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SUMMARY: Lesion‐mimic mutants (LMMs) serve as valuable resources for uncovering the molecular mechanisms that govern programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Despite extensive research, the regulatory mechanisms of PCD and lesion formation in various LMMs remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a rice LMM named early leaf lesion and senescence 1 (els1), cloned the causal gene through map‐based cloning, and confirmed its function through complementation. ELS1 encodes an anthranilate synthase α‐subunit involved in anthranilate biosynthesis. It is predominantly localized in chloroplasts and is primarily expressed in light‐exposed tissues. Mutation of ELS1 triggers upregulation of its homologous gene, ASA1, via a genetic compensation response, leading to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp) synthesis pathway and amino acid metabolism. The accumulation of abnormal Trp‐derived intermediate metabolites results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and abnormal PCD in the els1 mutant, ultimately causing the leaf lesion phenotype. The els1 mutant also exhibits reduced chlorophyll content, upregulation of genes related to chloroplast degradation and leaf senescence, and decreased activity of photosynthetic proteins, indicating that ELS1 plays a role in chloroplast development. These factors collectively contribute to the premature leaf senescence observed in the els1 mutant. Our findings shed light on the role of ELS1 in regulating ROS accumulation and PCD in rice, providing further genetic insights into the molecular mechanisms governing leaf lesions and senescence. Significance Statement: This study identifies a novel lesion‐mimic mutant in rice, els1, caused by a mutation in the anthranilate synthase α‐subunit. The findings reveal the critical role of ELS1 in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance and programmed cell death (PCD), offering new insights into the genetic mechanisms controlling leaf senescence and lesion formation in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Licorice is one of the most extensively studied medicinal plants in the world, whose roots and rhizomes have long been used as both a sweetener and an essential component in numerous herbal preparations. However, the genus Glycyrrhiza has a complex composition, and the interspecies chromosomal relationships, origin, and evolution are still largely unclear. Here, we develop a set of whole‐chromosome painting probes that allowed identification of all eight chromosomes of licorice on same metaphase chromosomes. Comparative chromosome painting analyses in seven different Glycyrrhiza species revealed that the genus Glycyrrhiza maintained extraordinarily conserved chromosomal synteny after about 3–12 million years of divergence. No cytologically visible inter‐chromosomal rearrangements were identified in any species. By comparative chromosomal karyotype analyses, we revealed interspecific chromosome evolutionary relationships and dramatic variable chromosomal karyotype after independent divergence and demonstrated that G. prostrate was the most closely related to the ancestral type among the seven Glycyrrhiza species. Furthermore, we also discovered a G. glandulosa seed with distinct triploid‐genome for the first time in China, suggesting the existence of a polyploid evolutionary pathway in the genus Glycyrrhiza, which challenges the previous notion that only diploids of licorice existed in nature. This study expands our knowledge of the chromosome evolution of licorice and will lay an important foundation for the genome origin and evolution studies in the genus Glycyrrhiza. Significance Statement: Whole‐chromosome oligo‐painting in licorice reveals interspecific chromosome evolutionary features, phylogenetic relationships, karyotype variation, and polyploid evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that the existing trusted container framework lacks key protection, a trusted container hierarchical key management (TCKM) method based on the trusted platform module is proposed. The hardware TPM and the container key block are bound by the hierarchical key management mechanism to protect the security of the generation and storage stage of the container key block. When the key is used, the container attribute is verified through the key authorization value, so that only the specified container that meets certain attributes can obtain and use the key, preventing the theft of the container key block, and realizing the secure use of the key. Finally, the encryption method combining kernel and hardware TPM is adopted to improve the efficiency of data protection based on TCKM key management method. The TCKM key management method is implemented and evaluated based on Docker18.09. The results show that the mechanism can effectively protect the security of the key and the confidentiality of the file data in the container. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile intracellular second messenger that regulates several signaling pathways involved in growth, development, stress tolerance, and immune response in plants. Autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs) play an important role in the regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Here, we systematically analyzed the putative OsACA family members in rice, and according to the phylogenetic tree of OsACAs, OsACA9 was clustered into a separated branch in which its homologous gene in Arabidopsis thaliana was reported to be involved in defense response. When the OsACA9 gene was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9, significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in the mutant lines. Meanwhile, the OsACA9 knock out lines showed enhanced disease resistance to both rice bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS). In addition, compared to the wild-type (WT), the mutant lines displayed an early leaf senescence phenotype, and the agronomy traits of their plant height, panicle length, and grain yield were significantly decreased. Transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT and the Osaca9 mutant were mainly enriched in basal immune pathways and antibacterial metabolite synthesis pathways. Among them, multiple genes related to rice disease resistance, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) and cell wall-associated kinases (WAKs) genes were upregulated. Our results suggest that the Ca2+-ATPase OsACA9 may trigger oxidative burst in response to various pathogens and synergically regulate disease resistance and leaf senescence in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amino-functionalized SBA-15 silicon carrier (PMO-pr-NH2) was prepared by the one-pot method, and then HKUST-1 functional composites were synthesized by adsorption combined with in-situ preparation technology (HKUST-1@PMO-pr-NH2). A series of characterization techniques were used to analyze composites, such as BET, FTIR, TEM, XPS, TG, SEM, and XRD. The analysis showed that HKUST-1 was successfully prepared in the pores of the PMO-pr-NH2 silicon-based carrier. The catalytic reduction activity and thermal stability of the composite material were investigated using the reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). After 4 cycles, the catalytic performance of the composites was maintained without any obvious change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As legal impact of I jus cogens i on international law is concerned, Sâ Benjamin Traoré shows in Chapter 6 that I jus cogens i has a strong interpretive implication for all international acts and rules. The entire prohibition on the use of force totally meets the criteria of I jus cogens i identified by VCLT, and there is no treaty by which States have overtly claimed to derogate from UN Charter Article 2(4) (p.643). Given the shortcomings of traditional substantive view of I jus cogens i , in Chapter 2, Robert Kolb emphasizes three main aspects of I jus cogens i under the legal technique view. The innovative aspect of the book is its diversity, and it not only addresses a wide spectrum of issues related to I jus cogens i , but also illustrates a wide variety of views that exists on I jus cogens i (p.16). [Extracted from the article]