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Air pollution by SO2 and NO2 has caused significant risks on the environment and human health. Understanding the mechanism of active sites within capture materials is of fundamental importance to the development of new clean-up technologies. Here we report the crystallographic observation of reversible coordinative binding of SO2 and NO2 on open NiII sites in a metal-organic framework (NKU-100) incorporating unprecedented {Ni12 }-wheels; each wheel exhibits six open NiII sites on desolvation. Immobilised gas molecules are further stabilised by cooperative host-guest interactions comprised of hydrogen bonds, π⋅⋅⋅π interactions and dipole interactions. At 298 K and 1.0 bar, NKU-100 shows adsorption uptakes of 6.21 and 5.80 mmol g-1 for SO2 and NO2 , respectively. Dynamic breakthrough experiments have confirmed the selective retention of SO2 and NO2 at low concentrations under dry conditions. This work will inspire the future design of efficient sorbents for the capture of SO2 and NO2 .

Industrial purification of propylene and ethylene requires cryogenic distillation and selective hydrogenation over palladium catalysts to remove propane, ethane and/or trace amounts of acetylene. Here, we report the excellent separation of equimolar mixtures of propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane, and of a 1/100 mixture of acetylene/ethylene by a highly robust microporous material, MFM-520, under dynamic conditions. In situ synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering and analysis of adsorption thermodynamic parameters reveal that a series of synergistic host-guest interactions involving hydrogen bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions underpin the cooperative binding of alkenes within the pore. Notably, the optimal pore geometry of the material enables selective accommodation of acetylene. The practical potential of this porous material has been demonstrated by fabricating mixed-matrix membranes comprising MFM-520, Matrimid and PIM-1, and these exhibit not only a high permeability for propylene (≈1984 Barrer), but also a separation factor of 7.8 for an equimolar mixture of propylene/propane at 298 K.

Ammonia (NH3) is a promising energy resource owing to its high hydrogen density. However, its widespread application is restricted by the lack of efficient and corrosion-resistant storage materials. Here, we report high NH3 adsorption in a series of robust metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, MFM-300(M) (M = Fe, V, Cr, In). MFM-300(M) (M = Fe, VIII, Cr) show fully reversible capacity for >20 cycles, reaching capacities of 16.1, 15.6, and 14.0 mmol g-1, respectively, at 273 K and 1 bar. Under the same conditions, MFM-300(VIV) exhibits the highest uptake among this series of MOFs of 17.3 mmol g-1. In situ neutron powder diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirm that the redox-active V center enables host-guest charge transfer, with VIV being reduced to VIII and NH3 being oxidized to hydrazine (N2H4). A combination of in situ inelastic neutron scattering and DFT modeling has revealed the binding dynamics of adsorbed NH3 within these MOFs to afford a comprehensive insight into the application of MOF materials to the adsorption and conversion of NH3.

