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This study was planned to determine the use of cosmetics, personal care and cleaning products containing chemicals during pregnancy and the affecting factors. The study is quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power program. 287 puerperant women were reached. Data were obtained with the Introductory Information Form and Cosmetic and Chemical Product Usage Form. In the study, number and percentage values were given and chi-square and regression analysis were performed. In cosmetics and personal care products, shampoo, toothpaste and deodorant/perfume are among the top three most commonly used products, while dishwashing detergent, laundry detergent and bleach are among the cleaning products. The products that are most restricted in use are hair dye and descaling. It has been determined that education level, occupation, income and number of pregnancies are effective in the use of some products. Taking measures to protect pregnant women is important for improving maternal and newborn health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse the trade with chemical products based on statistical data. The analysis and assessment were carried out on a database for the period 2015 - 2021 related to production, import, export in the "Chemical Products Manufacturing" sector. The main export and import partners by country are presented. Based on the analysis, conclusions were drawn regarding production of chemical products, the main export and import partners by country, and the importance of the considered industry for the development of the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the macroscopic mechanical characteristics of red sandstone and its microscopic damage mechanism with complex chemical environments, this study investigates the chemical corrosion behavior of red sandstone from Qinghai Province. The research focuses on the effects of Na2SO4 solutions and distilled water at varying pH levels (2, 7, and 12). Using uniaxial compression, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, the results demonstrate significant alterations in the mechanical properties of red sandstone. Specifically, there is a 29.20% reduction in the modulus of elasticity in acidic environments, a 24.63% reduction in alkaline environments, a 23.99% reduction in neutral salt solutions, and a 20.25% reduction in distilled water after 40 days. The study provides detailed insights into the role of ion exchange and salt crystallization, revealing that calcium sulfate precipitates form primarily under acidic conditions, but they are also present in two other salt solutions. Crystallization processes occur in all three salt solutions, highlighting the intricate interplay between mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and crystallization. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the water–rock reaction mechanisms affecting red sandstone. The outcomes of this research are crucial for developing strategies to mitigate chemical erosion in geotechnical engineering, especially for infrastructure exposed to industrial pollution and harsh chemical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical ways of utilising carbon dioxide in the oil and chemical industries to reduce CO2 emissions and the carbon footprint of the products at various stages of their life, both those tested and used on an industrial scale and those currently under development and pilot testing, are discussed. Authors discuss the prospects for development of appropriate technologies aimed at decarbonization and sustainable development, and the critical factors for deciding on the direction for the production of "green" products using CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C-F bonds, due to their many unique features, have been incorporated into numerous compounds in countless products and applications. These fluorinated compounds eventually are disposed of and released into the environment through different pathways. In this review, we analyzed the occurrence of these fluorinated compounds in seven types of products (i.e., refrigerants/propellants, aqueous film-forming foam, cosmetics, food packaging, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, coating materials) and discussed their fate in the environment. This is followed by describing the quantity of fluorinated compounds from each source based on available data. Total on- and off-site disposal or other releases of 536 fluorinated compounds in 2021 were analyzed using the data sourced from the U.S. EPA Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Among the chemicals examined, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were the primary contributors in terms of total mass. Upon examining the seven sources of fluorinated compounds, it became evident that additional contributors are also responsible for the presence of organofluorine compounds in the environment. Although various toxic degradation products of fluorinated compounds could form in the environment, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was specifically highlighted in this review given the fact that it is a common dead-end degradation product of > 1 million chemicals. This paper ended with a discussion of several questions raised from this study. The path forward was elaborated as well for the purpose of protecting the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health, Safety, Environment (HSE) risk management in academic environment has always remained a major concern. Implementation of reliable management system that could ensure good HSE culture in universities laboratories is challenging due to diverse complications involving complex and hazardous operations and operating conditions, conduction of variety of experimentation using dangerous machines or equipment, storage, handling, usage and disposal of hazardous chemical substances and experimental waste, and the engagement of personnel having different experience and expertise level. Deployment of HSE risk management of chemicals is one of the most important risk components since the presence of chemicals in the laboratories poses severe danger to HSE even if they are not in working operation. In this research study, hazard ranking of 39 chemical products, on the basis of three criteria which include health, safety, and environment, present in the Petroleum Drilling Laboratory of Department of Petroleum Engineering of NED University of Engineering and Technology has been performed. HSE hazard performance evaluation of chemicals is conducted using popular multi-criteria decision making technique i.e. Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS). Four Experts provided rating of relative importance of criteria and criteria performance of each chemical using linguistic variable which were converted into Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers for calculations. According to the final results, Methylene chloride, benzene, and isopropanol proved to be the three most dangerous chemical products while E.D.T.A Solution was found be the least dangerous substance according to HSE hazards. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was also performed by changing the weight criteria. Acetone and algae oil ranking proved to be the most sensitive to criteria weights. The proposed methodology of this study can be used to rank chemicals in other similar laboratories and fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the large amount of agricultural waste produced in Egypt between 2010 and 2019 by analysing data from various departments within the Agriculture Ministry. It also provides a comprehensive database on the biomass available from agricultural waste in Egypt and its potential applications for producing power, heat and chemical products. When biomass-pyrolysis systems powered by solar energy are used, research demonstrates the potential to convert agricultural waste into a variety of chemical compounds. This approach utilizes solar energy, a clean and renewable source, and has wide-ranging industrial and power generation applications. Despite Egypt's reliance on agriculture, the country currently utilizes little biomass for energy production and has not previously used it as a source for creating chemical products, which could potentially save on the imported oil used in these industries. The findings of the study are graphically presented using histograms, pie charts, etc. The overall production of residues reached the 30-Mt level in 2019. Because it contains the most rice-cultivated land, Dakahlia (Lower Egypt region) produces the highest percentage of the total residue (37.17%). Qena governorate (Upper Egypt region) produces 1.14 metric tons of residues, with sugarcane accounting for 20.3% of the total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The industrial sector of Russia is the most important segment of the country’s economy. Until the beginning of the 21st century, large chemical enterprises in Russia were focused on the domestic market. There was a so-called supply strategy formed back in the USSR for the Union Socialist republics. The products of the chemical industry were mainly transported by road around the city and to neighboring regions, the main cargo traffic for longer distances was mastered by rail and river transport. Currently, the largest chemical industry enterprise in the Volgograd region, AO Kaustik, is actively exporting to Europe, South America and Asia. To carry out international transportation of the company’s products, hired tractors with semi-trailers that meet all modern standards of environmental safety are used. The interaction of road transport with rail, river, and sea is actively taking place, effective logistics multimodal systems for the delivery of chemical products are being organized. Road and rail transportation of products is organized with Asian countries, with European countries – by road, rail and sea, with South American countries – by sea. Today, the company’s transport carries out international multimodal transportation to the near and far abroad. The issue of improving the efficiency of road transport is relevant. The paper considers the links of the logistics system of transportation of chemical products of the enterprise between the countries, along the routes: Russia – Netherlands and Russia – Kyrgyzstan. The comparison of road and rail transportation by time and cost on Volgograd – Bishkek route is carried out. The full loading of the vehicle with transport packages according to the calculation takes place in compliance with the loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points, customs control points, movement along routes, and the work of drivers. The statistical regularities of the distribution of the execution time of elements and operations in the loading point of the enterprise are investigated. The ways of organizing the work of motor transport drivers on the international Volgograd – Bishkek – Volgograd route are considered, the calculation of the duration of the elements of the transportation process and their cost is presented.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical and economic analysis of data on the functioning of the chemical industry in the region. Graph-analytical methods are used to form transport packages and ensure that the car is fully loaded. Methods for determining the shortest distances and drawing up routes on the transport network are used. Methods of organizing the work of drivers are used to ensure single and tour work on the international route. The effectiveness of the proposed measures is evaluated by economic methods.Results. It is revealed that the chemical industry of the region has a stable economic situation that allows it to develop new international markets. The links of the multimodal logistics system for the delivery of the company’s products along Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands international routes are investigated. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points. A statistical analysis of the elements and stages of the transportation process of caustic soda was carried out. A scheme for placing transport packages with bags of caustic soda in a semi-trailer of a motor vehicle has been developed. International routes of transportation of products of AO Kaustik using road transport have been developed: Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands routes. The mode of operation of motor transport when performing international transportation using tour and single organization of drivers’ work is calculated. We recommend a tour trip as the most effective way to organize the work of drivers. Tour riding is recommended as the most effective way of organizing the work of road transport in the organization of international transportation to near and far abroad. The final price of 1 ton of transported products on the Volgograd – Bishkek route has been determined. The effective functioning of road transport in the international logistics system for the delivery of caustic soda allows you to reduce transport time, transport costs and reduce the cost of a unit of production for the end user.Conclusions. The article develops measures to improve the organization of international transportation of products of JSC «Caustic» using road transport. The final price of 1 ton of products in the Bishkek warehouse, taking into account the initial cost of granular caustic soda and transportation costs in the case of organizing a single driver’s ride, will be 83246 rubles/ton, and for tour driving, respectively, 81355 rubles/ton.

