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For achieving the fine pitch chip-on-film (COF) in display devices, wet chemical spray etching behaviors of the copper (Cu) films in the etching solutions with different cupric chloride (CuCl2) and...

By using the spray pyrolysis technique, un-doped and Fluorine highly doped iron oxide Fe2O3 thin films were deposited on a glass substrate at a temperature of 380 oC and at different dopant concentrations (10, 15, and 20) %. The crystal structure and optical characterization of the deposited thin film were performed by x-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The XRD results revealed that the presence of a very wide peak in-between (15-35) o angles, this gives evidence that un-doped and F-doped Fe2O3 thin films have very low crystallinity and amorphous structures. The optical absorbance edge was shifted towards short wavelengths (blue shift) and the absorbance was reduced with the increase of Fluorine dopant content. The optical constants such as absorption, extinction coefficients, and the optical conductivity of the deposition films were investigated as a function of dopant content. The optical energy band gap of un-doped and Fe2O3:F thin films was found to be increased when increasing of the Fluorine content and exhibited a direct allowed energy gap (Eg) from (2.55 to 2.7) eV which can related to the Burstein-Moss effect.

Walnut blight (WB), caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis,continues to be a serious disease of walnut in northern China, where weather conditions favor disease development. From 2013 to 2017, WB incidences in walnut cv. ‘Liaoning 1’ were investigated in three areas (Dalian,Suizhong and Jianchang areas) in the Liaoning province, northeastern China. WB incidence was high in Dalian (23.72%) and Suizhong (24.31%) but was low in Jianchang (12.98%). Relative humidity is a key meteorological factor that affected the differences between areas. Ten walnut cultivars were surveyed in 2013, 2015, and 2017 for their susceptibility to blight. Lateral-bearing walnut cultivars showed a higher incidence and were found more susceptible to WB compared with terminal-bearing cultivars. In order to test the most effective chemical spray methods, bactericide screening trials were conducted comprising 12 different types of bactericides and mixtures in 2015. The combination of kasugamycin+mancozeb was most effective in controlling WB incidence resulting in lowest fruit disease incidence (2.63%). Subsequently, minimal spray trials were studied to determine the most effective chemical control as well as timing and frequency of application in 2017. The study confirmed these results of studies done in California: the best timing for the first spray application was at 30%–40% pistillate flower emergence and subsequently spray times were at 6 days and 16 days interval. Results of this study provide essential information to better understand the complexity of this walnut disease toward developing effective control management strategies globally.

In this work, thin films of undoped and Ag-doped CdO with (1and 3) wt.% were prepared by using spray pyrolysis method on glass substrate at of 350ºC with films thicknesses of (160-190) nm using spraying rate and pyrolysis time is 5 ml/min an 5sec respectively. The X-ray diffraction investigated the structural types of the CdO thin films after and before doped by Ag, XRD analysis showed that CdO:Ag films are highly polycrystalline and exhibit cubic crystal structure with (111) preferred orientation. However, the peak for all CdO:Ag films became more intense with a slight variation. The optical properties measure by ultra violet spectra, the optical study shows the spectral transmission and the optical energy band gap increases from 64.77% and 2.50 eV to 71.11% and 2.70 eV respectively depending upon the Ag content in the films, in contrary with the absorbance that increases with the decrease in wavelength and decreases with the increasing Ag doping concentration.

The properties of structural and optical of pure and doped nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) films, prepared using chemical spray pyrolysis (CPS) technique, with different nanosize nickel oxide (NiO) concentrations in the range (3-9)wt% have been studied. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique where using to analysis the structure properties of the prepared thin films. The results revealed that the structure properties of TiO2 have polycrystalline structure with anatase phase. The parameters, energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts were studied using absorbance and transmittance measurements from a computerized ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1601 PC) in the wavelengths range (300-800)nm. Optical properties of TiO2 affected by the adding of NiO impurity where the transmittance increased as NiO concentration increased but with more adding the transmittance returned to decrease again. It was found the extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts values decreased with increasing doping percentage up to 7% and then increases occur one more again at 9%. Energy gap values increased after doping with NiO where the values lies in the range was 3.31 to 3.51 eV .

