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This book presents the select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Traditional and Technical Textiles (ICETT 2023) and examines the latest developments and applications in the field of textile materials, with a special focus on technical textiles. The topics covered include geotextiles, medical and healthcare textiles, protective textiles, thermal behavior of textiles, functional finishing of textiles, composites and green textiles. The book also discusses the dyeing, printing and fastness properties of the textile materials. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and professionals working in traditional textile design and technical textile applications.

Today, there is much discussion about the dangers of water contamination to human health. Numerous environmental studies and projects are undertaken and accomplished every year. Despite this, most developing countries continue to struggle with the inefficient administration of their water supplies. The problem of contaminated water and the method of purifying it are both extremely challenging, and much of the research done on the topic is probably not up to the mark to cope with the current environmental issues. Henceforth, appropriate methods need to be developed and established to improve water quality. Through this book, the authors aim to provide a framework for understanding the causes, pollutants, and potential remediation for water contamination. The text provides up-to-date reviews of the latest research and practises for removing contaminants from water through green methods.

Dieses umfassende und systematisch aufgebaute Handbuch befasst sich mit der ganzheitlichen Projektierung der Produktion in Fabriken. Es behandelt sowohl die Systeme der Produktion für die Teilefertigung und Erzeugnismontage, der Ver- und Entsorgung sowie des Fabrikbetriebes als auch die Erhaltungs- und Materialflusssysteme.Ausgehend vom Produktionsprogramm beschreiben die Autoren, wie die Systeme der Fabrik unter Beachtung praktischer Aspekte durch Funktionsbestimmung, Dimensionierung und Strukturierung entwickelt, optimiert und realisierungsgerecht gestaltet werden. In den Projektierungsmethoden kommen Prinzipien, Grundsätze, Berechnungsvorschriften und Algorithmen zur Anwendung. Dabei steht die Technologische Projektierung im Vordergrund, deren einzelne Phasen, Stufen und Schritte für alle Systeme der Fabrik exakt und reproduzierbar abgearbeitet und durch Beispiele unterstützt werden.Neu in der 3. Auflage (noch zu ergänzen)Die ZielgruppenDieses Buch wendet sich an Technologische Projektanten, Fabrikplaner, Architekten, Investitionsbewerter, Technologen, Werkplaner u.ä. Berufsgruppen, die in der Forschung, in der Lehre oder in der Praxis tätig sind. Angesprochen sind auch Studenten der betreffenden Studien- und Vertiefungsrichtungen.

This textbook introduces pipeline design, one of the most efficient techniques for mass and energy transport available today. The global economy heavily relies on pipelines. However, designing a pipeline is more complex than it might seem; it involves many technical and economic factors that must work together to create an optimized system. The book begins with basic concepts of pipelines, including a description of the materials used, heat transfer between the system and medium, and the main components of pumping and compression stations, which are vital for the subsequent chapters. It then presents a simple yet detailed overview of these factors and introduces a mathematical methodology that combines them to deliver an optimized pipe design, minimizing costs and reducing energy consumption. The book also covers the transient verification of this design using well-known balance equations and material property relationships for both incompressible and compressible fluids, to validate the initial design. Finally, the book explores the analysis of multiphase pipelines, where the goal is to transport a particular material (e.g., solid) using a different medium (e.g., air or water).

This book addresses special lipids produced by chemical and enzymatic interesterification and explores the interesterification process and its crucial role in the modification of oils for various applications. The book discusses the chemical and enzymatic aspects of this process, providing an in-depth understanding of its mechanism, benefits, and limitations. The book covers key concepts such as the mechanism of interesterification, the use of immobilized lipases in enzymatic interesterification, and current applications of interesterification in fats and oils. Particular attention is given to acidolysis, alcoholysis, glycerolysis, and transesterification - the four types of interesterification reactions, and to the advantages and drawbacks of both enzymatic and chemical interesterification. In this book, the authors address critical questions like the fate of fatty acids from interesterified lipids after consumption and their long-term health effects. Readers will also learn more about the current applications of interesterification in fats and oils, including special lipids like plastic fats, human milk fat substitutes, structured lipids enriched with essential fatty acids, cocoa butter equivalents and substitutes, and low-calorie structured lipids. Aimed at researchers and professionals in food science, this book offers valuable insights into the production of various specialty fats through enzymatic interesterification, thereby equipping readers with the knowledge to innovate in the field of food applications. Readers with a background in food chemistry will benefit from its detailed explanation of lipase-catalyzed synthesis and the use of alkali metals in interesterification.

Solid waste landfilling and related environmental issues have become global concerns, particularly in developing countries. Accelerating population growth and changing lifestyles have exacerbated health and environmental challenges. This book looks at the global ramifications of leachate characterization and environmental impacts, highlighting the different issues related to landfilling, such as leachate generation and its constituents. When water enters a landfill, it assimilates the dissolved components of the decomposing waste, thus forming a leachate with considerable impacts on the environment. The nature of the landfill and the waste received (household waste alone or mixed with industrial waste) determine whether the leachate produced is hazardous or not. The decomposition of solid waste in landfills goes through several stages, including an initial aerobic phase, an anaerobic acid phase, an initial methanogenic phase and a stable methanogenic phase. Leachates can contain significant concentrations of heavy metals, inorganic salts, ammonia, halogenated hydrocarbons, suspended matter, organic pollutants in significant quantities... Generally, leachate discharges are rich in phenol, highly toxic polluting ammonium. Ecotoxicological assessment of this effluent is essential to determine the impact of its contaminants on the aquatic ecosystem. If pollutants are not disposed of properly, leachate from landfills can potentially enter soils and subsoils, severely contaminating surface and groundwater bodies. Therefore, reducing pollutant levels through leachate treatment has garnered considerable attention in recent decades. This publication is an invaluable resource, providing up-to-date information on the impact and characterization of leachate landfills. It is therefore time to accentuate the training of executives with all the skills to facilitate the waste management through the research efforts of academics, in the field of solid wastelandfill operations.

