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Microseismic monitoring is an effective and widely used technology for dynamic fault disaster early warning and prevention in deep-buried hard rock tunnels. However, the insufficient understanding of the distribution of native faults poses a major challenge to yielding precise early warnings of disasters using an MS (Microseismic Monitoring System). Velocity field inversion is a reliable means to reflect fault information, and there is an urgent need to establish a real-time velocity field inversion method during tunnel excavation. In this paper, a method based on an MS is proposed to achieve the inversion of the velocity field in the monitoring area using microseismic event and excavation blasting data. The velocity field inversion method integrates the reflected wave ray-tracing method based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) theory and FWI (Full-Waveform Inversion) theory. The accuracy of the proposed velocity inversion method was verified by various classic numerical simulation cases. In numerical simulations, the robustness of our method is evident in its ability to identify anomalous structural surfaces and velocity discontinuities ahead of the tunnel face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change, coastal flood risk is intensifying globally, particularly in China, where intricate coastlines and frequent tropical cyclones make storm surges a major concern. Despite local government's efforts to initiate coastal monitoring networks and qualitative risk guidelines, there remains a gap in detailed and efficient quantitative assessments for combinations of multiple sea‐level components. To address this, we develop the Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge‐based Flood Risk Assessment under Combined Scenarios (TCSoS‐FRACS). This framework integrates impacts of storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise using a hybrid of statistical and dynamic models to balance reliability and efficiency. By combining hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, it incorporates economic and demographic factors for a deeper understanding of risk composition. Applying TCSoS‐FRACS to Hainan Island reveals that the combined effects of storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise significantly amplify local coastal flood risk, increasing economic losses to 4.27–5.90 times and affected populations to 4.96–6.23 times. Additionally, transitioning from Fossil‐fueled Development (SSP5‐8.5) to Sustainability (SSP1‐1.9) can reduce the risk increase by approximately half. The equivalence in flood hazard between current high tides and future sea level under a sustainable scenario boosts confidence in climate change adaptation efforts. However, coastal cities with low hazard but high exposure need heightened vigilance in flood defense, as future risk could escalate sharply. Our study provides new insights into coastal flood risk on Hainan Island and other regions with similar profiles, offering a transferable and efficient tool for disaster risk management and aiding in regional sustainable development. Plain Language Summary: Climate change is intensifying coastal flood risk worldwide. We developed TCSoS‐FRACS, a framework that assesses flood risk from storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise, using a combination of dynamic and statistical models. This framework evaluates hazard, exposure, and vulnerability to predict affected populations and economic losses across various land uses. When applied to Hainan Island, it shows that the combination of storm surges, high tides, and rising sea levels significantly increases flood risk. However, transitioning from a Fossil‐fueled Development Path to a Sustainability Path can reduce this increased risk almost by half. The study also finds that, on Hainan Island, current high tide hazards may be comparable to future sea‐level rise hazards under a sustainable scenario, boosting confidence in adaptation efforts. Coastal cities with low hazard but high exposure need greater vigilance, as their future flood risk could rise sharply. Our research offers valuable insights and tools for managing coastal flood risk in Hainan Island and similar regions, supporting sustainable development and effective disaster management. Key Points: Design a flood risk framework for TC storm surges combined with high tides and sea‐level rise using hybrid dynamic and statistical modelsEquivalence in flood between current high tides and future sea level under a sustainable scenario boosts confidence in adaptation effortsCoastal cities with low hazard but high exposure need heightened vigilance in flood defense as future risk could dramatically escalate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the optimal interference fit of mortise-and-tenon (M&T) a novel method is proposed. To validate its effectiveness, compression tests were conducted considering the effects of wood species (beech and western hemlock), tenon widths (30, 40, 50 mm), and grain orientations (radial, diagonal, and tangential) to obtain the optimal interference fit and contact force (CF). Furthermore, the mounting force (MF) and withdrawal force capacity (WFC) of T-shaped M&T joints constructed by the control and optimal interference fit were evaluated by compression and withdrawal tests, respectively. The results indicated that (1) all three evaluated factors had significant effects on the tenon compression behavior and CF; (2) the derived optimal fits showed that the tenon with a larger width required a higher fit value based on regression equations; (3) the MF and WFC were significantly affected by the three evaluated factors and proportional to the tenon fit; (4) the maximum WFC occurred at the M&T joints made of western hemlock with 50-mm tenon width in tangential orientation with 0.99-mm interference fit, and the beech with 30-mm tenon width in diagonal orientation with 0.78-mm interference fit. The proposed method will assist the wood product manufacturers to design M&T joints rationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]