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Virtual reality (VR) and game-based learning strategies have rarely been investigated together with a keen focus on motivational processing. This lack of understanding on motivational support of VR game-based learning has hindered the design of such environments to effectively and efficiently support intended learning processes. The study revealed relationships between learners' motivational processing and perceived game features in a VR learning environment for delivering introductory archaeology content to college students. The first part of the study adopted the complementary concurrent mixed-method design, which applied qualitative results to clarify quantitative findings to delineate motivational support perceived by 40 participants. The second part employed quantitative survey data only from the same sample to reveal perceived game features and relationships between motivational support and game features. Findings suggest that learners' motivational processing was supported by the Confidence and Satisfaction components of the ARCS motivational design model. Additionally, not all motivational components were supported by perceived game features according to multiple regression analyses. The discussion of the findings is focused on in what areas and to what extent multimedia-rich VR elements might compete with game-based learning in the same learning environment for learners' limited cognitive and behavioral learning capacities.

Objective To explore the cause and preventive measures of floor-of-mouth hematoma after dental implant placement. Methods The prevention of hematoma of the floor of the mouth in a case of lower anterior teeth implant placement was analyzed, and the literature was reviewed. Results Four mandibular vascular canals were found on the lingual side of the anterior mandible before dental surgery in the reported case. Two of them were quite thick (1.4 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively) and were located adjacent to the crest of the alveolar bone and superior to the mental spine. These two thick endosseous branches from the sublingual artery were dissected and ligated , and there was no obvious hematoma in the patients immediately after the operation and at the postoperative 3 d review. The results of the literature review show that the incidence of endosseous branches from the lingual vascular canal of the mandible is 90%-100%. The distribution of the vessels on the lingual side of the mandible is highly variable and adjacent to the lingual cortical plate. Accidental injury of the lingual cortical plate during implant surgery would probably lead to bleeding or hematoma on the floor of the mouth. Conclusion Mastering the anatomy of blood vessels on the floor of the mouth, elaboratively examining preoperative three-dimensional radiographic imaging, and cautiously exploring the lower jaw bone morphology after flap elevation are preventive measures to avoid damage to the arterial supply on the lingual side of the anterior lower jaw and to prevent complications of hematoma in the floor of the mouth.

Gelugpa is the most influential extant religious sect of Tibetan Buddhism, which is the spiritual prop for Tibetans, with thousands of monasteries and followers in Tibetan areas of China. Studies on the spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa can not only reveal its historical geographical development but also lay the foundation for anticipating its future development trend. However, existing studies on Gelugpa lack geographical perspective, making it difficult to explore the spatial characteristics. Furthermore, the prevailing macro-perspective overlooks spatiotemporal heterogeneity in diffusion processes. Therefore, taking monastery as the carrier, this study establishes a multi-level diffusion model to reconstruct the diffusion networks of Gelugpa monasteries, as well as a framework to explore the detailed features in the spatial diffusion processes of Gelugpa in Tibetan areas of China based on a geodatabase of Gelugpa monastery. The results show that the multi-level diffusion model has a considerable applicability in the reconstruction of the diffusion networks of Gelugpa monasteries. Gelugpa monasteries in the Three Tibetan Inhabited Areas present disparate spatial diffusion processes with diverse diffusion bases, speeds, stages, as well as diffusion regions and centers. A powerful single-center diffusion-centered Gandan Monastery was rapidly formed in U-Tsang. Kham experienced a slower and more varied spatial diffusion process with multiple diffusion systems far apart from each other. The spatial diffusion process of Amdo was the most complex, with the highest diffusion intensity. Amdo possessed the most influential diffusion centers, with different diffusion shapes and diffusion ranges crossing and overlapping with each other. Multiple natural and human factors may contribute to the formation of Gelugpa monasteries. This study contributes to the understanding of the geography of Gelugpa and provides reference to studies on religion diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron harbors more than 30 mutations of the spike protein and exhibits substantial immune evasion. Although previous study indicated that BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine induces potent cross‐clade pan‐sarbecovirus neutralizing antibodies in survivors of the infection by SARS‐CoV‐1, the neutralization activity and Fc‐mediated effector functions of these cross‐reactive antibodies elicited in SARS‐CoV‐1 survivors to Omicron subvariants still remain largely unknown. In this study, the neutralization activity and Fc‐mediated effector functions of antibodies boosted by a third dose vaccination were characterized in SARS‐CoV‐1 convalescents and healthy individuals. Potent cross‐clade broadly neutralizing antibodies were observed in SARS‐CoV‐1 survivors who received a three‐dose vaccination regimen consisting of two priming doses of CoronaVac followed by one booster dose of the protein subunit vaccine ZF2001. However, the induced antibodies exhibited both reduced neutralization and impaired Fc effector functions targeting multiple Omicron subvariants. Importantly, the data also support the notion that immune imprints resulted from SARS‐CoV‐1 infection may exacerbate the impairment of neutralization activity and Fc‐mediated effector functions to Omicron subvariants and provided invaluable information to vaccination strategy in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]