This reference work describes comprehensively, compactly and precisely the history, properties, production and application of all elements of the periodic table. Particular attention is paid to the chemical compounds of the elements, which are also presented extensively. This book contains 23 chapters, each of which includes the elements in the form of subchapters of the eight main groups,the first and second as well as the fourth to tenth subgroups,the rare earth metals and the third subgroupas well as the actinides. Finally, there is an outlook on the as yet undiscovered elements of the eighth and ninth periods, on alternative, more environmentally friendly drives for motor vehicles such as batteries and fuel cells, as well as on semiconductor technology, i.e. areas that will continue to see increasing research activity in the future. Whenever possible, the author has always maintained the order of chalcogenides, halides, pnictogenides, and other compounds when presenting the chemical compounds of the elements.The introductory part, which illuminates the history of the respective element, often contains biographies of well-known researchers whose creative periods range from the near past to the Middle Ages. You will not only find portraits of chemists, but also of nuclear physicists, astronomers and medical doctors.

This book is a ready reckoner of recent information regarding the impact of leachate landfills, leachate treatment, and heavy metals on a single platform. The amount of waste is constantly growing due to population growth and the evolution of socioeconomic activities. Burying this waste produces leachate, a contaminated effluent created during the decomposition of organic waste and containing harmful substances like heavy metals, polyphenols, volatile organic compounds, and microorganisms. These effluents emit unpleasant odors associated with ammonium ions. These discharges significantly impact the environment. As a result, the master's and doctoral academics, researchers, and students will be able to comprehend the most recent developments in municipal solid waste landfill operations, supporting their research. This book inspires readers on how to deal with environmental pollution problems due to leachate contamination in freshwater and agricultural soils using a variety of technologies.

This book gathers the peer-reviewed papers presented at the 17th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete (ICAAR), held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on May 19–24, 2024. It highlights the latest advances and innovations in the field of internal swelling reactions, particularly alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), and combined mechanisms such as delayed ettringite formation (DEF). The conference topics encompass understanding the reaction mechanisms and the affecting factors; testing methods and preventative measures; diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis; monitoring and NDT; structural effects and modeling at all scales; repair and remedial measures; and combined mechanisms (e.g., DEF). The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.

This volume contains articles that focus on recent advancements in several fields including the chemical synthesis of fluoroacrylate palm oil polyurethane, the production of silicon nanoparticles from beach sand, analysis of resin-based water pipeline cathodic protection's impact on cancerogenesis, and various biotechnologies used in agriculture and food production. These articles are targeted towards professionals who work in the fields of biotechnologies, nanosynthesis and chemical production.

Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Devices

Dieses Fachbuch beschreibt die Grundlagen zur Gestaltung von Apparaten für die sterile Prozesstechnik unter Beachtung der aktuellen Regeln und Vorschriften. Unter dem Begriff sterile Prozesstechnik werden die spezifischen Randbedingungen der Apparate- und Anlagentechnik für die Lebensmittel-, Pharma- und Bioverfahrenstechnik zusammengefasst. Diese ergeben sich aus dem möglichen Verderb der zu verarbeitenden Produkte und den dadurch zu beachtenden hygienischen Anforderungen. Die Anforderungen, die sich aus der Reinigung und Desinfektion bzw. Sterilisation der Anlagen ergeben sowie die zugehörigen Regeln zum „Hygienic Design“ der Anlagen werden ausführlich behandelt. Beschrieben werden außerdem die hierbei zu beachtenden speziellen regulatorischen Aspekte und die erarbeiteten technischen Regeln, die über die des üblichen Anlagenbaus hinausgehen. Zunehmend kommen Single-Use-Elemente im Zusammenhang mit der sterilen Prozesstechnik zur Anwendung, daher wurde diesem Trend ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet.

This comprehensive textbook covers engineering thermodynamics from beginner to advanced level. The presentation is concise, with material for about three full-term university courses on 700 pages, without compromising breadth or depth. First and second law of thermodynamics are developed from everyday observations with accessible and rational arguments. The laws of thermodynamics are applied to a multitude of systems and processes, from simple equilibration processes, over steam and gas power cycles, refrigerators and heat pumps, to chemical systems including fuel cells. Entropy and the second law are emphasized throughout, with focus on irreversible processes and work loss. Insightful development of theory is accompanied by detailed solutions of example problems, which teach the required technical skills while giving insight into the multitude of thermodynamic processes and applications. About 550 end-of-chapter problems highlight all important concepts and processes.

