Search

China has been struggling with waste classification for decades, even after the mandatory implementation of relevant policy in 2017. However, the causes of the failing performance of waste classification in developing countries attract little scholarly attention. A recent literature review also identified a failure to classify waste in developing countries, noting that its causes have attracted little scholarly interest. In this paper, we would like to examine the current situation and issues of policies for classifying household waste in China's urban sector. In this paper, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents in Changsha City, Hunan Province, examined their awareness of waste classification, classifying behavior, and their awareness of paying for waste reduction, elucidated the factors that affect them, and estimated the amount of willing to pay (WTP) for waste reduction. In this paper, endogenous factors are more significant influencing behaviors than exogenous factors.

Taiwan has not yet been singed the “Convention on Nuclear Safety; CNS” that was adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） in 1994. However, if these international activities help promote nuclear safety, Taiwan must participate in it and fulfill its related obligations. Therefore, despite Taiwan being a non-member state to the CNS, it is required by the Convention to act as a member state to meet all the requirements addressed in the CNS. Ensuring the public trust of nuclear safety regulations in the most important policy issue for the location, operation, waste disposal and off-commissioning of nuclear power plants, etc. As part of an international comparison of nuclear safety regulatory bodies in the East Asian region, this note organizes and evaluates the independence and transparency of Taiwan’s regulatory bodies.

To date, the process of implementing the global Sustainable Development Goals （SDGs） and global climate change mitigation and adaptation obligations has been largely decoupling in most countries. This creates administrative duplication, costs, and hinders the development of effective problem solving. Against this background, we show the present state of research on policy integration and integrated policymaking. Following the research results of Bauer et al. （2021） and Teebken et al. （2021）, this note briefly summarizes different understandings of policy integration and detailed criteria for evaluating policy integration from different academic perspectives. Implementing an interactive agenda requires political attention and institutional competence to address the interactions and complexity of each, understand policies at a national level, and translation. In this note, we will introduce the basic concept of what integration practice looks like, and focusing on the interaction between the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement.

In 2020, global phenomena such as unprecedented scale forest fires, storms, melting glaciers, and dramatic declines in northern polar glaciers are very likely to be caused by climate change. By the middle of this century, it is becoming clear that it is not enough for Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions to be cut by 80％ compared to 1990 levels. In December 2015, to meet the climate targets agreed in the Paris agreement, stricter cuts from Germany are required, limiting global temperature rises to an average of 2 ℃（better 1.5 ℃） compared to pre-industrial levels. With regard to the transition of Germany’s energy systems, this paper begins with a comprehensive model of the Germany power and thermal sector in future energy systems with a major contribution to renewable energy technologies. Based on REMod-D （Renewable Energy Model - Germany）, the basic structure is summarized briefly. Then, we introduce some of the simulation results by REMod-D models by Philip et al. （2020）. The aim is to assess the energy transition and the possibility of climate-neutral systems in Germany.

This paper examines : (1) the medical governance of infectious diseases in Taiwan based on the experience of infectious diseases and the background of medical governance reform, (2) the role of big data and digital technology in infectious disease control, (3) medical strategy and non-pharmaceutical intervention, and (4) socio-political viewpoints regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. It will be possible to confirm that Taiwan's non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies, including mask wearing, AHH practices, quarantine / quarantine, travel restrictions and the implementation of social distancing, are increasing the effectiveness of preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the combination of extensive risk communication highlighting the importance of early border control, government leadership and preventive action has prevented Taiwan from locking down. These comprehensive preventive measures against COVID-19 in 2020 are more efficient and effective than those implemented during SARS in 2003, as well as immunoassay responses. In addition, democracy provided institutional support for vibrant civil society and synergies between state and civil society, strengthened the legitimacy of Taiwan's crisis governance, and enhanced voluntary compliance among citizens.

Germany's energy transition （Energiewende） is a paradigm shift into a low-carbon and nuclear-free economy. As part of the European Union's climate neutralization drive, aiming to reduce greenhouse gases to net-zero by the middle of the century. Generous financial support for wind and solar power has boosted renewable energy to produce more electricity than fossil fuels for the first time in 2020. Germany's energy transition is not a policy shift after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, but a long-term process of policy making in response to public opinion and technological trends. Germany's energy transition is still underway and needs to be extended beyond the power supply. However, it may already be pushing more thoroughly through pricing and volume regulations, such as the European Emissions Trading Scheme （EU-ETS） and changes to the carbon tax, which provides incentives for changes to low-carbon technologies. This paper analyses Germany's energy transition and climate policy. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual conditions and issues of the reduction effects of greenhouse gas emissions, which are the main policy issues of the energy conversion policy that has been developed mainly on renewable energy for these 20 years.