In the present study, ZnxSn1-xS (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) thin film samples were deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates at 350°C to investigate the effect of variation of Zn concentration (x) on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of ZnxSn1-xS thin films. The films were deposited by varying Zn content in the starting solution. The films deposited were found to be amorphous having root mean square (RMS) roughness ranged from 18.2 to 93.5 nm. The optical characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that the transmittance and reflectance of all samples are lower than 12.2 % and 10 % respectively. The optical band gap was estimated from the reflectance and transmittance spectra are about 3.86 eV. The carrier mobility is ranged from 113 to 2600 cm2/v.s.

COVID-19 is the emerged pandemic disease of mankind. This disease yet has no proven therapy. Measures like the use of a vaccine, chemical spray, disinfectants, antiseptics, and supportive therapies could help control this disease that is caused by a coronavirus. Further effective control and prevention measures are urgently demanded to save the life of billions of the world’s human population. Especially having effective, and affordable vaccine that can be supplied as per its demand to all humankind is the priority at present.

In the present work, nanocrystalline hausmannite Mn3O4:Ba thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP). Then, we investigated the impact of Ba doping concentrations on the structural, morphological and optical properties. The structural characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction technique and clearly show the films have a spinel Mn3O4 polycrystalline structure, the degree of crystallinity was improved by increasing Ba concentrations in Mn3O4 matrix with crystallite size range of 15–33[Formula: see text]nm. The lattice parameters, the unit cell volume and the (Mn-O) bond length of tetrahedral and octahedral sites, were varied by increasing Ba concentrations. SEM micrographs show that the films are homogeneous with nanoparticles dispersed on the surface with sizes range 30–132[Formula: see text]nm. The optical properties were estimated by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and exhibited that the optical transmittance and band gap were improved by increasing Ba doping concentration. Empirical equations were suggested to estimate some correlated variables with excellent agreement with the experimental data. The optimum condition was recorded in films doped with 3% of Ba where a better crystallinity, a preferable surface morphology and outstanding optical properties have been achieved.

ZnO:Co thin films were synthesized by the chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) on glass substrates. Then, investigated the impact of Co doping concentration on its physical properties. XRD analyses show that all films have a polycrystalline structure of hexagonal ZnO. The crystallite size increased from 18[Formula: see text]nm to 25[Formula: see text]nm with Co doping concentrations. Furthermore, the unit cell volume increased from 47.485[Formula: see text]Å to 47.831[Formula: see text]Å, and the Zn–O bond length expanded from 1.97588[Formula: see text]Å to 1.98071[Formula: see text]Å. SEM observations reveal the formation of fiber-like nanostructures in the Co-doped thin films. The diameter of nanofibers increased with Co doping concentration from 260[Formula: see text]nm to 700[Formula: see text]nm. The optical characteristics were studied by the UV-Visible spectrophotometer and manifest the optical transparency vary with Co doping. In addition, the band gap decreases from 3.27[Formula: see text]eV to 2.73[Formula: see text]eV with increasing Co doping concentrations. The conductivity varied from 3.35[Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text] to 19.88[Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text] with Co doping concentrations. Empirical models were proposed to evaluate the correlated variables with excellent accuracy with the experimental data. The best result was accomplished in ZnO:Co1% films, where good transparency and high conductivity were achieved.

Transparent conducting Cobalt-fluorine co-doped tin oxide (SnO2: (Co, F)) thin filmswere deposited onto preheated glass substrates using the chemical spray pyrolysis method. The ([Co2+]/[Sn4+]) atomic concentration ratio (y)in the spray solution was varied between 0 and 5 at. %. The structural, electrical, optical and photoluminescence properties of these films were studied. It is found that the thin films are polycrystalline with a tetragonal crystal structure corresponding to SnO2 phase having a preferred orientation along the (200) plane. Transmission and reflection spectra reveal the presence of interference fringes indicating thickness uniformity and surface homogeneity of the deposited thin films. The electrical resistivity (ρ), volume carrier concentration density (Nv), surface carrier concentration density (Ns) and Hall mobility (μ) of the synthesized thin films were determined from the Hall Effect measurements in the Van der Paw-configuration and the following results were obtained: n-type conductivity in all deposited films, a low resistivity of 1.16×10-2 Ω.cm, and a high Hall mobility of 15.13×102 cm2.V-1.s-1with Co concentration equals to 3 at. %. These results show that the electrical properties of these thin films where greatly improved making them suitable as ohmic contact in photovoltaic application devices.