Als Springer Reference bietet die nunmehr 3. Auflage des Fachbuchs Rohrleitungen 1 und 2 eine anspruchsvolle, wissenschaftlich fundierte Fakten- und Wissenssammlung, die sich auf den kompletten Bereich der Rohrleitungstechnologie erstreckt. Das Buch stellt eine unentbehrliche Hilfe zum konstruktiven Verständnis, zur Funktionsweise und zum Betrieb von Rohrleitungen aller Art dar. Band 1 versteht sich als Basis zum Band Rohrleitung 2 und dessen Schwerpunkten zu Einsatzfeldern von Rohrleitungen, deren Bemessung und Berechnung, zu Verlegung und Einbau sowie zur Rehabilitation oder Sanierung von Altleitungen. Der Teil Rohrleitung 1 richtet den Fokus auf die Grundlagen, Rohrwerkstoffe, Rohrherstellung und auf wichtige Rohrleitungskomponenten wie Armaturen, Messeinrichtungen oder Kompensatoren. Zahlreiche Abbildungen und Diagramme, Tabellen sowie Beispiele runden die Ausführungen ab.

Dieser Band gibt einen Überblick über die jüngsten Entwicklungen und die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes der Fließchemie im Bereich der heterozyklischen Synthese. Der heterozyklische Ring ist das wichtigste strukturelle Motiv in der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Naturstoffe und pharmazeutischen Verbindungen, da er abstimmbare Wechselwirkungen mit dem biologischen Ziel ermöglicht und zudem ein gewisses Maß an struktureller und metabolischer Stabilität verleiht. In jüngster Zeit hat die Fließchemie einen Paradigmenwechsel in der organischen Synthese eingeläutet, da sie mehrere einzigartige Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Methoden bietet, wie z. B. eine drastische Beschleunigung träger Transformationen, höhere Ausbeuten, sauberere Reaktionen usw., und sie gewinnt allmählich große Aufmerksamkeit bei organischen Chemikern weltweit. Angesichts der Bedeutung von Heterozyklen in Naturstoffen, medizinischer Chemie und Arzneimitteln ist dieser Band gerechtfertigt und ergänzt den vorhergehenden Bandvon Topics in Organometallic Chemistry'Organometallic Flow Chemistry'.Dieser Band bietet einen vielseitigen Überblick über das Thema und erörtert nicht nur die jüngsten Fortschritte auf dem florierenden Gebiet der Fließchemie im Zusammenhang mit der heterocyclischen Chemie, sondern hilft den Forschern auch, die Chemie hinter diesen Reaktionen besser zu verstehen. Dies wiederum bietet eine Plattform für künftige Innovationen bei der Entwicklung neuartiger Umwandlungen unter kontinuierlichem Fluss. Daher wird dieser Band sowohl für Neulinge auf diesem Gebiet als auch für Experten in Wissenschaft und Industrie interessant sein.

Industrial Inorganic Chemistry adds to the previously published graduate level textbooks on Industrial Chemistry by Mark A. Benvenuto. It focuses specifically on inorganic processes, from the largest industrial process for the production of major inorganic chemicals and metals, down to and including smaller niche processes that have become extremely important in maintaining the current quality of life. The book provides a survey on the production of essential elements and compounds, such as sulfuric acid, calcium carbonate, fertilizers as well as numerous metals and alloys. In addition to the fundamental scientific principles each chapter includes discussions on the environmental impacts: mining of raw materials, creation of by-products, pollution, and waste generation, all of which have become key factors for the potential implementation of greener methods. The author also highlights ways in which industry has begun to make industrial inorganic processes more environmentally benign. Examines major inorganic chemistry processes, their effect on every-day life and current efforts to improve processes or adapt „green'chemical production. Provides didactic links between theoretical lecture contents and current, largescale chemical processes. Valuable for students of Inorganic Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science.

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of nanomaterials, offering insights into their diverse morphologies and applications. Chapters delve into the industrial potential of nanocellulose-based aerogels, the future of light-driven and UV-photodetector materials, and the use of functionalized nanomaterials for wastewater restoration. It explores the pivotal role of nanobiotechnology in water purification and introduces nanopharmaceuticals as a promising frontier in clinical medicine. The book addresses safety concerns related to occupational exposure to nanomaterials, highlighting hazards and toxicity. Additionally, it discusses the environmental effects of nanotechnology innovation. This multifaceted approach caters to professionals, researchers, and enthusiasts navigating the evolving landscape of nanomaterials.

Waste materials in the solid form tend to be bulky and difficult to handle and transport. Its management could happen through physical, thermal, chemical or biological processing stages, with the exact sequence of and their operational optima being decided by the waste composition. In recent years, energy crisis and increased waste production have been undoubtedly major issues of concern. As we mentioned in the previous volume of this book, defining waste is crucial in terms of identifying the most adequate approach to recycle or recover resources from the waste. Various chemical, biochemical, and biological approaches are being investigated widely by researchers for waste valorization. Volume 2 of this book brings together the leading researchers working on solid waste management using biological and biochemical approaches.

Dieses Buch beschreibt umfassend und praxisorientiert die gesamte Prozesskette, von der ersten montagetechnischen Machbarkeitsuntersuchung bis zur Errichtung der Anlage aus Sicht der Bau und Montage. Der Autor vermittelt auf leicht verständlicher Art und Weise die Prinzipien der Angebotsbearbeitung und des Nachunternehmermanagements, die Grundlagen der Bau- und Montagegewerke, das Zusammenspiel der Baustellenplanung und deren Steuerung bis zur Fertigstellung der verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen. Die auf Kennzahlen fokussierte Montageplanung, sowie die vereinfachte Darstellung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Planung und Steuerung machen das Werk zu einem wertvollen Begleiter für Berufseinsteiger und Profis. Erfahrene Projektleiter und Baustellenleiter werden besonders die interkulturelle Herangehensweise an das Thema schätzen.

