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A dual-operation mode SNSPD is demonstrated. In the conventional Geiger SNSPD mode the sensor operates at temperatures well below the critical temperature, Tc, working as an event counter without sensitivity to the number of photons impinging the sensor. In the calorimetric mode, the detector is operated at temperatures just below Tc and displays photon-number sensitivity for wavelengths in the optical spectrum. In this energy sensitive mode, photon absorption causes Joule heating of the SNSPD that becomes partially resistive without the presence of latching. Depending on the application, by tuning the sample temperature and bias current using the same readout system, the SNSPD can readily switch between the two modes. In the calorimetric mode, SNSPD recovery times shorter than the ones in the Geiger mode are observed, reaching values as low as 580ps. Dual-mode SNSPD's may provide significant advancements in spectroscopy and calorimetry, where precise timing, photon counting and energy resolution are required., Comment: Manuscript prepared for APL

We present a comprehensive neural architecture, the PUREPath, which leverages a nested Probabilistic multi-modal U- Net framework, augmented by the inclusion of probabilistic ResNet blocks in the Expanding Pathway of the decoders, to estimate the posterior density of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) signal conditioned on the observed CMB data and the training dataset. By seamlessly integrating Bayesian statistics and variational methods our model effectively minimizes foreground contamination in the observed CMB maps. The model is trained using foreground and noise contaminated CMB temperature maps simulated at Planck LFI and HFI frequency channels 30 - 353 GHz using publicly available Code for Anisotropies in the Microwave Background (CAMB) and Python Sky Model (PySM) packages. During training, our model transforms initial prior distribution on the model parameters to posterior distributions based on the training data. From the joint full posterior of the model parameters, during inference, a predicitve CMB posterior and summary statistics such as the predictive mean, variance etc of the cleaned CMB map is estimated. The predictive standard deviation map provides a direct and interpretable measure of uncertainty per pixel in the predicted mean CMB map. The cleaned CMB map along with the error estimates can be used for more accurate measurements of cosmological parameters and other cosmological analyses., Comment: Updated Figure 3 and 7, earlier version corresponds to the pixels estimated at healpix nside 32 and smoothed by a gaussian beam of 6 deg. Updated Figure 4 for better clarity on error map Updated Figure 9 with mean cl estimated from cleaned cmb map samples

The discrepancy between the observed value of the cosmological constant (CC) and its expected value from quantum field theoretical considerations motivates the search for a theory in which the CC is decoupled from the vacuum energy. In this article, we consider theories in which the CC is regarded as an integration constant. These theories include trace-free Einstein gravity, theories constructed from the Codazzi equation (which includes Cotton gravity and a gauge-gravity inspired theory), and conformal Killing gravity. We remark on a recent debate regarding the viability of Cotton gravity and find that while the Codazzi equation is indeed underdetermined, the solutions of the Codazzi equation trivialize to $\lambda g_{ab}$ on generic backgrounds, and that in principle, one can close the system with the divergence-free condition and an appropriate choice of initial data. We also propose a full variational principle (full in the sense that variations in all variables are considered) for each of the aforementioned theories that can incorporate the matter sector; in this manner, we can obtain the trace-free Einstein equations without a unimodular constraint., Comment: 6 pages. Added references

We investigate the cosmological observables using the Euclidean path integral approach. Specifically, we study both the no-boundary compact instantons scenario and the Euclidean wormholes scenario that can induce the creation of two universes from nothing. It is known that perturbations associated with the no-boundary scenario can only be consistent with the Bunch-Davies vacuum. Here we demonstrate that the Euclidean wormholes can allow for a de Sitter invariant vacuum, the so-called $\alpha$-vacuum state, where the Bunch-Davies vacuum is a special case. This therefore provides the $\alpha$-vacuum a geometrical origin. As an aside, we discuss a subtle phase issue when considering the power spectrum related to $\alpha$-vacuum in the closed universe framework., Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures

Flying mirrors with appropriate trajectories have been recognized as an analog system that mimics black hole Hawking evaporation and have been widely investigated. It has recently been suggested that the partner mode of the analog Hawking radiation emitted from a moving mirror would manifest itself through a final burst when the mirror executes a sudden stop. Here we argue the opposite via the partner formula for the moving mirror model. By expanding the theoretical foundation of the partner formula and augmenting it with numerical analysis, we demonstrate that the supposed final burst is induced by a shock that requires the input of external energy, whereas the Hawking radiation partner mode, which is associated with the zero-point vacuum fluctuations, is not responsible for the burst., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures

We investigate the radiation from accelerating electrons with asymptotic constant velocity and their analog signatures as evaporating black holes with left-over remnants. We find high-speed electrons, while having a high temperature, correspond to low-temperature analog remnants., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures

Non-perturbative contributions of the Euclidean path integral are important to understand the information loss paradox. In this paper, we revisit the Yang-Mills instantons in the Einstein-Yang-Mills theory. There exists a globally regular solution that is known as the Bartnik-McKinnon solution and a black hole solution. The regular and the black hole solutions are smoothly connected in the small horizon limit. Their Euclidean action is solely characterized by the ADM mass, and the transition probability follows the usual Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. Therefore, the Yang-Mills instantons provide a non-perturbative channel to the black hole evaporation, which competes effectively with perturbative processes, and becomes dominant toward the end of evaporation. We show that these instantons provide a smooth transition mechanism from a black hole to regular spacetime., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures

Analog Hawking radiation emitted by a perfectly reflecting mirror in (1+3)-dimensional flat spacetime is investigated. This is accomplished by studying the reflected frequency and momentum based on Einstein mirror, instead of the canonical way of solving, if possible, wave equations subjected to a dynamical Dirichlet boundary condition. In the case of a finite-size mirror, diffraction pattern appears in the radiation spectrum. Based on the relevant parameters in the proposed AnaBHEL experiment, where the Hawking temperature TH = 0.03 eV and the mirror area A = 0.1 mm2, the Hawking photon yield is estimated to be N = 16 per laser shot (assuming a high reflectivity mirror can be generated in the proposed AnaBHEL experiment)., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

TAROGE-M is a self-triggered radio antenna array atop the 2700 m high Mt. Melbourne in Antarctica, designed to detect impulsive geomagnetic emission from extensive air showers induced by ultra-high energy (UHE) particles beyond 0.1 EeV, including cosmic rays (CRs), Earth-skimming tau neutrinos, and particularly, the "ANITA anomalous events" (AAEs) from near and below the horizon, which origin remains uncertain and requires more experimental inputs for clarification. The detection concept of TAROGE-M takes advantage of a high altitude with synoptic view toward the horizon as an efficient signal collector, and the radio quietness as well as strong and near vertical geomagnetic field in Antarctica. This approach has a low energy threshold, high duty cycle, and is easy to extend for quickly enlarging statistics. Here we report experimental results from the first TAROGE-M station deployed in 2020, corresponding to $25.3$-days of livetime. The station consists of six receiving antennas operating at 180-450 MHz, and can reconstruct source directions with $\sim0.3^\circ$ angular resolution. To demonstrate its ability to detect UHE air showers, a search for CR signals in the data was conducted, resulting in seven identified events. These events have a mean reconstructed energy of $0.95_{-0.31}^{+0.46}$ EeV and zenith angles between $25^\circ-82^\circ$, with both distributions agreeing with simulations. The estimated CR flux is also consistent with results of other experiments. The TAROGE-M sensitivity to AAEs is approximated by the tau neutrino exposure with simulations, suggesting comparable sensitivity as ANITA's at $~1$ EeV energy with a few station-years of operation. These first results verified the station design and performance in a polar and high-altitude environment, and are promising for further discovery of tau neutrinos and AAEs after an extension in the near future., Comment: 41 pages, 23 figures, submitted to JCAP; minor corrections in references; minor modifications in simulation description in section 5 & 6 for clarity

The information loss paradox associated with black hole Hawking evaporation is an unresolved problem in modern theoretical physics. In a recent brief essay, we revisited the the evolution of the black hole entanglement entropy via the Euclidean path integral (EPI) of the quantum state and allow for the branching of semi-classical histories along the Lorentzian evolution. We posited that there exist at least two histories that contribute to EPI, where one is an information-losing history while the other is information-preserving. At early times, the former dominates EPI, while at late times the latter becomes dominant. By so doing we recovered the essence of the Page curve and thus the unitarity, albeit with the turning point, i.e., the Page time, much shifted toward the late time. In this full-length paper, we fill in the details of our arguments and calculations to strengthen our notion. One implication of this modified Page curve is that the entropy bound may thus be violated. We comment on the similarity and difference between our approach and that of the replica wormholes and the islands conjectures., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2205.08320, arXiv:2111.01005

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are bright millisecond-duration radio transients that appear about 1,000 times per day, all-sky, for a fluence threshold 5 Jy ms at 600 MHz. The FRB radio-emission physics and the compact objects involved in these events are subjects of intense active debate. To better constrain source models, the Bustling Universe Radio Survey Telescope in Taiwan (BURSTT) is optimized to discover and localize a large sample of rare, high-fluence, nearby FRBs. This is the population most amenable to multi-messenger, multi-wavelength follow-up, allowing deeper understanding of source mechanisms. BURSTT will provide horizon-to-horizon sky coverage with a half power field-of-view (FoV) of $\sim$10$^{4}$ deg$^{2}$, a 400 MHz effective bandwidth between 300-800 MHz, and sub-arcsecond localization, made possible using outrigger stations hundreds to thousands of km from the main array. Initially, BURSTT will employ 256 antennas. After tests of various antenna designs and optimization of system performance we plan to expand to 2048 antennas. We estimate that BURSTT-256 will detect and localize $\sim$100 bright ($\geq$100 Jy ms) FRBs per year. Another advantage of BURSTT's large FoV and continuous operation will be greatly enhanced monitoring of FRBs for repetition. The current lack of sensitive all-sky observations likely means that many repeating FRBs are currently cataloged as single-event FRBs., Comment: Published version