Oil prices and their uncertainties significantly impact the economies and financial markets of nations, influencing the cash reserves held by companies. Given the pivotal role of the chemical products industry has an important role in economic development and is also affected by other markets such as the oil market, this study aims to to investigate the effect of Brent oil price uncertainty on the cash holding of the chemical products group in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2010-2019. The research modeling is based on dynamic panel models and oil price uncertainty is computed through the GARCH method, while the relationships between variables are estimated using the Generalized method of moments (GMM) technique in two steps. The results of the study indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between oil price uncertainty and cash holdings during the period under review. In addition, the effect of control variables such as financial leverage, cash flow, size, capital expenditures, liquidity, stock return, and return of assets is positive, and the effect of total debt, value added of industry, and interest rates on the cash is negative.

Galvanized steel is a cost-effective and corrosion-resistant material with high strength, making it a popular choice for various engineering applications. In order to investigate the effects of ambient temperature and galvanized layer state on the corrosion of galvanized steel in a high-humidity neutral atmosphere environment, we placed three types of specimens (Q235 steel, undamaged galvanized steel, damaged galvanized steel) in a neutral atmosphere environment with a humidity of 95% at three different temperatures (50 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C) for testing. The corrosion behavior of specimens under simulated high-temperature and high-humidity conditions was studied using weight changes, macroscopic and microscopic observations, and analysis of the corrosion products of the specimens before and after corrosion. Emphasis was placed on examining the effects of temperature and damage to the galvanized layer on the corrosion rate of the specimens. The findings indicated that damaged galvanized steel retains good corrosion resistance at 50 °C. However, at 70 °C and 90 °C, the damage to the galvanized layer will accelerate the corrosion of the base metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected skin disease that poses a serious health problem in many countries including Morocco. Although treatment is free of charge at state health facilities, there is under-utilization of health services by patients. The objective is to know and understand the obstacles faced by people with cutaneous leishmaniasis when seeking anti-Leishmania treatment. Qualitative study was conducted among people affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Morocco in rural communes in the province of El Hajeb. In-depth individual interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis was used to process and present these data. In total, fourteen people with cutaneous leishmaniasis were recruited with an average age of 45 years, 78.6 % of whom lived in rural areas. Four main themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) Perception of the disease and trivialization of skin lesions; (2) Popular treatmentseeking behavior; (3) Gender and decision to seek treatment; (4) Therapeutic preferences and refusal of injection. This research showed that patients did not seek medical treatment for their disease until the lesions persisted despite the application of traditional remedies. Socio-cultural aspects were the most important factors preventing patients from seeking and receiving timely medical care. The female gender was a determinant for seeking health care from caregivers. The trivialization of skin lesions and the use of traditional practices were socio-cultural factors limiting the use of medical treatment by those affected. These factors, together with the fear of pain caused by the injection, were the decisive point for abandoning anti-Leishmania treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galvanized steel is a cost-effective and corrosion-resistant material with high strength, making it a popular choice for various engineering applications. In order to investigate the effects of ambient temperature and galvanized layer state on the corrosion of galvanized steel in a high-humidity neutral atmosphere environment, we placed three types of specimens (Q235 steel, undamaged galvanized steel, damaged galvanized steel) in a neutral atmosphere environment with a humidity of 95% at three different temperatures (50 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C) for testing. The corrosion behavior of specimens under simulated high-temperature and high-humidity conditions was studied using weight changes, macroscopic and microscopic observations, and analysis of the corrosion products of the specimens before and after corrosion. Emphasis was placed on examining the effects of temperature and damage to the galvanized layer on the corrosion rate of the specimens. The findings indicated that damaged galvanized steel retains good corrosion resistance at 50 °C. However, at 70 °C and 90 °C, the damage to the galvanized layer will accelerate the corrosion of the base metal.