This book is devoted to water treatment and it outlines the historical context and regulatory framework surrounding drinking water chlorination, addressing disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, associated challenges and implications on water quality and human health. In this book, readers will find an overview of various disinfection processes and the latest strategies in DBPs detection and remediation. Divided into 14 chapters, the book begins by offering a background analysis of water disinfection and comparing different disinfection processes and management strategies to mitigate the formation of DBPs. Particular attention is given to both conventional and non-conventional methods used to treat potable water, comparing their effectiveness and potential risks. In subsequent chapters, expert contributors outline the route of exposure and mechanism of action of DBPs, and the toxicological impact of DBPs on human health, providing essential insights for effective risk management strategies. This book also showcases the latest advancements in chlorine applications for water quality control and explores innovative physicochemical and nanotechnology-based approaches to remove DBPs and minimize their formation. Readers will also find in this book a case study of the GIS-based trends analysis of THMs compounds in Indian drinking water supplies. Given its breadth, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, academics, professionals, and policymakers working in environmental sciences, public health and water management, and interested in safer and sustainable drinking water practices.

This book serves as a comprehensive summary of the priority program SPP 1934, which focused on understanding the dispersity, structure, and phase changes of proteins and bio-agglomerates in biotechnological processes. Through contributions from various research groups, the program explored how sensitive proteins and bio-agglomerates are affected by the process environment during fermentation, downstream processing, and formulation. It investigated these effects across three size scales: microscale, encompassing single proteins, clusters, crystals, and virus-like particles; mesoscale, focusing on cells and cell clusters; and macroscale, examining overall process dynamics. The main objective was to enhance biotechnological process chains by elucidating the mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses that impact protein and bio-agglomerate structures. By gaining insights into these stressors, the program aimed to enable precise control measures to mitigate denaturation and unfavorable growth of proteins and cells. This compilation seeks to contribute to the optimization of biotechnological processes, facilitating advancements in various industries.

This book presents the select papers from the International Symposium on “Emerging Trends in Synthesis and Catalysis” (ETSC 2023). It covers the latest trends in novel synthesis strategies and highly efficient heterogeneous/homogeneous catalytic chemical species. Various topics covered in this book are green synthesis, reaction designs, catalyst synthesis, advanced materials for organic synthesis, polymer synthesis, stereoselective synthesis, flow chemistry, bio-catalysis, organo-catalysis, catalysis for sustainable development and industrial processes, multiphase catalysis, separation science and process development, organometallic compounds in synthesis and catalysis, computational tools for synthetic processes and processes for environment sustainability. The book is useful for researchers, academicians, and industrialists working in material science and industrial chemistry.

The presented volume contains articles that focus on the latest achievements in modern chemical production, including biotechnologies used for biodiesel production, corrosion inhibitors and various absorbents based on natural materials, water treatment technologies, water splitting in hydrogen production, etc. The articles are targeted towards professionals in biotechnologies, waste and water treatment, and chemical synthesis.

This book covers lignin, a renewable source of carbonaceous material derived from biomass, which is a subject of research, development and innovation in both academia and industry. From lignin we can obtain chemicals (e.g., aromatics, phenols), materials (e.g., fibres, engineered plastics, modified polymers), specialties (e.g., additives as antioxidant), among other products in diverse levels of technology readiness. However, there are challenges to overcome in terms of chemical structure, industrial yields of conversion processes, and the quality of raw material in order to reach the best uses and applications according to the sustainability vision for products and processes. This book deals with the main biochemical pathways of synthesis; advanced analytical techniques; extraction strategies; chemical, biochemical, biological, and physical processing for chemicals and materials; circularity and sustainability aspects for actual and future production chains, allied to life cycle assessment and industrial ecology.

Dieser Band gibt einen Überblick über die Anwendungen der metallorganischen Chemie in der Prozesschemie, die für die aktuellen Themen der synthetischen Chemie relevant sind. Der Band beginnt mit einer Einleitung über die historische Entwicklung der Organometallchemie in der Prozesschemie, gefolgt von Kapiteln, die sich mit den Entwicklungen der letzten fünf Jahre bei verschiedenen metallorganischen Reaktionstypen befassen, wie dem anspruchsvollen Kreuzkupplungsprozess, der Konstruktion von 3.1. 0-Fahrrädern, Druck- und Transfer-Hydrierungen von historisch anspruchsvollen Verbindungen wie Estern, der Nutzung von Kohlendioxid für die Herstellung organischer Verbindungen im Durchflussverfahren, der Arzneimittel-Synthese und der Metalldetektion und -reinigung in den fertigen APIs Ein Kapitel von Colacot et.al. ist der Verfahrensentwicklung und dem strukturellen Grundverständnis von metallorganischen Katalysatoren gewidmet, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf LnPd(0)-Katalysatoren liegt Das Buch enthält ein Kapitel über die Verwendung von Wasser als Lösungsmittel für organometallische Prozesse, das in Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wissenschaft und Industrie durchgeführt wurde.