The risk of mortality during a predator–prey sequence is at its greatest when a predator makes contact with the prey. Theoretically then, if prey have an active secondary defence, it makes strategic sense that prey should attempt to deter or dissuade a predator prior to contact. Here, we investigated the triggers for the dynamic spraying behaviour of the peppermint stick insects (Megacrania batesii) relative to predatory threat status. A variety of non-contact and contact cues representing an escalation in predation risk were applied to the insects. None of the non-contact treatments elicited a spraying response, but instead contact was required. Contrary to our expectations, the likelihood of a spraying event depended on the type of contact and even the particular body regions contacted. The strongest response came from contact that prevented escape, while contact with body regions of higher survival significance (i.e. thorax, abdomen) elicited significantly higher response to body parts less vital to survival (such as tarsi). Staged ‘attacks’ revealed that contact with the initially less ‘vital’ body regions was more likely to trigger a spray response when ‘vital’ regions were subsequently contacted. In light of our findings, we argue that waiting to spray upon contact potentially increases the likelihood of successively deterring predators and we highlight the need to establish a predation risk paradigm for the strategic deployment of chemical defences.

CF4 plasma treatment of a Teflon-like (1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, TFE) chemical spray deposited on paper resulted in an increased level of elemental fluorine on the paper surface. However, TFE mole...

Pure and Mg-doped ZnO films have been successfully grown on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) substrates by simple chemical spray pyrolysis and their crystallographic properties characterised using X-ra...

CdS and CdS:Sn thin films were successfully deposited on glasssubstrates by spray pyrolysis method. The films were grown atsubstrate temperatures 300 C°. The effects of Sn concentration on thestructural and optical properties were studied.The XRD profiles showed that the films are polycrystalline withhexagonal structure grown preferentially along the (002) axis. Theoptical studies exhibit direct allowed transition. Energy band gapvary from 3.2 to 2.7 eV.

Several isolates of Trichoderma spp., used as biocontrol agents, alone or in combination with benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides, showed a good activity against gray mould of grape incited by Botrytis cinerea Pers. During field experiments, carried out throughout the years 1978–1984, the alternation of one chemical spray with 2–3 treatments with the antagonists gave satisfactory results. The importance of the selection of strains of Trichoderma resistant to the most common fungicides used against the most important grape pathogens is discussed.

Surfactants and adjuvants are additive chemical spray products that are added to herbicides to enhance the activities of the spray combinations. Adjuvants could be used in the mixing, decreasing, suspending, and changing the formulation and potentials of herbicides and some other agricultural pesticides. Biosurfactants are active surface molecules that are synthesized either as a cell membrane part or extracellular by beneficial microorganisms. Their application could serve as a replacement for synthetic adjuvants. Hence, this chapter provides comprehensive information on the recent advances in the utilization of biosurfactants as natural adjuvant as a permanent replacement to the synthetic adjuvant. The modes of action through which adjuvant exhibit their action were also highlighted. Typical examples of illustration which involved the application of biosurfactant as an adjuvant when combined with different agricultural pesticides were also highlighted.

This article aims to a spraying robot controlled by application smartphone for pepper farm. Promoting agricultural technology by developing agricultural tools and to help farmers reduce the use of labor in agriculture. Reduce direct chemical exposure from traditional chemical, which was very harmful to the body. The result of their testing for the spraying robot controlled by application smartphone: 1) the testing a Bluetooth signal connection for spraying robot can connected to a constant Bluetooth signal at a distance of up to 50 meters 2) the testing a WiFi signal connection can connected to a constant WiFi signal at a distance of up to 120 meters and 3) the testing power supply 24VDC from battery for spraying robot working continuously at time period 0-90 minutes per full charging in working area about 1,600 square meters, which was speed moving at 5 kilometers per hour. The 30 pepper farmers who have tested the spraying robot for pepper farm were satisfied on this spraying robot at 4.31 was at a high level. Therefore, the results from the testing of the spraying robot. With the usage of modern agricultural technology, farmers can be more comfortable in their careers and be safe from various chemical spray drift.