Accelerating relativistic mirror has long been recognized as a viable setting where the physics mimics that of black hole Hawking radiation. In 2017, Chen and Mourou proposed a novel method to realize such a system by traversing an ultra-intense laser through a plasma target with a decreasing density. An international AnaBHEL (Analog Black Hole Evaporation via Lasers) Collaboration has been formed with the objectives of observing the analog Hawking radiation and shedding light on the information loss paradox. To reach these goals, we plan to first verify the dynamics of the flying plasma mirror and to characterize the correspondence between the plasma density gradient and the trajectory of the accelerating plasma mirror. We will then attempt to detect the analog Hawking radiation photons and measure the entanglement between the Hawking photons and their "partner particles". In this paper, we describe our vision and strategy of AnaBHEL using the Apollon laser as a reference, and we report on the progress of our R&D of the key components in this experiment, including the supersonic gas jet with a graded density profile, and the superconducting nanowire single-photon Hawking detector. In parallel to these hardware efforts, we performed computer simulations to estimate the potential backgrounds, and derive analytic expressions for modifications to the blackbody spectrum of Hawking radiation for a perfectly reflecting, point mirror, due to the semit-ransparency and finite-size effects specific to flying plasma mirrors. Based on this more realistic radiation spectrum, we estimate the Hawking photon yield to guide the design of the AnaBHEL experiment, which appears to be achievable., Comment: 18 pages, 26 figures

The information loss paradox remains unresolved ever since Hawking's seminal discovery of black hole evaporation. In this essay, we revisit the entanglement entropy via Euclidean path integral (EPI) and allow for the branching of semi-classical histories during the Lorentzian evolution. We posit that there exist two histories that contribute to EPI, where one is information-losing that dominates at early times, while the other is information-preserving that dominates at late times. By so doing we recover the Page curve and preserve the unitarity, albeit with the Page time shifted significantly towards the late time. One implication is that the entropy bound may thus be violated. We compare our approach with string-based islands and replica wormholes concepts., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures

We reinvestigate the gravitational waves (GWs) induced by charged particles in storage rings. There are two major components in such GWs. One is the gravitational synchrotron radiation (GSR), i.e., the direct emission by the bending of the trajectory of a relativistic charged particle, much like the conventional electromagnetic synchrotron radiation (EMSR), albeit with characteristic difference in their radiation spectra. While the conventional EMSR spectrum peaks at the critical frequency, $\omega_c=\gamma^3\omega_0\gg\omega_0$, the spectrum of GSR peaks at the storage ring fundamental frequency $\omega_0$, which is much lower. The other is the resonant conversion of EMSR to GWs at the same frequency through the storage ring bending magnets, i.e., the Gertsenshtein effect. Invoking LHC at CERN as a numerical example, we found that the spacetime perturbation associated with GSR, $h\sim 5\times 10^{-40}$, falls far below the sensitivity of GW detectors based on the LIGO-type Michelson interferometry approach. On the other hand, the GWs induced by the resonant conversion of EMSR have much higher frequencies and thus much localized, so it is conceivable to detect them through the reverse conversion, the so-called `light shining through a wall', process., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures

The information loss paradox associated with black hole Hawking evaporation is an unresolved problem in modern theoretical physics. In this paper, we revisit the entanglement entropy via the Euclidean path integral (EPI) of the quantum state and allow for the branching of semi-classical histories along the Lorentzian evolution. We posit that there exist at least two histories that contribute to EPI, where one is an information-losing history while the other is information-preserving. At early times, the former dominates EPI, while at late times the latter becomes dominant. By so doing we recover the essence of the Page curve and thus the unitarity, albeit with the turning point, i.e., the Page time, much shifted toward the late time. One implication of this modified Page curve is that the entropy bound may thus be violated. We comment on the similarity and difference between our approach and that of the replica wormholes and the island conjecture., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Based on the discretized horizon picture, we introduce a macroscopic effective model of the horizon area quanta that encapsulates the features necessary for black holes to evaporate consistently. The price to pay is the introduction of a "hidden sector" that represents our lack of knowledge about the final destination of the black hole entropy. We focus on the peculiar form of the interaction between this hidden sector and the black hole enforced by the self-consistency. Despite the expressive power of the model, we arrive at several qualitative statements. Furthermore, we identify these statements as features inside the microscopic density of states of the horizon quanta, with the dimension of the configuration space being associated with the area per quanta in Planck unit, a UV cutoff proportional to the amount of excess entropy relative to Bekenstein's law at the end of evaporation, and a zero-frequency-pole-like structure corresponding to, similarly, the amount of excess entropy at IR limit. We then relate this nearly-zero-frequency structure to the soft hairs proposed by Strominger et al., and argue that we should consider deviating away from the zero frequency limit for soft hairs to participate in the black hole evaporation.