As part of the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) dynamics, chemical environmental sustainability, i.e., the impact from chemicals and how to measure it across hundreds of products, is a daunting, but necessary task. Although methods are available to measure the effects and impacts of a single chemical, most enterprises do not focus on a single chemical, let alone produce “pure” chemicals for sale. Nearly all chemicals in commerce are chemical products, i.e., mixtures, while assessment methods for mixtures are few and far between. What is needed is a metric that tracks the potential risk of an enterprise's total product inventory while monitoring its improvements as it greens in coming years. The Chemical Environmental Sustainability Index (ChemESI) metric measures both risk (as the product of exposure and hazard) and hazard across numerous chemicals as a single metric/KPI. The ChemESI's for chemicals, products and facilities are expressed such that they can be summed across facilities to wrap up into a single corporate ChemESI KPI for either hazard or risk. But what about growth—if growth occurs using greener chemical inventory, a company can both grow and improves its ChemESI KPI. Given the lead-time for developing more, true green alternatives to existing chemicals, intermediate substitution of less hazardous “analogs” may drive initial ChemESI reduction. To achieve a representative risk estimate, a primary data need is chemical characterization data for products. SDS's (Safety Data Sheets) unfortunately make poor substitutes for true constituent analyses. A definite need exists for better, more detailed chemical characterization data for both mixtures and individual chemicals, as the latter most often are not 100 % “pure.” However, these SDS's are available universally, across the globe, and provide GHS (UN Globally Harmonized System) classifications for single endpoint chemical hazard assessment. GHS classifications are near universal and here used to derive chemical hazard scores over multiple endpoints for each chemical. A ChemESI Risk metric can be derived by multiplying the hazard score by the exposure, here using inventory as a surrogate. The ChemESI Hazard metric is then derived as an inventory weighted hazard score.

Introduction: Chemical substances are widely used in different production processes and applications of modern life; therefore, their use has become widespread. A significant number of them are considered dangerous due to properties or characteristics that can affect the environment and living beings. Disused and expired chemical products (PQOC) accumulation in the oil industry is a problem that dates back several years, so it is necessary to define and apply management options that allow the risks associated with these substances reduction. Objective: To reduce PQOC inventories in the oil industry, through the application of management alternatives. Materials and Methods: The analysis of the PQOC stocks was carried out, taking into account the principles of hierarchy in waste management, which is proposed, after minimizing their generation, use and recovery. Each substance was evaluated for treatment or final disposal solutions application, considering type, quantity, danger, particular characteristics and technical conditions available for run them, in addition to applicable legal requirements. Results and Discussion: Different management options were defined and applied, such as: stabilization of the site, other uses, transfer to other users, energy use, as well as dilution and neutralization. Conclusions: These substances inventories were reduced by 736.2 kg and 201.3 L. Economic and environmental analysis show the feasibility of applying these alternatives, also reducing the risks generated by their prolonged storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Improper handling of chemicals leads to an increase in the population's exposure to them, generating acute chemical poisonings and other serious health consequences. The purpose of this paper was the impact assessment of public awareness activities on acute chemical poisonings, organized during the International and National Weeks for their prevention and reduction. Materials and methods. In this study, there was performed a retrospective analysis of the results of the International and National Campaigns on Acute Chemical Poisonings Prevention, in the Republic of Moldova, during the 2018-2019 years. Results. There was a decrease in cases of acute chemical poisoning, being registered 2145 affected in 2018, compared to 2013 – 6292 cases. Annually, in order to prevent and reduce such poisonings, a health promotion campaigns are organized, during which activities are carried out to raise public awareness, communicate chemical risks to public health and the environment. According to the reports of the territorial Public Health Center during the Weeks, 918 educational institutions were visited in which 235739 students study, of which 8307 classes with 207995 students were informed. During the analyzed period, the specialists of the Public Healthcare Institutions, Health Centers, Public Health Center and Educational Institutions organized 3253 public lessons and 5064 lectures. Conclusions. The practice of organizing health promotion campaigns, in the field of chemical risks, has a positive impact on the public health and the level of morbidity associated with chemicals. The correct storage, use and marketing of chemicals, guarantees the protection of public health, especially of children.

