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The dominant influence of precession‐induced changes in summer insolation on orbital‐scale variability of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) during the Holocene has been widely proposed; however, it remains unclear why the decline of the ASM started several thousand years after the peak summer insolation. Through comparisons of climate simulations and proxy records, our study reveals that the abrupt decline in the ASM coincided with an increase in spring insolation at the equator. The reduced spring insolation resulted in a cooler tropical Indian Ocean, which weakened and shifted northward the westerly jet due to decreased meridional thermal gradient. The South Asian high moved northward in conjunction with the westerly jet, causing anomalous upwards over northern South Asia, the Tibetan Plateau, as well as southwestern and northern China. The associated anomalous cyclone over the Tibetan Plateau enhanced the monsoonal moisture transport, subsequently intensifying the ASM circulation and precipitation. The ASM was enhanced by the decrease in spring insolation and was weakened by the opposite. The abrupt decline of the ASM was associated with an increase in spring insolation superimposed on a decrease in summer insolation. Consequently, orbital‐scale ASM variability is dominated by the precession not only via insolation changes in summer but also changes in spring. Plain Language Summary: It is widely acknowledged that orbital‐scale Asian summer monsoon (ASM) variability was controlled by precession‐dominated changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. However, it is still not clear why the ASM did not weaken in response to the initial decrease in summer insolation (e.g., during the early to mid‐Holocene), as evidenced in numerous records. This study explores the underlying dynamics driving the decline of the ASM by comparing climate simulations with proxy records. Our findings reveal that an abrupt decline in the ASM commenced from minimum spring insolation at the equator, lagging the peak summer insolation by several thousand years. Reduced spring insolation had a prolonged impact on cooling of the tropical Indian Ocean in summer, leading to a decrease in meridional thermal gradient. Consequently, both westerly jet and South Asian high shifted northward, intensifying the ASM circulation and precipitation. The decreasing spring insolation slowed down the decline of the ASM, while the rising spring insolation accelerated it. Hence, an abrupt decline in the ASM was driven by increasing spring insolation superimposed on decreasing summer insolation. Key Points: An abrupt decline in the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) kept pace with the rise in equatorial spring insolationEquatorial spring insolation exerted a prolonged impact on the tropical Indian Ocean in the following summerThe ASM was modulated by the tropical Indian Ocean via shifting the Asian subtropical westerly jet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally believed that water vapour from the North Atlantic transported by the mid‐latitude westerlies dominates precipitation variations in arid Central Asia, where monsoonal water vapour source is beyond the reach. This study reexamines water vapour sources for arid Central Asia based on daily reanalysis data. The results reveal two water vapour sources for arid Central Asia: the westerly water vapour transport from the North Atlantic and the monsoonal water vapour transport from the tropical Indian Ocean and South China Sea. The monsoonal transport includes two pathways: lower tropospheric water vapour along the eastern and northern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau from the tropical Indian Ocean and South China Sea, and middle‐upper tropospheric water vapour via the Tibetan Plateau from the tropical Indian Ocean. Precipitation variability during the monsoonal transport events explains 81% of the total variance. The monsoonal transport is related to a weakened East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) that is accompanied by persistent westward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high and increasing frequency of Mongolian anticyclone activities. The EASM has experienced a persistent weakening trend since 1958, causing an increasing contribution of the monsoonal water vapour transport and thereby enhancing summer precipitation in arid Central Asia. In particular, the monsoonal easterly water vapour has become the dominant source for arid Central Asia in the lower troposphere during the last decade. This study highlights the important role of the EASM in the wetting trend of summers in arid Central Asia during the past six decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Download ash and emission dust samples were collected from sintering, coking, ironmaking and steelmaking processes of iron and steel enterprises in Laiwu. Sixteen kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority controlled lists were quantitatively analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Laser particle size analyzer was used to obtain the distribution pattern of download ash. It was found that the diameter distribution pattern from four production processes was quite different. The proportion of fine particulate (0–2.5 μm) was the highest (72.62%) in the steelmaking refining process, and was 28.962% in the ironmaking process. Moreover, the particle size in download ash from steelmaking refining is all less than 10 μm and that from the ironmaking process was 52.92%. The medium-sized particles (10–100 μm) were dominant in sinter and coking download ashes. The total PAHs (∑16PAHs) mass concentration ranged from 0.49 ± 0.06 to 69.63 ± 5.57 μg·g−1 in download ash samples, and varied from 2.815 ± 0.253 to 19.429 ± 2.545 μg·m−3 in emission dust samples. The ∑16PAHs values were both largest in download ash and dust emission from the coking process (69.63 ± 5.57 μg·g−1 and 19.429 ± 2.545 μg·m−3, respectively). The most abundant individual PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene in ash samples, and benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in emission dust samples. Dominant compounds were high-molecular weight (four- to six-ring) PAHs in both ash and dust samples. The concentration order of individual compounds in PM10 and PM2.5 in ambient air around the steel plant was completely consistent with each other, and the concentration of ∑16PAHs was the highest in the steel plant and lowest in Daqin village because of upwind of the steel plant. The concentrations of benzo[b]fluoranthene and fluoranthene in ambient air were comparatively high, and were in accordance with the higher concentration of the two monomers in the download ash samples, which suggested that the effect of the emission flue gas from the steel plant on ambient air was necessary to concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ERBB2 abnormalities frequently occur and serve as rationale therapeutic targets in cancer. In this study, clinical and next-generation sequencing data from 14,956 patients across more than 20 tumor types were collected. A total of 406 (2.7%) patients were identified with ERBB2 amplifications, and 303 (2.0%) patients with pathogenic somatic ERBB2 mutations. ERBB2 amplifications fell most frequently in breast (15.9%) and stomach (8.3%) cancers. Somatic ERBB2 SNVs/indels occurred most common in bladder/urinary tract (7.3%) and intestine (6.1%) cancers. The top mutated ERBB2 SNVs/indels were p.Y772&#95;A775dup (25.5%) and p.S310F/Y (19.9%). Significantly higher rates of ERBB2 SNV/indels were found in women compared to men (2.8% vs. 1.5%, p < 0.0001). CDK12 was the most common co-amplification gene with ERBB2 in cancers with a high frequency of ERBB2 amplifications. Patients with ERBB2 amplifications or mutations had higher TMB compared with patients with non- ERBB2 alterations. The study provided the landscape of ERBB2 alterations across a variety of solid tumors that may benefit from anti-HER2 agents., Competing Interests: XX, YC, MH, SC, ZZ, YZ, and CC were employed by 3D Medicines Inc. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wang, Miao, Wen, Xia, Chen, Huang, Chen, Zhao, Zhang, Chen and Zhu.)

A method was developed for the determination of five hormone residues in fish tissue by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) clean-up. The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate-methanol (8:2, v/v). The extract was cleaned-up on a Pharmadex LH-20 gel permeation column (450 mm x 15 mm) and eluted with methanol-ethyl acetate-acetic acid (800:200:2, v/v/v). The analysis was performed on an Agilent TC-C18 column (250 mm x 4. 6 mm, 5 microm) using acetonitrile-water (45:55, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and the detection wavelengths were set at 222 nm and 245 nm. All of the 5 hormone residues had good linear relationships (r > 0.999) in the range of 0.05-2.5 mg/L. The limits of detection (LOD) were from 10 to 24 microg/kg. The average recoveries for all the five hormone residues were from 60.1% to 89.0%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 2.0% to 7.4%. The method is simple, rapid, and can be applied for the analysis of the five hormone residues in fish tissue.