Production of massless scalar particles by a relativistic semitransparent mirror of finite transverse size and longitudinal thickness in (1+3)D flat spacetime is studied. The derived particle spectrum formula is applied to two specific trajectories. One is the gravitational collapse trajectory invoked in (1+1)D perfectly reflecting moving mirror literature to mimic Hawking radiation, and the other is the plasma mirror trajectory proposed to be realizable in future experiments. It is found that the finiteness of the transverse size leads to diffraction, while the nontrivial thickness amplifies the production rate. We also estimated the particle yield as roughly 3000 in a 20-day data acquisition based on the parameters invoked in the proposed AnaBHEL experiment., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 1 table; title slightly modified, new discussions added, reference added, numerical results updated

We investigate the production of primordial black holes (PBHs) and scalar-induced gravitational waves (GWs) for cosmological models in the Horndeski theory of gravity. The cosmological models of our interest incorporate the derivative self-interaction of the scalar field and the kinetic coupling between the scalar field and gravity. We show that the scalar power spectrum of the primordial fluctuations can be enhanced on small scales due to these additional interactions. Thus, the formation of PBHs and the production of induced GWs are feasible for our model. Parameterizing the scalar power spectrum with a local Gaussian peak, we first estimate the abundance of PBHs and the energy spectrum of GWs produced in the radiation-dominated era. Then, to explain the small-scale enhancement in the power spectrum, we reconstruct the inflaton potential and self-coupling functions from the power spectrum and their spectral tilt. Our results show that the small-scale enhancement in the power spectrum can be explained by the local feature, either a peak or dip, in the self-coupling function rather than the local feature in the inflaton potential., Comment: 25 pages, 3 figures

Quasinormal modes of perturbed black holes have recently gained much interest because of their tight relations with the gravitational wave signals emitted during the post-merger phase of a binary black hole coalescence. One of the intriguing features of these modes is that they respect the no-hair theorem, and hence, they can be used to test black hole space-times and the underlying gravitational theory. In this paper, we exhibit three different aspects of how black hole quasinormal modes could be altered in theories beyond Einstein general relativity. These aspects are the direct alterations of quasinormal modes spectra as compared with those in general relativity, the violation of the geometric correspondence between the high-frequency quasinormal modes and the photon geodesics around the black hole, and the breaking of the isospectrality between the axial and polar gravitational perturbations. Several examples will be provided in each individual case. The prospects and possible challenges associated with future observations will be also discussed., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures

Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT-1) is the first CMB degree-scale polarimeter to be deployed on the Tibetan plateau at 5,250m above sea level. AliCPT-1 is a 90/150 GHz 72 cm aperture, two-lens refracting telescope cooled down to 4 K. Alumina lenses, 800mm in diameter, image the CMB in a 33.4{\deg} field of view on a 636mm wide focal plane. The modularized focal plane consists of dichroic polarization-sensitive Transition-Edge Sensors (TESes). Each module includes 1,704 optically active TESes fabricated on a 150mm diameter silicon wafer. Each TES array is read out with a microwave multiplexing readout system capable of a multiplexing factor up to 2,048. Such a large multiplexing factor has allowed the practical deployment of tens of thousands of detectors, enabling the design of a receiver that can operate up to 19 TES arrays for a total of 32,376 TESes. AliCPT-1 leverages the technological advancements in the detector design from multiple generations of previously successful feedhorn-coupled polarimeters, and in the instrument design from BICEP-3, but applied on a larger scale. The cryostat receiver is currently under integration and testing. During the first deployment year, the focal plane will be populated with up to 4 TES arrays. Further TES arrays will be deployed in the following years, fully populating the focal plane with 19 arrays on the fourth deployment year. Here we present the AliCPT-1 receiver design, and how the design has been optimized to meet the experimental requirements., Comment: Proc. SPIE, 11453, 114532A (2020)

We find the quantum power emitted and distribution in $3+1$-dimensions of relativistic acceleration radiation using a single perfectly reflecting mirror via Lorentz invariance demonstrating close analogies to point charge radiation in classical electrodynamics., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, Appendix

Flying plasma mirrors induced by intense lasers has been proposed as a promising way to generate few-cycle EUV or X-ray lasers. In addition, if such a relativistic plasma mirror can accelerate, then it would serve as an analog black hole to investigate the information loss paradox associated with the black hole Hawking evaporation. Among these applications, the reflectivity, which is usually frequency-dependent, would affect the outgoing photon spectrum and therefore impact on the analysis of the physics under investigation. In this paper, these two issues are investigated analytically and numerically with one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Based on our simulation results, we propose a new model that provides a better estimate of the reflectivity than those studied previously. Besides, we found that the peak frequency of the reflected spectrum of a gaussian incident wave deviates from the expected value, $4\gamma^2\omega$, due to the dependence of reflectivity on the frequency of the incident wave., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Motivated by the lack of rotating solutions sourced by matter in General Relativity as well as in modified gravity theories, we extend a recently discovered exact rotating solution of the minimal Einstein-scalar theory to its counterpart in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity coupled to a Born-Infeld scalar field. This is accomplished with the implementation of a well-developed mapping between solutions of Ricci-Based Palatini theories of gravity and General Relativity. The new solution is parametrized by the scalar charge and the Born-Infeld coupling constant apart from the mass and spin of the compact object. Compared to the spacetime prior to the mapping, we find that the high-energy modifications at the Born-Infeld scale are able to suppress but not remove the curvature divergence of the original naked null singularity. Depending on the sign of the Born-Infeld coupling constant, these modifications may even give rise to an additional timelike singularity exterior to the null one. In spite of that, both of the naked singularities before and after the mapping are capable of casting shadows, and as a consequence of the mapping relation, their shadows turn out to be identical as seen by a distant observer on the equatorial plane. Even though the scalar field induces a certain oblateness to the appearance of the shadow with its left and right endpoints held fixed, the closedness condition for the shadow contour sets a small upper bound on the absolute value of the scalar charge, which leads to observational features of the shadow closely resembling those of a Kerr black hole., Comment: 33 pages, 4 figures; reference added, updated to match the published version