The root rot of avocado, is a devastating disease in all cultivated areas of Colombia and worldwide. In nurseries and during the first two years of establishment of the crop it is reported losses between 30 and 50% and in the field, incidences of the disease up to 75% are reported. The review is focused to propose alternatives of Integrated Management of the Disease, IDM, involving practices based on four basic principles: sanitation, cultural and biological management, use of resistant root stocks and chemical control. Sanitation, involves all the measures to reduce the possibility to introduce the disease in nurseries, such as: a) sterilization through vapor and use of fumigants in the substrate, b) good ventilation, c) good drainage, and d) seed treatment with hot water or systemic fungicides. The cultural and biological management, refer to development of cultural and biological practices to reduce the incidence of the disease, as planting of seedlings in mounds and application of fungi, such as Trichoderma harzianum, respectively. The use of resistant root stocks, such as Martín Grande G755a, G755b, and G755c, from Guatemala, NATU-001 and CANO-008 from Colombia, and Duke 6, Duke 7 and Thomas, from México, is the best alternative to control the disease, complemented with rational use of protectants fungicides before transplanting of the group of dithiocarbamates and systemics in the field of the groups acylalaninas and phosphonates, such as metalaxyl and fosetyl-Al, respectively. All these practices are focused into the logistic model of Van der Plank.

In this note we look at a number of aspects relating to chemistry that have had a strong impact on the future of humanity. In particular, some technological innovations have been examined which have had a strong impact on daily life in general; the role of different chemical industries in the restoration of deteriorated monuments and works of art; the development of chemical products for carrying out restoration work; the financing of restoration and conservation; finally, mention has been made of the ethical principles and codes of conduct of the different chemical companies, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the fundamental principles for the correct use of chemicals.