This book highlights the role of sustainable development in ancient practices to modern innovations in the textiles of Sri Lanka. It reveals the textile of Sri Lanka from the historical age to current tech-fabrics. Supporting the sustainable development goals, this book covers the most sought-after concepts and practices in textile industry of Sri Lanka such as of maximum utilization, zero waste, eco-friendly production process, reuse, upcycling, recycling, and longevity. Various topics covered in this book are indigenous cultural textiles, women empowerment, agro-waste utilization, secondhand-fashion consumption, and many more. The book is a valuable reference for beginners, university students, researchers, and professionals interested in sustainable development in textiles and allied fields.

This is the fourth edition of the successful textbook on computational chemistry which continues to provide a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of computational chemistry. Notable updates include a review of references up to mid-2023, encompassing recent developments in scientific journals, books, and software. The evolving prominence of density functional theory (DFT) is emphasized, and attention is given to the increasing application of artificial intelligence in computational chemistry. The book maintains key features from the previous edition, delving into the mathematical intricacies of ab initio and density functional methods at an introductory level. Clear explanations of matrix methods are provided, offering a direct approach to obtaining energy levels and molecular orbitals. Additionally, each chapter includes sets of'Easier'and'Harder'drill questions, with suggested answers at the end of the book, enhancing the learning experience. The book is intended for upper-year undergraduate and graduate students studying computational and theoretical chemistry and for self-study by researchers in universities and industry to whom computational chemistry may be useful.

Als Springer Reference bietet die nunmehr 3. Auflage des Fachbuchs Rohrleitungen 1 und 2 eine anspruchsvolle, wissenschaftlich fundierte Fakten- und Wissenssammlung, die sich auf den kompletten Bereich der Rohrleitungstechnologie erstreckt. Das Buch stellt eine unentbehrliche Hilfe zum konstruktiven Verständnis, zur Funktionsweise und zum Betrieb von Rohrleitungen aller Art dar. Band 2 versteht sich als Erweiterung zum Band Rohrleitung 1 und dessen Schwerpunkten zu den unterschiedlichen Rohrwerkstoffen, der Rohrherstellung oder den betriebswichtigen Rohrleitungskomponenten. Der Teil Rohrleitung 2 richtet den Fokus auf die verschiedenen praktischen Einsatzfelder von Rohrleitungen, deren Bemessung und Berechnung, die Verlegung und den Einbau sowie die Rehabilitation bzw. Sanierung von Altleitungen. Zahlreiche Abbildungen und Diagramme, Tabellen sowie Beispiele runden die Ausführungen ab.

The 3d volume of'Engineering Chemistry'contains articles where are presented research results related to the analysis of synthesis methods, optical properties and review of catalytical possibilities of copper-based metal-organic frameworks. A separate part of the volume is devoted to synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, hydrogel for drug delivery application, and also analysis of the effect of antimicrobial additives on plastic deterioration. Engineers, technologists, academics, and students will appreciate the articles presented.

This book deals with analytical techniques and methods applied in several sectors of technology and industry and serves as a concise and up-to-date reference for the practical application of analytical chemistry. Divided into 10 chapters, the book starts with an introduction to the fundamentals of analytical chemistry, followed by a review of modern analytical technologies and their application in different industrial sectors and activities such as agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, ores and mining, polymers, biotechnology, and oil & gas. Particular attention is given to industrial environmental issues, where the author discusses the advanced analytical techniques used to provide quantitative information about pollutants in aqueous and gaseous effluents and their carbon footprint. The book finishes with a chapter summarizing the main remarks and conclusions on advanced analytical techniques used in different industrial sectors, as well as on topics of sustainability, and instrumental analysis. In this book, readers will find valuable insights, including real-life examples, of how classical and instrumental techniques can be used by industry, to help professionals in the quality control of raw materials, products and processes, in the assessment of the formulation contamination, environmental pollution and in the evaluation of sustainability, among others. Given its breadth, the book appeals to professionals (mainly chemists, biochemists, and engineers), researchers, professors, and graduate students.

This textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students pursuing courses in chemistry and allied fields. It includes fundamental concepts, equations involved in organic reactions, chemical bonds (ionic and covalent bonds), hybridization, representation of a chemical reaction and mechanism of organic reactions. The book also discusses the displacement of bonding electrons involving inductive effect, electromeric effect, mesomeric effect, hyperconjugative effect and resonance. A number of organic reactions involving formation of intermediates such as carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes and benzynes have also been included. It also discusses different types of reagents involved in a chemical reactions along with types of additional reactions and its detailed mechanism. The book also includes the use of pedagogical elements such as multiple choice questions and end of chapter exercises to aid self-learning among students

This textbook provides a thorough presentation of the phenomena related to the transport of mass (with and without electric charge), momentum and energy. It lays all the basic physical principles, and then for the more advanced readers, it offers an in-depth treatment with advanced mathematical derivations and ends with some useful applications of the models and equations in specific settings. The important idea behind the book is to unify all types of transport phenomena, describing them within a common framework in terms of cause and effect, respectively, represented by the driving force and the flux of the transported quantity. The approach and presentation are original in that the book starts with a general description of transport processes, providing the macroscopic balance relations of fluid dynamics and heat and mass transfer, before diving into the mathematical realm of continuum mechanics to derive the microscopic governing equations at the microscopic level. The book is a modular teaching tool and is used either for an introductory or for an advanced graduate course. The last six chapters are of interest to more advanced researchers who might be interested in applications in physics, mechanical engineering or biomedical engineering. In particular, this second edition of the book includes two chapters about electric migration, that is the transport of mass that takes place in a mixture under the action of electro-magnetic fields. Electric migration finds many applications in the modeling of energy storage devices, such as batteries and fuel cells. All chapters are complemented with solved exercises that are essential to complete the learning process.