The rapid advancement of gravitational wave astronomy in recent years has paved the way for the burgeoning development of black hole spectroscopy, which enhances the possibility of testing black holes by their quasinormal modes (QNMs). In this paper, the axial gravitational perturbations and the QNM frequencies of black holes in the hybrid metric-Palatini gravity (HMPG) are investigated. The HMPG theory is characterized by a dynamical scalar degree of freedom and is able to explain the late-time accelerating expansion of the universe without introducing any \textit{ad hoc} screening mechanism to preserve the dynamics at the Solar System scale. We obtain the master equation governing the axial gravitational perturbations of the HMPG black holes and calculate the QNM frequencies. Moreover, in the scrutiny of the black holes and their QNMs, we take into account the constraints on the model parameters based on the post-Newtonian analysis, and show how the QNM frequencies of the HMPG black holes would be altered in the observationally consistent range of parameter space., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures. Updated to match the published version

Production of scalar particles by a relativistic, semi-transparent mirror in 1+3D Minkowski spacetime based on the Barton-Calogeracos (BC) action is investigated. The corresponding Bogoliubov coefficients are derived for a mirror with arbitrary trajectory. In particular, we apply our derived formula to the gravitational collapse trajectory. In addition, we identify the relation between the particle spectrum and the particle production probability, and we demonstrate the equivalence between our approach and the existing approach in the literature, which is restricted to 1+1D. In short, our treatment extends the study to 1+3D spacetime. Lastly, we offer a third approach for finding the particle spectrum using the S-matrix formalism., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

Hawking's seminal discovery of black hole evaporation was based on the semi-classical, perturbative method. Whether black hole evaporation may result in the loss of information remains undetermined. The solution to this paradox would most likely rely on the knowledge of the end-life of the evaporation, which evidently must be in the non-perturbative regime. Here we reinterpret the Hawking radiation as the tunneling of instantons, which is inherently non-perturbative. For definitiveness, we invoke the picture of shell-anti-shell pair production and show that it is equivalent to that of instanton tunneling. We find that such a shell pair production picture can help to elucidate firewalls and ER=EPR conjectures that attempt to solve the information paradox, and may be able to address the end-life issue toward an ultimate resolution., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures

We show that a generalized version of the holographic principle can be derived from the Hamiltonian description of information flow within a quantum system that maintains a separable state. We then show that this generalized holographic principle entails a general principle of gauge invariance. When this is realized in an ambient Lorentzian space-time, gauge invariance under the Poincare group is immediately achieved. We apply this pathway to retrieve the action of gravity. The latter is cast a la Wilczek through a similar formulation derived by MacDowell and Mansouri, which involves the representation theory of the Lie groups SO(3,2) and SO(4,1)., Comment: 26 pages, 1 figure

We investigate the interior structure, perturbations, and the associated quasinormal modes of a quantum black hole model recently proposed by Bodendorfer, Mele, and M\"unch (BMM). Within the framework of loop quantum gravity, the quantum parameters in the BMM model are introduced through polymerization, consequently replacing the Schwarzschild singularity with a spacelike transition surface. By treating the quantum geometry corrections as an `effective' matter contribution, we first prove the violation of energy conditions (in particular the null energy condition) near the transition surface and then investigate the required junction conditions on it. In addition, we study the quasinormal modes of massless scalar field perturbations, electromagnetic perturbations, and axial gravitational perturbations in this effective model. As expected, the quasinormal spectra deviate from their classical counterparts in the presence of quantum corrections. Interestingly, we find that the quasinormal frequencies of perturbations with different spins share the same qualitative tendency with respect to the change of the quantum parameters in this model., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures. Updated to match the published version

It has been proposed that laser-induced relativistic plasma mirror can accelerate if the plasma has a properly tailored density profile. Such accelerating plasma mirrors can serve as analog black holes to investigate Hawking evaporation and the associated information loss paradox. Here we reexamine the underlying dynamics of mirror motion in a graded-density plasma to provide an explicit trajectory as a function of the plasma density and its gradient. Specifically, a decreasing plasma density profile (down-ramp) along the direction of laser propagation would in general accelerate the mirror. In particular, a constant-plus-exponential density profile would generate the Davies-Fulling trajectory with a well-defined analog Hawking temperature, which is sensitive to the plasma density gradient but not to the density itself. We show that without invoking nano-fabricated thin-films, a much lower density gas target at, for example, $\sim 1\times 10^{17}{\rm cm}^{-3}$, would be able to induce an analog Hawking temperature, $k_{_B}T_{_H}\sim 6.6 \times 10^{-2}{\rm eV}$, in the far-infrared region. We hope that this would help to better realize the experiment proposed by Chen and Mourou., Comment: 7 pages