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Hightlights • An optimization-based framework for molecular and mixture product design is developed. • An MINLP model for CAMD is established to design different kinds of chemical products simultaneously. • A versatile tool for chemical product design and evaluation "OptCAMD" is developed and integrated in ProCAPD. • Case studies highlighting different aspects of OptCAMD involving the design of various types of chemical products are presented. Abstract Chemical product design determines the structure and constitution of products that satisfies all desired properties and functions. Molecular products are usually employed as the main active ingredient, or manipulated to obtain a specific function for chemical-based products, while mixtures are one of the most widely used chemical products. Therefore, the design of molecular and mixture products is the foundation of all chemical product design problems. In this paper, the development of an optimization-based framework for molecular and mixture product design is presented. The design work-flow consists of three steps involving preliminary design, CAMD (Computer Aided Molecular-Mixture Design), as well as product evaluation and verification. In the preliminary design step, the product attributes are collected and converted into a set of desired physico-chemical properties with associated targets to formulate the CAMD problem. In the CAMD step, an optimization-based mathematical programming model is established and solved to generate feasible molecules and/or mixtures together with optimal product candidates. In the product evaluation and verification step, final selection of the optimal chemical product is made based on evaluation of in-use product performance attributes and additional properties not included in the CAMD step. The three steps have been implemented within a molecular-mixture design toolbox called "OptCAMD", which is integrated in ProCAPD, a versatile tool for chemical product design and evaluation. Case studies highlighting different aspects of OptCAMD involving the design of various types of chemical products are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the large search space involved in ingredient formulation for chemical product development, time spent on the determination of appropriate ingredients constitutes a significant portion of the new product development (NPD) time. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is effective in solving ingredient formulation problems by referring to how similar products were formulated. For some chemical products, sensorial properties, such as smoothness and greasiness, are important attributes. Decision makers tend to use fuzzy terms such as "very smooth" and "slightly greasy" to describe those attributes. Solely using CBR is not robust enough to specify their preferences on those attributes and thus the case retrieval results might not be satisfactory. This paper proposes a knowledge-based product development system (KPDS), hybridizing CBR with fuzzy-based analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy-AHP), to support chemical product development. Chemical product attributes are classified into functional product attributes (FPAs) and sensorial product attributes (SPAs). The desired FPAs are firstly used to filter and retrieve similar past NPD cases in the CBR. When calculating the similarity of the cases retrieved, the SPAs are considered and their weights are derived by fuzzy-AHP so as to identify the most suitable case(s) for problem solving. This paper provides a detailed step-by-step procedure to formulate chemical products according to the desired product properties with the use of the KPDS. It will be of value to other researchers and industrial practitioners who are responsible for chemical product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical industry is one of the key export-oriented sectors of the national economy. Given the intensification of the globalization and, consequently, competition in the global market for chemical products, this sector needs an in-depth research. In particular, the need to develop and implement a new model for the development of Ukrainian chemical industry that is in line with current global neo-industrial changes and challenges within the Industry 4.0 is urgent. Based on the calculations, performed on the basis of the "cost-output" matrix data, a structure of the chemical industry products' use in Ukraine in terms of types of economic activity is formed, as well as the level of import dependence of the latter in the segment of intermediate consumption of chemical products is defined. Commodity and geographic structures of chemical products' import in Ukraine have been built. The prospects for reducing the import dependence of the national economy on certain types of chemical products have been proven analytically. The comparative estimation of the level of chemical production costs in Ukraine and the of the European Union member-countries is carried out. The choice of directions of the Ukrainian chemical industry development is offered, which includes: intensification of basic production of inorganic and organic chemistry; reduction of import dependence of the national economy on certain types of chemical products; transformation of the export structure of chemical products in accordance with the standards of advanced industrial countries. A complex of organizational and economic measures, aimed at increasing the efficiency of the chemical enterprises and their export potential, was proposed. These measures, in particular, include stimulating the export activity of enterprises and their technical re-equipment, as well as the creation of new high-tech industries and the implementation of infrastructure projects. The vectors of institutional reforms in Ukraine, aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the chemical industry, are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly the production of chemical products has been made necessary and consequently there is a rise in the exposition to these materials and to its correlate effects, like operational risks, to the health and to the environment. In this way the segregation and storage programs of chemical products is extremely important. In face of this fact the Protein Chemistry Facility has established a safe handling and storage system for chemical products with the purchase/improvement of individual and collective protection equipment, making abridged safety records, structuring a proper area for keeping chemical products regarding compatibility and capacitation of related personnel. All these actions aim at the safety and well-being of all people on the area, plus minimization of environmental risks. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v8i3.874