Turbulent agglomeration is a simple and economical method to improve the agglomeration of fine particles from coal combustion, which is beneficial to the particle removal efficiency of conventional equipment. However, the agglomeration efficiency for fine particles is low by single turbulent agglomeration because of the weak adhesion forces between particles, which leads to plenty of ineffective collisions. In this study, a novel technique was presented to improve the effect of fine particles agglomeration in turbulent agglomeration by adding chemical spray. The influence of single turbulent agglomeration and chemical-turbulent agglomeration on fine particle concentrations, particle size distributions, ESP performance, particle removal efficiencies in different stages and total dust concentrations after ESP were investigated respectively. The results showed the chemical-turbulent agglomeration had better effects on the agglomeration and removal of fine particles than single turbulent agglomeration. After chemical-turbulent agglomeration, the PM10 number concentration decreased about 34.1% than single turbulent agglomeration, and particle number concentration dropped at each stage under 10 µm, especially at 0.1 µm. Meanwhile, the application of chemical-turbulent agglomeration led to the number removal efficiency of PM10 increasing from 82.6% to 89.9%, the mass removal efficiency increasing from 84.5% to 91.8%, and the total dust concentrations after ESP reducing about 638 mg·m−3 than single turbulent agglomeration, respectively. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanism of chemical-turbulent agglomeration was explored by analyzing adhesion forces between particles and calculating the turbulent agglomeration kernel. In this study, the capillary and solid-bridge forces between particles and the increasing value of KTS after chemical spray were considered as the main reasons for better effects of chemical-turbulent agglomeration.

To investigate the influence of Ag concentration on physical properties, the Zn1-xAgxO films were synthesized by chemical spray pyrolysis method. The crystallite size was found to decrease for low concentration of Ag then increase upto 50 nm with increase in Ag content. AFM measurement implies that the roughness and grain size increased due to coalescence of petite grains into larger size. In optical measurement, band gap is found to be decreased with increase in filler concentration.

CdO thin films have been deposited onto glass substrate by chemical spray pyrolysis.Transmittance and reflectance spectra in the range300-900 nm were recorded via UV-Visible spectrophotometer for various In-content in the CdO:In thin films.Transmittance decreased with increasingIn-content in the CdO:In thin films, while thereflectance slightly increased in the wavelength more than 480 nm. Urbach energydecreased with increasing In-content in the CdO:In thin films. Dispersion parameters arecalculated, and find that E d , E o , e ∞ , n(0), S o ,M -1 and M -3 are increased with increasing In-content in the CdO:In thin films.

The FeS2films were deposited by using the spray pyrolysis method using mixed aqueous solutions of CH4N2S and FeCl3, with different S:Fe molar ratios. The homogeneous FeS2nanocrystalline films with good crystallinity were synthesized. The structure, composition, and properties of these films were very sensitive to the S:Fe molar ratios. The direct transition of the pyrite FeS2films were about 0.9 - 1.25 eV. High absorption coefficients and suitable band gaps were observed. FeS2thin films were synthesized for new biomaterial applications such as glucose.

Tin sulphide (SnS) thin films were produced using low-cost chemical spray pyrolysis method (CSP). The optical and structural properties of SnS Nano films were examined by varying thickness. The films exhibit an orthorhombic structure with preferential orientation in the (111) direction, according to X-ray diffraction studies. The films show a reduction in crystallite as films thickness increases. The results showed that the films had about < 70% transparency in the visible portion. Optical band gap exhibited same behavior. The thickness dependency is mentioned in the results produced by dispersion parameters and other optical constants.

In this research tri metal oxides were fabricated by simple chemical spray pyrolysis technique from (Sn(NO3)2.20 H2O, Zn(NO3)2.6 H2O, Cd(NO3)2.4 H2O) salts at concentration 0.1M with mixing weight ratio 50:50 were fabricated on silicon substrate n-type (111). (with & without the presence of grooves by the following diemensions (20μm width, 7.5μm depth) with thickness was about ( 0.1 ±0.05 µm) using water soluble as precursors at a substrate temperature 550 ºC±5, with spray distance (15 cm) and their gas sensing properties toward H2S gas at different concentrations (10,50,100,500 ppmv) in air were investigated at room temperature which related with the petroleum industry. Furthermore structural and morphology properties were inspecting. Experimental results show that the Zn2SnO4 and Cd2SnO4 thin films were achieved from the used salts and samples gas sensitivity which improved with the presence of substrate grooves. Which make the sensor suitable for the detection of lower .concentrations of hazard H2S gas in the petroleum industry.