One interesting proposal to solve the black hole information loss paradox without modifying either general relativity or quantum field theory, is the soft hair, a diffeomorphism charge that records the anisotropic radiation in the asymptotic region. This proposal, however, has been challenged, given that away from the source the soft hair behaves as a coordinate transformation that forms an Abelian group, thus unable to store any information. To maintain the spirit of the soft hair but circumvent these obstacles, we consider Hawking radiation as a probe sensitive to the entire history of the black hole evaporation, where the soft hairs on the horizon are induced by the absorption of a null anisotropic flow, generalizing the shockwave considered by Hawking et al. To do so we introduce two different time-dependent extensions of the diffeomorphism associated with the soft hair, where one is the backreaction of the anisotropic null flow, and the other is a coordinate transformation that produces the Unruh effect and a Doppler shift to the Hawking spectrum. Together, they form an exact BMS charge generator on the entire manifold that allows the nonperturbative analysis of the black hole horizon, whose surface gravity, i.e. the Hawking temperature, is found to be modified. The modification depends on an exponential average of the anisotropy of the null flow with a decay rate of 4M, suggesting the emergence of a new 2-D degree of freedom on the horizon, which could be a way out of the information loss paradox.

The recent direct detection of gravitational waves has highlighted the huge importance of the tensorial modes in any extended gravitational theory. One of the most appealing approaches to extend gravity beyond general relativity is the Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld gravity which is formulated within the Palatini approach. This theory can avoid the Big Bang singularity in the physical metric although a Big Bang intrinsic to the affine connection is still there, which in addition couples to the tensorial sector and might jeopardize the viability of the model. In this paper, we suggest that a quantum treatment of the affine connection, or equivalently of its compatible metric, is able to rescue the model. We carry out such an analysis and conclude that from a quantum point of view such a Big Bang is unharmful. We expect therefore that the induced tensorial instability, caused by the Big Bang intrinsic to the affine connection, can be neutralized at the quantum level., Comment: 16 pages

The interior of a static Schwarzschild metric can be written in terms of two functions, similar to some models of anisotropic cosmology. With a suitable choice of canonical variables, we solve the Wheeler-DeWitt equation (WDW) inside the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. By imposing classicality near the horizon, and requiring boundedness of the wave function, we get a rather generic solution of the WDW equation, whose steepest-descent solution, i.e., the ridge of the wave function, coincides nicely with the classical trajectory. However, there is an ambiguity in defining the arrow of time which leads to two possible interpretations - (i) if there is only one arrow of time, one can infer that the steepest-descent of the wave function follows the classical trajectory throughout: coming from the event horizon and going all the way down to the singularity, while (ii) if there are two different arrows of time in two separate regimes, it can be inferred that the steepest-descent of the wave function comes inwards from the event horizon in one region while it moves outwards from the singularity in the other region, and there exists an annihilation process of these two parts of the wave function inside the horizon. Adopting the second interpretation could shed light on the information loss paradox: as time goes on, probabilities for histories that include black holes and singularities decay to zero and eventually only trivial geometries dominate., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures

In the scope of black hole spectroscopy, several attempts have been made in the past decades in order to test black holes or gravitational theories via black hole quasinormal modes. In the eikonal approximation, the quasinormal modes are generically associated with the photon ring of the black hole. This correspondence is valid for most cases in general relativity, but may not be true in other theories of gravity. In this paper, we consider the generalized energy-momentum squared gravity in which matter fields are non-minimally coupled to geometry. We investigate the axial perturbations of the charged black holes in this model, without assuming any explicit expression of the action functional. After obtaining the modified Klein-Gordon equation and the modified Maxwell equations, we perturb the gravitational equations and the modified Maxwell equations to derive the coupled master equations of the axial perturbations. In the presence of the non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry, the correspondence between the eikonal quasinormal modes and the photon ring is not satisfied in general. Also, the two coupled fields of the axial perturbations are found to propagate independently and they do not share the same quasinormal frequencies in the eikonal limit., Comment: 11 pages. Updated to match the published version

In the literature, the Newman-Janis algorithm (NJA) has been widely used to construct stationary and axisymmetric spacetimes to describe rotating black holes. In addition, it has been recently shown that the general stationary and axisymmetric spacetime generated through NJA allows the complete separability of the null geodesic equations. In fact, the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in this spacetime is also separable if one of the metric functions is additively separable. In this work, we further study the conditions for a separable Klein-Gordon equation in such a general spacetime. The relations between the NJA spacetime and other parameterized axially symmetric spacetimes in the literature are also discussed., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure

The Deser-Woodard (DW) nonlocal gravity model has been proposed in order to describe the late-time acceleration of the universe without introducing dark energy. In this paper we focus, however, on the early stage of the universe and demonstrate how a primordial bounce in the vacuum spacetime can be realized in the framework of the DW nonlocal model. We reconstruct the nonlocal distortion function, which encodes all the modifications to the Einstein-Hilbert action, in order to generate bouncing solutions to solve the initial singularity problem. We show that the initial conditions can be chosen in such a way that the distortion function and its first order derivative approach zero after the bounce and the standard cosmological solution described by general relativity is recovered afterwards. We also study the evolution of anisotropies near the bounce. It turns out that the shear density defined by the anisotropy grows towards the bounce, but due to the presence of nonlocal effects, it grows in a milder manner compared with that in Einstein gravity., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

In this paper, we investigate complex-valued Euclidean wormholes in the Starobinsky inflation. Due to the properties of the concave inflaton potential, the classicality condition at both ends of the wormhole can be satisfied, as long as the initial condition of the inflaton field is such that it is located sufficiently close to the hilltop. We compare the probabilities of classicalized wormholes with the Hartle-Hawking compact instantons and conclude that the Euclidean wormholes are probabilistically preferred than compact instantons, if the inflation lasts more than 50 e-foldings. Our result assumes that the Euclidean path integral is the correct effective description of quantum gravity. This opens a new window for various future investigations that can be either confirmed or refuted by future experiments., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures

The lack of correlations on the large scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy provides a potential window to probe beyond the standard inflationary scenario. In this paper, we investigate the primordial power spectrum based on the Hartle-Hawking (HH) no-boundary proposal for a homogeneous, isotropic, and spatially-closed universe that leads to a Starobinsky-type inflation after the classicalization. While we found that there is no suppression at large scales in the standard R + R^2 theory, we also found that it is possible to sufficiently suppress the large-scale power spectrum if a pre-inflation stage is introduced to the Starobinsky-type model. We calculate the C^TT_l correlation function and show that our proposal gives a better fit to the Planck CMB data. l This suggests that our universe might have begun with a compact HH state with a small positive curvature., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures

For any non-rotating effective quantum (uncharged) black hole model to be viable, its asymptotic structure of spacetime should reduce to that of a Schwarzschild black hole. After examining the asymptotic structure of quantum black holes proposed in Ashtekar et al., (2018), we find that the solution is actually not asymptotically flat. Departure from asymptotically flat spacetime is a direct consequence of the quantum parameters included in the model. Moreover, since the property of asymptotic flatness needs to be explicitly invoked, for instance, in relating the black hole and the white hole masses, it thereby raises a serious concern about the consistency of this model in view of the classical limit1., Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure. Details included. Updated to match the published version

It is believed that in the near future, gravitational wave detections will become a promising tool not only to test gravity theories, but also to probe extremely curved spacetime regions in our universe, such as the surroundings of black holes. In this paper, we investigate the quasinormal modes (QNMs) of the axial gravitational perturbations of a class of non-singular black holes conformally related to the Schwarzschild black hole. These non-singular black holes can be regarded as the vacuum solution of a family of conformal gravity theories which are invariant under conformal transformations. After conformal symmetry is broken, these black holes produce observational signatures different from those of the Schwarzschild black hole, such as their QNM frequencies. We assume that the spacetime is described by the Einstein equation with the effective energy momentum tensor of an anisotropic fluid. The master equation describing the QNMs is derived, and the QNM frequencies are evaluated with the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method up to the 6th order. As expected, the QNM spectra of these non-singular black holes deviate from those of the Schwarzschild black hole, indicating the possibility of testing these black hole solutions with the help of future gravitational wave detections., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

We derive the spectral indices and their runnings of single inflation models by a new approach. We perform a dilatation transformation to the linear cosmological perturbations and derive a current (non-)conservation law. Using it, we construct a dilatation charge and a Ward-Takahashi identity for the two-point correlators, and derive two \textit{exact} expressions for the tree-level spectral indices. First, we apply the slow roll expansion to one of the exact expressions. We calculate the spectral indices and their runnings up to the second and the third order of slow roll parameters respectively, with use of the "horizon crossing formalism". By construction, our results are more rigorous and generic than the previous works. Then, we analyze another exact expression to understand how the perturbations and the slow roll parameters contribute to the spectral indices. By a numerical calculation, we confirm that only the behaviors of the slow roll parameters during a few e-folds around the horizon crossing affect significantly to the values of spectral indices. The analysis in this article indicates that if one cannot use the slow roll parameters, regardless of their values, as the expansion parameters around the horizon crossing, then one can no longer apply the slow roll expansion to the spectral indices, and it is thus necessary to apply the more generic method introduced here., Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, accepted version for PRD

The possibility of testing gravity theories with the help of gravitational wave detections has become an interesting arena of recent research. In this paper, we follow this direction by investigating the quasinormal modes (QNMs) of the axial perturbations for charged black holes in the Palatini-type theories of gravity, specifically ($i$) the Palatini $f(R)$ gravity coupled with Born-Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics and ($ii$) the Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld gravity (EiBI) coupled with Maxwell electromagnetic fields. The coupled master equations describing perturbations of charged black holes in these theories are obtained with the tetrad formalism. By using the Wentzel-Kramers- Brillouin (WKB) method up to 6th order, we calculate the QNM frequencies of the EiBI charged black holes, the Einstein-Born-Infeld black holes, and the Born-Infeld charged black holes within the Palatini $R+\alpha R^2$ gravity. The QNM spectra of these black holes would deviate from those of the Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole. In addition, we study the QNMs in the eikonal limit and find that for the axial perturbations of the EiBI charged black holes, the link between the eikonal QNMs and the unstable null circular orbit around the black hole is violated., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures

We study the quantum avoidance of the big rip singularity in the Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld (EiBI) phantom model. Instead of considering a simple phantom dark energy component, which is described by a perfect fluid, we consider a more fundamental degree of freedom corresponding to a phantom scalar field with its corresponding potential, which would lead the classical universe to a big rip singularity. We apply a quantum geometrodynamical approach by performing an appropriate Hamiltonian study including an analysis of the constraints of the system. We then derive the Wheeler-DeWitt (WDW) equation and see whether the solutions to the WDW equation satisfy the DeWitt boundary condition. We find that by using a suitable Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, whose validity is proven, the DeWitt condition is satisfied. Therefore, the big rip singularity is expected to be avoided in the quantum realm., Comment: 12 pages

We re-examine the quantum geometrodynamical approach within the Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld theory of gravity, which was first proposed in our previous work [1]. A thorough analysis of the classical Hamiltonian with constraints is carried and the correctness and self-consistency of the modified Wheeler-DeWitt equation (WDW) is studied. We find that based on the newly obtained WDW equation derived with the use of the Dirac brackets, the conclusion reached in Ref.[1] can be corroborated. The big rip singularity present in the classical theory, and induced by a phantom perfect fluid, is expected to be avoided when quantum effects encoded on the modified WDW equation are taken into account., Comment: 14 pages

The O(4)-symmetric regular instanton solutions are studied within the framework of the Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld gravity (EiBI). We find that the behavior of the solution would deviate from that in Einstein gravity when the kinetic energy of the scalar field is sufficiently large. The tunneling probability is calculated numerically in different parameter space. We find that the tunneling probability would increase with the Born-Infeld coupling constant, which is assumed to be positive in this paper. Furthermore, we discover a neck feature in the physical instanton solutions when the kinetic energy of the scalar field is sufficiently large. This feature can be interpreted as a Lorentzian time-like wormhole geometry formed during the bubble materialization., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures

The scrutiny of black hole perturbations and its application to testing gravity theories have been a very crucial frontier in modern physics. In this paper we study the quasi-normal modes (QNM) of massless scalar perturbations for various charged black holes in the Palatini-type theories of gravity. Specifically, we consider the Palatini $f(R)$ theory coupled with Born-Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics and the Eddington-inspired-Born-Infeld gravity (EiBI) coupled with Maxwell electromagnetic fields. Special attention is paid to Einstein-Born-Infeld black holes, EiBI charged black holes and Born-Infeld charged black holes within $R\pm R^2$ gravity. These charged black holes are shown to be stable and their quasi-normal frequencies, including the frequencies in the eikonal limit, are calculated by using the WKB method up to the 6th order. We compare the results with the Reissner-Nordstr\"om charged black hole and prove that both the changes in the gravity sector and the matter sector of the action alter the QNM spectra., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, revised version, accepted for publication in PRD

There have been various interpretations of Hawking radiation proposed based on the perturbative approach, and all have confirmed Hawking's original finding. One major conceptual challenge of Hawking evaporation is the associated black hole information loss paradox, which remains unresolved. A key factor to the issue is the end-stage of the black hole evaporation. Unfortunately by then the evaporation process becomes non-perturbative. Aspired to provide a tool for the eventual solution to this problem, here we introduce a new interpretation of Hawking radiation as the tunneling of instantons. We study instantons of a massless scalar field in Einstein gravity. We consider a complex-valued instanton that connects an initial pure black hole state to a black hole with a scalar field that represents the Hawking radiation at future null infinity, where its action depends only on the areal entropy difference. By comparing it with several independent approaches to Hawking radiation in the perturbative limit, we conclude that Hawking radiation may indeed be described by a family of instantons. Since the instanton approach can describe non-perturbative processes, we hope that our new interpretation and holistic method may shed lights on the information loss problem., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

Though wakefield acceleration in crystal channels has been previously proposed, x-ray wakefield acceleration has only recently become a realistic possibility since the invention of the single-cycled optical laser compression technique. We investigate the acceleration due to a wakefield induced by a coherent, ultrashort x-ray pulse guided by a nanoscale channel inside a solid material. By two-dimensional particle in- cell computer simulations, we show that an acceleration gradient of TeV/cm is attainable. This is about 3 orders of magnitude stronger than that of the conventional plasma-based wakefield accelerations, which implies the possibility of an extremely compact scheme to attain ultrahigh energies. In addition to particle acceleration, this scheme can also induce the emission of high energy photons at ~O(10-100) MeV. Our simulations confirm such high energy photon emissions, which is in contrast with that induced by the optical laser driven wakefield scheme. In addition to this, the significantly improved emittance of the energetic electrons has been discussed., Comment: 10 pp