This book presents the latest progress in enhanced oil recovery technology and introduces the application of various enhanced oil recovery methods in oilfield development. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a continuous theme in oilfield development. Due to the influence of geological conditions, development mode and physical and chemical factors, more than half of the proven oil reserves remain underground and cannot be accessed. Therefore, many enhanced oil recovery methods have been developed to achieve higher oil recovery. This book presents the basic principles and provides the chemistry knowledge related to enhanced oil recovery. It also expounds the applicable criteria of chemical agents. In addition, combined with field application examples, the limitations of existing enhanced oil recovery methods are analyzed, and the future development direction of enhanced oil recovery technology is highlighted. It is worth noting that the integral profile control and water shutoff technology in this book is widely recognized in the enhanced oil recovery industry and has achieved remarkable economic benefits. Given its scope, this book is useful for the scientific and technical personnel engaged in the study of oil recovery chemistry and enhanced oil recovery and also as a teaching reference for teachers and students majoring in petroleum engineering and oilfield chemistry.

Hermann Sicius stellt ausführlich die Elemente der siebten Nebengruppe (Mangangruppe) vor. Er zeigt, dass die Elemente dieser Gruppe, mit Ausnahme des Mangans, chemisch meist relativ reaktionsträge sind und regelmäßige Abstufungen ihrer Eigenschaften zeigen. So nehmen vom Mangan zum Rhenium Dichte, Schmelz- und Siedepunkte zu, die Reaktivität jedoch ab. Mangan findet sich als Bestandteil sehr harter Stähle, Technetium wird als Radiotherapeutikum eingesetzt, Braunstein wird in Batterien benötigt, Kaliumpermanganat als Desinfektionsmittel und Rhenium als Bestandteil ermüdungsfreier Legierungen für Turbinenschaufeln eingesetzt. Technetium war das erste Element, das nur auf künstlichem Wege erstmals dargestellt werden konnte, Rhenium ist eines der seltensten Elemente in der Erdhülle und nur Mangan kommt mit einem Anteil von 850 ppm noch relativ verbreitet vor. Bohrium wiederum, das schwerste Element der Gruppe, ist ebenfalls nur durch künstliche Prozesse (Kernfusion) zugänglich.

The 4th volume of'Engineering Chemistry'contains articles presenting research results related to oil processing technologies, modelling and simulation of hydrogen production processes using membrane reactors, and features of the transesterification technology of the waste cooking oil in biodiesel production. Some articles are devoted to the latest biotechnologies for biomass processing and chemical analysis of bioactive compounds and antimicrobial components of propolis from various geographic zones. This volume will be useful to specialists from the petroleum industry, applied biotechnologies and hydrogen production.

Everyday use in chemical production operations requires a complex bundle of basic knowledge for calculating various operating parameters and variables. This includes the application of mass and heat balances, the ideal gas law, the mass action law and electrochemistry. In addition, there are calculations for the pumping of liquids and for scale enlargement. The present work covers this subject area in a clear manner in the form of exercises. The author knows from many years of practical experience that such calculations are often not isolated problems, but complex issues in which various subject areas are coupled together. This fact is taken into account in this exercise book. It presents in a short and concise form the everyday challenges of calculations in a chemical plant and offers ways of solving them. Special basic operations are not treated, and reference is made to special works that treat such topics in detail. This exercise book offers the possibility of deepening the knowledge of solving the calculations that occur daily in a chemical production plant.

Dieses Referenzwerk beschreibt umfassend, kompakt und präzise die Geschichte, Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Anwendung aller Elemente des Periodensystems. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den chemischen Verbindungen der Elemente, die ebenfalls umfangreich dargestellt werden. Dieses Buch enthält 23 Kapitel, die in Form von Unterkapiteln jeweils die Elemente der acht Hauptgruppen, der ersten und zweiten sowie der vierten bis zehnten Nebengruppe, der Seltenerdmetalle und der dritten Nebengruppe, sowie der Actinoide enthalten. Abschließend folgt ein Ausblick auf die noch nicht entdeckten Elemente der achten und neunten Periode, auf alternative, umweltfreundlichere Antriebe für Kraftfahrzeuge wie Batterien und Brennstoffzellen sowie auf die Technologie der Halbleiter, also Gebiete, die auch in der Zukunft eine stets wachsende Forschungstätigkeit sehen werden.Wenn immer möglich, hielt ich in diesem Buch bei der Darstellung der chemischen Verbindungen der Elemente stets die Reihenfolge von Chalkogeniden, Halogeniden, Pnictogeniden und sonstigen Verbindungen aufrecht.Der einführende, die Historie des jeweiligen Elements beleuchtende Teil enthält in vielen Fällen Biografien bekannter Forscher, deren Schaffensperioden im von der nahen Vergangenheit bis ins Mittelalter reichenden Zeitraum liegen. Nicht nur Portraits von Chemikern werden Sie finden, sondern auch von Kernphysikern, Astronomen und Medizinern. Ich wünsche diesem Standardwerk eine breite Leserschaft, die daraus den größtmöglichen Nutzen zu ziehen vermag. Es freut mich, dass Sie dabei sind, die so faszinierende Anorganische Chemie neu zu entdecken.