Abstract: Chemical residuals on fused silica after chemical mechanical polishing with silica and ceria have been analyzed. The surface of fused silica terminates with silanol after being polished with silica abrasives but ends up with Ce‐O−Si in a ceria‐based slurry under the CMP environment. The silanol firstly synthesizes on a fused silica surface polished with ceria, but then further reacts with hydroxyl cerium groups scattering in the slurry forming Ce‐O−Si. It also reveals that polishing fused silica with silica abrasives is an alternative way giving an ultra smooth surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of chemical products transported by sea is very high. They have different physical and chemical properties, and thus come together in very different ways when they are released into the water. In response, the environmental modeling impact is difficult, and consequently, the co-operation and preparation for potential accidents are particularly essential. The high demand for chemical substances due to a high volume of transport, which is worldwide continually growing. The chemical products transport is different from the oils and petroleum products transport and requires special vessels, specialized equipment, and complicated handling, but also the specialized training of the company, both theoretically and practically. Those involved need to understand the nature of the different substances and to be aware of the possible perils involved in their manipulation. Maritime transport of goods implies enormous costs and requires significant investments. Therefore, governments impose stricter regulations and restrictions on environmental protection. It is expected that such regulations will restrict the market in the long run. It is also expected that geopolitical issues and political instability will limit the offer for chemical products transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we tried to examine the effect of service quality on the current industrial product B2B trading market on the degree of sustainable purchase for employees engaged in industrial product B2B trading market. We gathered data from questionnaires from employees who worked in the industrial product B2B trading market for this research. Empirical analysis is carried out through the collected questionnaire materials and finally the research model is finally verified using reliability analysis, validity analysis, discrimination validity analysis, and structural equation model fitness test, and finally Analysis of differences between cooperating companies and vendor, analysis of differences between companies engaged in purchasing industrial materials and developers. The results of the research analysis did not positively influence the quality of the relationship with relativity satisfaction with ease of information exchange and adaptability did not have a positive influence on the quality of the relationship. However, product service exchange, product development cooperation, adaptability, correspondence, reliability had a positive influence on the quality of relationship with relation satisfaction. Relationship of parameters The satisfaction has a positive influence on the quality of the relationship, the degree of sustainable purchase, and eventually the quality of the relationship has a positive influence on each successive purchase. By using the results of this research it is possible to confirm the factors which directly or indirectly influence the strengthening of the relationship between suppliers and purchasers in the industrial material B2B trading market and provide the basis for strategy to B2B trading companies It seems to be meaningful to offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to adapt to the trend of higher educational informatization construction and experimental teaching reform , constructing virtual simulation experimental teaching center of chemical engineering can effectively solve students 'weakened practice and training problems of chemical engineering specialty, and helpfully cultivate students'ability on solving practical and complex chemical engineering problems, which achieves the purpose of building fully developed chemical engineering talents. The virtual simulation experimental teaching center of the life eyele of chemical products in BUCT takes the life cycle of chemical products as the main line, and integrates the real engineering experience into engineering education. Through focusing on the construction of six platforms and developing modular, hierarchical practice teaching, students may obtain advanced, real, practical and productive engineering experience. Thus, it may greatly strengthen the students'engineering quality and improves students'practical innovation ability. What's more, some useful experiences may be accumulated and provided to virtual simulation experimental teaching center of chemical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implications for health of the farm workers by the use of pesticides is one of the major current concerns in health, due to the indiscriminate use and the absence of regulations to prevent diseases, accidents at work and (or) damage to the environment. This study was developed in the sub-region of the Mojana in the Department of Sucre-Colombia (municipalities of Majagual, Sucre and Guaranda) and the objective was to evaluate the implications of knowledge, attitudes and practices against the use of pesticides in the health of agricultural workers, for which the knowledge, attitudes, practices in the use of pesticides and the manifestations of intoxications and symptoms in the health of a sample of 200 agricultural workers were described; statistical associations were made using the chi-square test to know which of the study variables influenced health implications and the risk levels were assessed under the GTC 45 2010 methodology. As relevant results legal breaches of Decrees 1843 of 1991, 1443 of 2004, 4741 of 2005, 1072 and 1076 of 2015 were found; the variables that presented statistical association between the use of pesticides and the health implications were: sex, educational level, time spent using pesticides and the use of personal protection elements and the level of risk according to GTC 45 2010 methodology was very high. It is recommended the implementation of epidemiological surveillance systems, controls on the disposal of hazardous waste, sensitization on goo agricultural practices and pest management without chemical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]