone levels and kidney stone prevalence in males.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study based on the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016, which included 6,633 male participants, to investigate the association between testosterone levels and the prevalence of kidney stones.ResultsIn this study, using the highest quartile of serum testosterone as a reference, a logistic regression model adjusted for confounders in all participants showed that the first quartile (OR: 1.375, p = 0.016), the second quartile (OR: 1.348, p = 0.021), and the third quartile (OR: 1.472, p = 0.003) of testosterone significantly increased kidney stone risks. In the 41–60 age group, the ORs of kidney stone risk in the first, second, and third of serum testosterone were 1.904 (P = 0.005), 1.599 (P = 0.040), and 1.734 (P = 0.015), respectively. This trend can also be found in the 61–80-year group, except in the first quartile of serum testosterone (OR: 1.169, P = 0.436). Adjusted smoothed curves suggest a non-linear relationship between the 8 quantiles of serum testosterone and the risk of kidney stones in all participants and the 61–80 age group and a significant negative relationship in the 41–60 age group (OR: 0.921, P = 0.0193). But no correlation was seen in the 20–40 group.ConclusionsSerum testosterone levels were significantly inversely associated with the prevalence of kidney stones in men over 40 years of age, but no correlation was seen in the 20–40 group. The role of testosterone in stone formation should be redefined, and its effect should be further verified.

To identify early predictive factors for urosepsis secondary to mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) in patients with negative preoperative urine culture (UC).A total of 786 patients with baseline negative UC who underwent MPCNL between January 2017 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Urosepsis was defined according to the Sepsis-3 definition. Subsequently, perioperative potential risk factors were compared between non-urosepsis and urosepsis groups.Despite negative UC in all patients, the rate of positive stone culture (SC) was 16.0%; the rate of pelvic urine culture (PUC) was 7.5%; 23 cases (2.9%) developed urosepsis after MPCNL. Univariate analysis showed that urosepsis was associated with the female gender, BMI, stone burden, diabetes mellitus and preoperative urine test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that urine test with positive nitrite and white blood cells and leukocyte esterase (N+WBC+LE+) (OR 17.51, 95% CI 6.75-45.38, P 0.001) and operative time 120 min (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.41-8.85, P = 0.007) were independent risk factors for urosepsis. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of N+WBC+LE+ showed that the area under the curve was 0.785 for predicting the occurrence of urosepsis. Further analysis showed that N+WBC+LE+ provided an efficient prediction of SC+/PUC+ (SC+ or PUC+) with 61.7% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity.In spite of the baseline negative preoperative UC, 2.9% of patients developed urosepsis after MPCNL. N+WBC+LE + was determined to be an early and efficient prediction of intraoperative bacterial status and urosepsis following MPCNL. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm the results.

Objective To assess the long-term outcome of simultaneous treatment of a single renal cyst and ipsilateral stones with transurethral flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) lithotripsy and internal cyst drainage. Methods Patients who underwent simultaneous treatment with FURS lithotripsy and internal cyst drainage in our institution between July 2014 and September 2017 were enrolled. The cyst wall was identified endoscopically and a 1–3-cm window was created in the wall using a holmium laser. The proximal end of a double-J stent was placed in the cystic cavity to facilitate internal drainage. Results Thirteen patients underwent simultaneous treatment. No intraoperative complications with Clavien grading score >2 were noted in any patients. Mean stone burden and cyst diameter were 1.6 (range: 0.9–2.5) cm and 5.8 (range: 3.0–7.1) cm, respectively. Stone-free rates after single and complementary procedures were 84.6% and 92.3%, respectively. During the mean 33.1-month follow-up period (range: 17–54 months), seven patients (53.8%) achieved full resolution of renal cysts, five patients (38.5%) maintained >50% size reduction, and one patient (7.6%) experienced recurrence at 18 months postoperatively. Conclusions FURS with a holmium laser may constitute a safe and effective alternative procedure for simultaneous treatment of a single renal cyst and ipsilateral stones.