Taiwan is not a party to the Paris Agreement, but the impact of climate change on Taiwan is enough to be one. The Government of Taiwan has set a target of adjusting the power mix to 50% natural gas-fired, 30% coal-fired and 20% renewable energy by 2025, increasing the proportion of relatively low carbon emissions and renewable energy, and aiming to reduce GHG emissions as a climate change policy. One of the key aspects of Taiwan’s energy policy is to phase-out nuclear power generation by 2025, and to increase the share of renewable energy in the power supply configuration and reduce the use of coal-fired power. The phase-out of nuclear power plants was initially faster than the expansion of renewable energy, reducing CO2 emissions from electricity production as needed to a small amount. Nevertheless, since 2016, Taiwan has been evaluating the “energy transition” derived from Germany and is trying to decentralize its power supply using conventional large-scale, inflexible power generation systems. With regard to coal-fired power plants, Taiwan will accelerate the improvement of air pollution facilities at existing coal-fired power plants and implement utilization management measures in order to match air quality. Gas-fired and green energy power supplies will be the mainstays of power supply, which is the power stabilization target, in order to maintain 15% of the supply reserve rate. The government needs to plan supply-side measures and implement various tasks to save energy and reduce carbon emission in order to reduce electricity demand. To build clean energy systems and healthy living conditions, to promote the development of new green energy industries, to promote green employment, realize the spirit of energy empowerment, promote energy democracy and justice. Going forward, the focus will be on overall system integration, where all power supplies can ensure a sufficient level of revenue. In this study, we will consider Taiwan’s climate change and energy policy since the Paris Agreement, and summarize the current situation and issues.

As climate change and various environmental pollution issues are becoming more serious, many countries are actively promoting energy transition. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, is aimed at curbing the rise in global average temperatures to within 2℃ above pre-industrial levels and limiting temperature rises to 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels. Taiwan is accelerating its path of energy transition to a "nuclear-free homeland" and “low-carbon economy” by phasing out all nuclear power generation in 2025 and imposing a legally binding goal of reducing coal-fired power generation from 47 percent to 26 percent. This paper investigates the impact of nuclear and coal power regulations on fuel mix CO2 emissions in the power sector by 2050 in Taiwan. Analysis is a future technology shift in the power sector called “Future Technology Transformations; FTT” for the power sector; Consider using the E3ME model linked to FTT: Power sub-model.

To prepare peptide-modified chitosan tetramethylprazine nanoparticles(FGF-CS-TMP-NPS) and investigate its reversal effect on multidrug resistance in tumor cells. The pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs were prepared by ion crosslinking method, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)(MCF-7, MCF-7/ADR, K562 and K562/ADR) and drug-resistant related protein P-gp. MCF-7/ADR and K562/ADR were selected as cell models. The cytotoxicity of pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs, the multiple of cell resistance to adriamycin, the reversal resistance index of pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs to doxorubicin and the sensitization of pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs to doxorubicin were detected by MTT assay. After MCF-7/ADR and K562/ADR were treated with pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs, the expression changes of P-gp were detected by Western blot. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs were 37.66%± 0.53% and 3.25%± 0.34% respectively in HPLC. The nanoparticles showed an average particle size of(150.50±9.3) nm, polymer dispersity index of(0.059±0.007) and Zeta potential of(19.30±2.02) mV as detected by laser particle size analyzer. The nanoparticles were spherical and well dispersed under transmission electron microscope. Western blot results showed that EGFR was positively expressed in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells, while negatively expressed in K562 and K562/ADR cells. P-gp was highly expressed in MCF-7/ADR and K562/ADR, while negatively expressed in MCF-7 and K562. pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs had a weak effect on MCF-7/ADR and K562/ADR. The adriamycin resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells was 108.36 times, and that of K562/ADR cells was more than 100 times. When IC_(85) of pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs was used as the administration concentration, the reversion index of MCF-7/ADR and K562/ADR cells was 3.68 and 1.87, respectively. pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs could enhance the sensitivity of adriamycin to MCF-7/ADR cells in a positive correlation with the concentration, and the sensitivity was significantly higher than that of K562/ADR cells. Western blot results showed that the expression level of P-gp in MCF-7/ADR cells decreased significantly after treatment with pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs, while the expression level of P-gp in K562/ADR cells did not change significantly. Experimental results show that pEGF-CS-TMP-NPs have an active targeting effect on MCF-7/ADR cells with high EGFR expression, and can effectively reverse the multidrug resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells. Active targeting effect is related to the peptides modification of nanoparticles, and the mechanism of reversing tumor MDR may be achieved by down-regulating the expression level of P-gp.