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[Objective] By analyzing the evolution path, spatiotemporal variation characteristics, and driving mechanisms of farmland non agriculturalization in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration over the past 30 years, theoretical basis is provided for the protection and precise management of farmland resources in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration. [Methods] Based on the land use data and statistical yearbook data of the Central Yunnan urban agglomeration, the paper used methods such as gravity displacement model, change trajectory model, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and principal component analysis to reveal the process and spatial distribution characteristics of farmland conversion to non-agricultural uses in the Central Yunnan urban agglomeration from 1990 to 2020, as well as the main driving factors. [Results] (1) From a temporal perspective, the non-agricultural area of cultivated land in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration showed a fluctuating downward trend, with an average annual increase of about 6.88× 103 around 2000 hectares converted to an average annual decrease of approximately 2.66× 104 hectares, with the most drastic changes due to policy, economic, and urbanization impacts. From a spatial perspective, the non-agricultural conversion of cultivated land was concentrated in the central, eastern, southeastern, and northeastern regions of the central Yunnan urban agglomeration. (2) Over the past 30 years, the non-agricultural transformation of cultivated land in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration has tended to be balanced in spatial distribution, with smaller regional differences in the non-agricultural transformation of cultivated land and a more stable spatial pattern. (3) The cultivated land in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration was mainly converted into forests and grasslands, with a small portion converted into construction land. Among the variable cultivated land, 54.60% was related to grasslands, 29.33% was related to forests, and 4.64% was related to construction land, mainly occurring in the central, northern, southeastern, and northwestern regions of the central Yunnan urban agglomeration. (4) There was a significant spatial clustering effect in the non-agricultural transformation of cultivated land in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration, mainly characterized by high-high clustering and low-low clustering. High-high clustering was mainly distributed in the central, northern, and southeastern regions, while low-low clustering was mainly distributed in the northwest, western, and southwestern regions.(5) The non agriculturalization of cultivated land in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration was influenced by both socio-economic and natural conditions. The agricultural population, state-owned fixed asset investment, and urbanization rate were the main factors for the non-agricultural expansion of cultivated land in the social economy, with influencing coefficients of -0.18, 0.11, and 0.10, respectively; The annual average precipitation and annual average temperature of natural factors played a crucial role in the spatial distribution and expansion process of non-agricultural land, with impact coefficients of 0.17 and -0.15, respectively. [Conclusion] The results have revealed the spatiotemporal change characteristics, evolution path, and driving mechanisms of farmland converted to non-agricultural land in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration over the past 30 years. It plays an important role in rational utilization and protection of arable land resources and ensuring food security in Yunnan province, and to a certain extent, it can provide a decision-making reference for the protection and optimization of arable land layout in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration.

Educational aspirations are an important predictor of academic outcomes. While there has been considerable research on educational aspirations in the West, there has been little research in East Asia, and the investigation of factors influencing adolescent aspirations has been neglected, particularly in rural areas. Drawing on ecological systems theory and social cognitive career theory, this study investigated the associations between educational aspirations and factors at the individual, peer, and family levels among rural Chinese adolescents. A total of 606 students (M[subscript age] = 14.85 years; 50% boys) from a rural town in Central China completed questionnaires assessing their educational aspirations, individual factors (academic performance, academic self-perception, academic self-regulation, attitudes toward teachers, and goal valuation), and contextual factors (family socioeconomic status, parent and peer relationship quality, and parental and close friends' aspirations). Individual factors and aspirations of others had significant direct effects on adolescents' educational aspirations, while parent and peer attachments were significantly related to educational aspirations via individual factors. Family socioeconomic status was not significantly related to adolescents' educational aspirations. The findings highlight the importance of individual factors as mechanisms explaining the link between contextual factors and rural Chinese adolescents' educational aspirations. Our results suggest that interventions can be designed to increase and maintain the aspirations of rural Chinese youth by targeting multiple domains of influence.

Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a group of heterogeneous paediatric embryonal neoplasms of the hindbrain with strong links to early development of the hindbrain1-4. Mutations that activate Sonic hedgehog signalling lead to Sonic hedgehog MB in the upper rhombic lip (RL) granule cell lineage5-8. By contrast, mutations that activate WNT signalling lead to WNT MB in the lower RL9,10. However, little is known about the more commonly occurring group 4 (G4) MB, which is thought to arise in the unipolar brush cell lineage3,4. Here we demonstrate that somatic mutations that cause G4 MB converge on the core binding factor alpha (CBFA) complex and mutually exclusive alterations that affect CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, PRDM6, UTX and OTX2. CBFA2T2 is expressed early in the progenitor cells of the cerebellar RL subventricular zone in Homo sapiens, and G4 MB transcriptionally resembles these progenitors but are stalled in developmental time. Knockdown of OTX2 in model systems relieves this differentiation blockade, which allows MB cells to spontaneously proceed along normal developmental differentiation trajectories. The specific nature of the split human RL, which is destined to generate most of the neurons in the human brain, and its high level of susceptible EOMES+KI67+ unipolar brush cell progenitor cells probably predisposes our species to the development of G4 MB.

Bacterial pathogens are responsible for a variety of human diseases, necessitating their prompt detection for effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Over recent years, electrochemical methods have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional sensitivity and rapidity. This review outlines the current landscape of electrochemical biosensors employed in clinical diagnostics for the detection of bacterial pathogens. We categorize these biosensors into four types: amperometry, potentiometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and conductometry, targeting various bacterial components, including toxins, virulence factors, metabolic activity, and events related to bacterial adhesion and invasion. We discuss the merits and challenges associated with electrochemical methods, underscoring their rapid response, high sensitivity, and specificity, while acknowledging the necessity for skilled operators and potential interference from biological and environmental factors. Furthermore, we examine future prospects and potential applications of electrochemical biosensors in clinical diagnostics. While electrochemical biosensors offer a promising avenue for detecting bacterial pathogens, further research in optimizing the robustness and surmounting the challenges hindering their seamless integration into clinical practice is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal food raw materials refer to those raw materials with food and possess medicinal value. They were particularly suitable for developing novel functional food. In this study, a novel functional food based on ultrafine grinding treatment of Ganoderma, yam, wolfberry, Rhizoma polygonati, raspberry, and euryale ferox (GYWRRE) with a specifically designed formula was developed and characterized. The results were shown that the ultrafine GYWRRE powder presented a relatively regular structure and smooth surface. It had notable decreases in fluidity and oil‐holding capacity but increases in characteristic nutrient content and antioxidant capacity. The ultrafine GYWRRE powder also could prevent oxidative stress in C2C12 cells by reducing the contents of reactive oxygen species and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, inhibiting cell apoptosis, and increasing expressions of heme oxygenase‐1 and NQO1. The results of this study were demonstrated that medicinal food raw materials and ultrafine grinding had great applications potentials in developing functional food. Practical applications: Medicinal food refers to those natural ingredients that serve both as food and possess medicinal value. Ultrafine grinding technology is a meticulously engineered method capable of grinding raw materials to the micron level, thereby increasing their surface area, improving their bioavailability, and potentially enhancing their medicinal properties and bioavailability. This study developed an ultrafine grinding treatment of Ganoderma, yam, wolfberry, Rhizoma polygonati, raspberry and euryale ferox (GYWRRE) with a specifically designed formula. The characteristics of the ultrafine GYWRRE powder contained particle size, morphology, colorimetry, liquidity, hydration, adsorption, and characteristic nutrients were characterized. The antioxidant capacity in vitro and in cells as well as the possible mechanism were also explored. The results of this study will be helpful for development of novel functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]