This book provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on the state-of-the-art techniques and aspects involved in environment-friendly pulping technologies. Traditional chemical and semi-chemical pulping processes are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, it has become important to look for alternative approaches to mitigate wastewater emissions in the paper industry, by making more stringent regulations to improve environmental conservation. In response to this problem, new raw materials need to be explored to replace traditional choices and also new pulping processes need to be developed based on less polluting, more easily recovered reagents. This book presents new and emerging deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, and discusses the effects of deep eutectic solvents on biomass pretreatment and the production of value-added products. It also introduces biotechnological methods of pulping. Biotechnological processes help to make manufacturing processes cleaner and more efficient by reducing toxic chemical pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Given its scope, this book is of interest to applied chemists, foresters, chemical engineers, wood scientists, along with engineers and researchers involved in the pulp and paper industry as a valuable reference.

The encyclopedia consists 13 subareas as follows:1: Synthesis and Characterisation of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Prof. Fu-Wei Li and Prof. Zhen Li)2: Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Asso. Prof. Qing Zhou, Prof. Xingmei Lu and Prof. Xiaoyan Ji)3: Computational and Theoretical Modeling of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Prof. Guang Feng and Prof. Peter T. Cummings)4: Toxicology and Biodegradation of Ionic Liquids (Section Editors: Prof. Chunxi Li and Prof. Stefan Stolte)5: Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry (Section Editors: Prof. Yingying Lu, Prof. Houlong Zhuang and Prof. Chuan Zhao)6. Ionic Liquids in Organic Reaction (Section Editors: Prof. Liang-Nian He and Prof. Bhalchandra M. Bhanage)7. Ionic Liquids in Separation (Section Editors: Prof. Huabin Xing)8. Ionic Liquids in Biomass and Biomolecules (Section Editors: Prof. Toshiyuki Itoh and Prof. Jian Sun)9. Ionic Liquids in Materials Science (Section Editors: Prof. Sheng Dai and Prof. Tao Wang)10. Ionic Liquids in Polymer Science (Section Editors: Asso. Prof. Jinming Zhang and Prof. Jun Zhang)11. Ionic Liquids in Environmental Science (Section Editors: Prof. Tiancheng Mu, Prof. Arunprakash T. Karunanithi and Prof. Yingxiong Wang)12. Ionic Liquids in Green Chemistry (Section Editors: Prof.Buxing Han and Prof. Peter Licence)13. Emerging Applications of Ionic Liquids (Pharmacology, Food Science, Agriculture, Nuclear Science Technology, Optics) (Section Editors: Prof. Zhonghao Li and Prof. Maya Guncheva)This encyclopedia is systematic and comprehensive, with detailed descriptions about theory, technology, and industrial applications. This encyclopedia is valuable for students, researchers and industrial players, giving them a quick understanding and overview of ionic liquids in various aspects.

This book is the second in a series of three volumes that make up the second edition of Chemistry and Lithography (2010). This volume explores the chemical basis of lithography, with the goal of deconstructing lithography into its essential chemical principles and to situate its various aspects in specific fields of chemistry. It is organized in five parts, comprising: lithographic process chemistry, lithographic materials chemistry, lithographic photo- and radiation chemistry, chemistry of lithographic imaging mechanisms, and lithographic process-induced chemistry. With the successful implementation of EUV lithography in manufacturing at the 10-nm and 7-nm technology nodes, patterning challenges have shifted from resolution to mostly noise and sensitivity. This is a regime where the resist suffers from increased stochastic variation and the attendant effects of shot noise—a consequence of the discrete nature of photons, which, at very low number per exposure pixel, show increased variability in the response of the resist relative to its mean. Noise in this instance is the natural variation in lithographic pattern placement, shape, and size. It causes line edge roughness, line width variation, and stochastic defects. Ultimately, these patterning issues have their origin in the materials used in lithography. Chemistry underpins the essence, functions, and properties of these materials. We therefore examine in the second volume of the present edition the role of stochastics in EUV lithography in far greater detail than we did in the first edition. Equally significant, the book develops a chemistry and lithography interaction matrix, which is used as a device to explore how various aspects and practices of photolithography (or optical lithography), electron-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, EUV lithography, imprint lithography, directed self-assembly lithography, and proximal probe lithography derive from established chemical principles and phenomena.

This monograph presents the theoretical background of the industrial process for the production of Al-Si alloys in standard aluminum electrolyzers. It reviews the physical chemistry and electrochemistry of cryolite melts containing silica and focuses on analyzing the exchange reactions in Na3AlF6–Al2O3–SiO2 melts. It presents the kinetics and mechanism of Si(IV) electroreduction in Na3AlF6–Al2O3–SiO2 melts on Al cathodes while the current yields as well as industrial tests performed are discussed. The modern research trends in the field are also overviewed. Providing readers with information not easily obtained in any other single source, this book is of great interest to researchers, graduates, and professionals working in the fields of electrochemistry and technology of cryolite-based melts.

This book describes cutting edge technology using supercritical fluids for the production of foodstuffs, medicals, and polymers. It illustrates the importance and use of basic data for design and operation at industrial scale units. The book's authors have several decades of experience of applied research on how to develop large scale industrial units. It provides readers complete insight in design and operation of industrial high pressure process plants. The book is written so it may be understood for people (with?) little or no background on high pressure process technology. It will provide information on how some foodstuffs, medicals, polymers are produced using high pressure technologies. The book demonstrates the importance of fundamental data, how to measure them and how to apply them to design industrial plants. At the same time, it also serves as a textbook for students.