This work reports the thermal and electron beam stabilities of a series of isostructural metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) of type MFM-300(M) (M = Al, Ga, In, Cr). MFM-300(Cr) was most stable under the electron beam, having an unusually high critical electron fluence of 1111 e− Å−2 while the Group 13 element MOFs were found to be less stable. Within Group 13, MFM-300(Al) had the highest critical electron fluence of 330 e− Å−2, compared to 189 e− Å−2 and 147 e− Å−2 for the Ga and In MOFs, respectively. For all four MOFs, electron beam-induced structural degradation was independent of crystal size and was highly anisotropic, although both the length and width of the channels decreased during electron beam irradiation. Notably, MFM-300(Cr) was found to retain crystallinity while shrinking up to 10%. Thermal stability was studied using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction at elevated temperature, which revealed critical temperatures for crystal degradation to be 605, 570, 490 and 480 °C for Al, Cr, Ga, and In, respectively. The pore channel diameters contracted by ≈0.5% on desorption of solvent species, but thermal degradation at higher temperatures was isotropic. The observed electron stabilities were found to scale with the relative inertness of the cations and correlate well to the measured lifetime of the materials when used as photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the high NH3 uptake in a series of copper-carboxylate materials, namely MFM-100, MFM-101, MFM-102, MFM-126, MFM-127, MFM-190(F), MFM-170, and Cu-MOP-1a. At 273 K and 1 bar, MFM-101 shows an exceptional uptake of 21.9 mmol g−1. The presence of Cu(II)⋯NH3 interactions and changes in coordination at the [Cu2(O2CR)4] paddlewheel are analysed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formamides are important feedstocks for the manufacture of many fine chemicals. State‐of‐the‐art synthesis of formamides relies on the use of an excess amount of reagents, giving copious waste and thus poor atom‐economy. Here, we report the first example of direct synthesis of N‐formamides by coupling two challenging reactions, namely reductive amination of carbonyl compounds, particularly biomass‐derived aldehydes and ketones, and fixation of CO2 in the presence of H2 over a metal‐organic framework supported ruthenium catalyst, Ru/MFM‐300(Cr). Highly selective production of N‐formamides has been observed for a wide range of carbonyl compounds. Synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction reveals the presence of strong host‐guest binding interactions via hydrogen bonding and parallel‐displaced π⋅⋅⋅π interactions between the catalyst and adsorbed substrates facilitating the activation of substrates and promoting selectivity to formamides. The use of multifunctional porous catalysts to integrate CO2 utilisation in the synthesis of formamide products will have a significant impact in the sustainable synthesis of feedstock chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between adsorbed gas molecules within porous metal-organic frameworks are crucial to gas selectivity but remain poorly explored. Here, we report the modulation of packing geometries of CO2 and C2H2 clusters within the ultramicroporous CUK-1 material as a function of temperature. In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveals a unique temperature-dependent reversal of CO2 and C2H2 adsorption affinities on CUK-1, which is validated by gas sorption and dynamic breakthrough experiments, affording high-purity C2H2 (99.95%) from the equimolar mixture of C2H2/CO2 via a one-step purification process. At low temperatures (<253 K), CUK-1 preferentially adsorbs CO2 with both high selectivity (>10) and capacity (170 cm3 g−1) owing to the formation of CO2 tetramers that simultaneously maximize the guest-guest and host-guest interactions. At room temperature, conventionally selective adsorption of C2H2 is observed. The selectivity reversal, structural robustness, and facile regeneration of CUK-1 suggest its potential for producing high-purity C2H2 by temperature-swing sorption. Guest clusters within confined nanospaces have a significant impact on molecular recognition. Here authors highlight the potential to systematically control gas-cluster rearrangement, leading to tunable sorption and separation behaviour in a MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early screening and treatment of esophageal cancer (EC) is particularly important for the survival and prognosis of patients. However, early EC is difficult to diagnose by a routine endoscopic examination. Therefore, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based artificial intelligence (AI) has become a very promising method in the diagnosis of early EC using endoscopic images. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CNN-based AI for detecting early EC based on endoscopic images. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed to identify relevant English articles concerning CNN-based AI in the diagnosis of early EC based on endoscopic images (from the date of database establishment to April 2022). The pooled sensitivity (SEN), pooled specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR−), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve, and area under the curve (AUC) for the accuracy of CNN-based AI in the diagnosis of early EC based on endoscopic images were calculated. We used the I2 test to assess heterogeneity and investigated the source of heterogeneity by performing meta-regression analysis. Publication bias was assessed using Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test. Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. The SEN and SPE were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82–0.94) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.79–0.96), respectively. The LR+ of the malignant ultrasonic features was 9.8 (95% CI: 3.8–24.8) and the LR− was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.06–0.21), revealing that CNN-based AI exhibited an excellent ability to confirm or exclude early EC on endoscopic images. Additionally, SROC curves showed that the AUC of the CNN-based AI in the diagnosis of early EC based on endoscopic images was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93–0.97), demonstrating that CNN-based AI has good diagnostic value for early EC based on endoscopic images. Conclusions: Based on our meta-analysis, CNN-based AI is an excellent diagnostic tool with high sensitivity, specificity, and AUC in the diagnosis of early EC based on endoscopic images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]