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The allergenicity of the major allergen tropomyosin (TM) in commercial low-value shellfish and its processed products was evaluated, and different methods to reduce the allergenicity of TM in edible shellfish tissues were studied. The contents of TM in commercial low-value shellfish and its frozen, dried, smoked or steamed products were analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and shellfish with high allergenicity was selected to explore the effects of traditional (drying, steaming, high temperature and pressure, and quick-freezing) and emerging processing techniques (high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, and glycosylation) on reducing tropomyosin allergenicity in edible tissues. The results showed that allergenicity was common in commercial shellfish and its processed products, with TM content ranging from 18.94 to 22.51 ng/g. Among the four kinds of fresh shellfish tested, the TM content of Mactra veneriforimis was the highest, which was (22.51 ± 1.06) ng/g. Compared with untreated Mactra veneriforimis, the allergenicity of dried, steamed or glycosylated samples did not change significantly (P > 0.05). High temperature and pressure, quick-freezing, high hydrostatic pressure and ultrasonic treatment could significantly reduce TM allergenicity (P < 0.05), the effect of ultrasonic (500 W and 30 min) and high temperature and pressure sterilization treatment being more pronounced that of the other treatment, reducing TM allergenicity by 32.4% and 26.9%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of hypoallergenic processed shellfish products.

Objective To investigate the nursing knowledge and attitude of pressure injury of nursing students who were about to finish clinical practice, and to provide reference for pressure injury training in schools and clinics. Methods Totally 188 nursing students from 3 hospitals in FuLing district of ChongQing were investigated by questionnaire on nursing knowledge and attitude of pressure injury. Results The total score of nursing knowledge of pressure injury was (43. 26±16. 14) points , 158(84. 04%)cases scored less than 60 points and 30(15. 96%)cases scored 60 or more points. The score of attitude was (41. 07±4. 50) points. There was a significant difference in score of nursing knowledge between nursing students with different number of sources of nursing pressure injury knowledge (P

Background. This work focused on investigating the role of programmed death ligand 2 (PD‐L2) in the progression of breast cancer by utilizing breast cancer specimens and cells. Materials and Methods. The serum levels of soluble PD‐L2 (sPD‐L2) in breast cancer patients and healthy individuals were analyzed by means of the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the PD‐L2 levels within 416 resected breast cancer specimens were assessed through immunohistochemistry. Concurrently, in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments were carried out to analyze the relationship between PD‐L2 and the invasion and migration of breast cancer. Results. The concentration of sPD‐L2 in breast cancer patients significantly increased compared to that in the control groups. Additionally, breast cancer patients with high concentrations of sPD‐L2 had higher Ki67 values (≥30%) and tumor grades. PD‐L2 was expressed in 79.09% of the cancer samples, which exhibited a positive correlation with the progesterone receptor (PR) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Furthermore, we discovered that knockdown of PD‐L2 inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of both MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB231 cells. Conclusion. Our findings demonstrated that knockdown of PD‐L2 suppressed tumor growth, providing novel insights into important biological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterborne polyurethane asphalt emulsion (WPUA) is an environmentally friendly bituminous material, whose performance is highly dependent on the phase structure of the continuous phase. In this paper, WPUAs in the vicinity of phase inversion were prepared using waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and asphalt emulsion. The chemical structures, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical properties, phase-separated morphology and mechanical performance of WPUAs were studied. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed that there are no –NCO bonds in either the pure WPU or WPUAs. Moreover, the preparation of WPUA is a physical process. The addition of WPU weakens the thermal stability of asphalt emulsion. WPU improves the storage modulus of asphalt emulsion at lower and higher temperatures. The glass transition temperatures of the WPUA films are higher than that of the pure WPU film. When the WPU concentration increases from 30 wt% to 40 wt%, phase inversion occurs; that is, the continuous phase shifts from asphalt to WPU. The WPUA films have lower tensile strength and toughness than the pure WPU film. However, the elongations at break of the WPUA films are higher than that of the pure WPU film. Both the tensile strength and toughness of the WPUA films increase with the WPU concentration. Due to the occurrence of phase inversion, the elongation at break, tensile strength and toughness of the WPUA film containing 30 wt% WPU are increased by 29%, 250% and 369%, respectively, compared to the film with 40 wt% WPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel three‐stage catalytic reactive distillation (RD) column integrated chemical reaction and distillation process for the continuous synthesis of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) was proposed to overcome the disadvantages of previous batch processes. Reaction kinetics according to the two‐step indirect oxidation method was studied firstly, which was essential in reactor design and process optimization as well as lacking in the current literature. Kinetics models obtained by data fitting were tested by residual distribution and model statistics. And then, according to the thermodynamic characteristics and reaction kinetics of this process, a steady‐state simulation of RD column was carried out with the process simulator Aspen Plus. The influence of operation parameters was investigated on process performance. Under the optimal operating conditions, the conversion of cyclohexanone was 97%, and the mass fraction of ε‐CL in the bottom products was 62.31%. The simulation showed that RD column worked with excellent results in respect to conversion and product purity because of integrating the processes of chemical reaction and distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]