This book presents failure mechanisms of different boiler components and preventive measures. It illustrates the basic steam flow and circuit design of steam boiler, boiler design parameters, boiler components materials and their behavior at different temperatures. The book aims to identify the cause(s) of in-service failure of secondary superheater tube, platen superheater tube and furnace water wall tube and also presents the solutions to avoid the future failures. This volume will be of interest to researchers and professionals working in the areas of energy, power generation, electric power plants, thermodynamics, industrial chemistry, etc.

We are glad to present to your attention a new journal,'Engineering Chemistry'. The first volume contains articles on three topical directions: biofuel production, hydrometallurgy and environmental protection. Membrane microfiltration of glycerol from biodiesel, analysis of challenges in syngas fermentation for bioethanol production, a method for controlling the purity of produced dimethyl ether, investigation of extraction technology for manganese sulfate solution purification in hydrometallurgical production and the review of progress on the use of carbonaceous catalysts activated persulfate for degradation of antibiotic pollutants in wastewater are the topics of articles collected here. This volume will be helpful to specialists in chemical production.

Anyone who has taught materials chemistry will be aware that it is an expansive subject. Whilst this makes it exciting, it can also overwhelm students who end up lost in the detail. This book provides an antidote. Aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students, Core Concepts for a Course on Materials Chemistry is a distillation of the fundamental topics born out of the author's 30 years of teaching experience.Covering many broad themes in materials chemistry, this textbook provides teachers and students with the essential concepts in a concise form. Taking a systematic approach, the book is arranged into seven chapters: Solid State StructureDefects and Non-stoichiometry Thermal PropertiesElectrical Properties Magnetic Properties Optical PropertiesMaterials Synthesis and Fabrication The author adopts a telescopic approach to each area, capturing the broader picture before detail is revealed, allowing students to readily make logical connections. The strong visual focus conveys complex ideas in a comprehensive style, supporting the physical and analytical presentation. A note on how to effectively use the book is included for instructors, making this text easy to embed in existing or new materials chemistry courses. Students will benefit from the numerous examples that place the topics in the right context, and the exercises that test comprehension. Suitable for chemists and materials scientists, this book is ideal for self-study, as well as for the efficient teaching of a course.

This book provides an overview of plasticizers, from the latest global research developments to the laws and regulations applied to their use. In addition the book details the author's recently developed methodology for a catalytic hydrogenation of phthalate plasticizers. It presents insights into the development of the catalytic phthalate hydrogenation from the reaction mechanism and catalyst characterization to pilot tests and its industrialization. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership, particularly professionals at universities and scientific research institutes, as well as practitioners in industry.

A fun approach to teaching science that uses cooking to demonstrate principles of chemistry for undergraduate students who are not science majors, high school students, culinary students, and home cooks.How does an armload of groceries turn into a culinary masterpiece? In this highly accessible and informative text, Sandra C. Greer takes students into the kitchen to show how chemistry—with a dash of biology and physics—explains what happens when we cook. Chemistry for Cooks provides all the background material necessary for nonscientists to understand essential chemical processes and to see cooking as an enjoyable application of science. Greer uses a variety of practical examples, including recipes, to instruct readers on the molecular structure of food, the chemical reactions used in cooking to change the nature of food, and the essentials of nutrition and taste. She also offers kitchen hints and exercises based on the material in each chapter, plus do-it-yourself projects to encourage exploration of the chemistry that takes place when we cook food. FeaturesPerfect for science courses aimed at non–science majors: does not require prior knowledge of chemistry, physics, or biologyEqually useful for general readers, home and professional cooks, and culinary studentsTopics include what matter is made of, how the structure of matter is altered by heat, how we treat food in order to change its microscopic structure, why particular procedures or methods are used in the kitchen, and how to think critically about various cooking methodsA reference section at the end of each chapter points readers to resources for further studyAdditional online resources include a solutions manual, a sample syllabus, and PowerPoint slides of all tables and figures

This book highlights current efforts and research in Malaysia on conversion of bio-resources to renewable energy of biofuel as an alternative way of producing energy from fossil-based fuels. The book starts with the renewable energy developments and policies in Malaysia and discusses the main renewable resources available. It addresses the use of more environmentally friendly technologies which can lead to the reduction of pollution and thus sustaining the ecology for treatment of bio-resources. The book also presents new initiatives in bioenergy production with theories, applications, and challenges of biological processes of biofuel production such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas, microbial fuel cell (MFC), and biodiesel. It discusses the potential of renewable energy resources to meet the energy needs without damaging/affecting the environment.

This book investigates the sustainability performance of system that use microgrids in desalination processes. Climate change may be especially dramatic in its effects on island environments. In these environments, aquifers and wells could become over exploited resulting the use of desalination plans. The synergies between water, energy, and food sectors have been identified as vital in achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.The book explores desalination and microgrids technically as well the economic and legal aspects that must be considered in order explore their techno-economic feasibility - analyzing how to improve the desalination process, proposing a method to locate and size a microgrid. Other synergies between the water, energy, and food system are discussed and the benefits to society that might result in these systems. Also, the lessons learned are highlighted in the context of how they may apply to other sustainable enterprises.