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BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Previous studies have demonstrated that the addition of chitosan can improve the quality and functional properties of meat products. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the effect and mechanism of the addition of chitosan on the gel properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) were investigated.The results indicated that the gel strength and the water‐holding capacity of MP‐chitosan gel increased significantly when chitosan was added at 2.5–10 mg mL−1. Myofibrillar protein samples with 10 mg mL−1 added chitosan exhibited the highest elasticity and viscosity during gel formation and strengthening. The addition of chitosan also caused a modification in both the secondary and tertiary structure of MP, resulting in an enhanced exposure of hydrophobic and sulfhydryl groups in comparison with the control. Chitosan inhibited the conversion of immobilized water into free water and the formation of water channels during the thermal gelation process of MP. The denaturation enthalpy (ΔH) of myosin decreased as the concentration of chitosan exceeded 5 mg mL−1. The microstructure showed that the incorporation of chitosan (5–10 mg mL−1) facilitated the formation of compact and well organized MP gel networks.The addition of chitosan can enhance the functional properties of meat protein and facilitate heat‐induced gelation, making it a promising ingredient for improving the quality of processed meat products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol is widely recognized as a carbon-neutral fuel. This work used synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) to study the oxidation process of water/methanol/n-heptane mixes in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at a pressure of 1 atm, equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 1 and a temperature range of 500–1100 K. The results of the experiment indicate that the inhibition of n-heptane's oxidation at low temperatures (500–740K) is the primary manifestation of the action of methanol/water mixtures on n-heptane oxidation. The strong interactions among the components of water/methanol/n-heptane mixtures at low temperatures are primarily between methanol and n-heptane. The higher the methanol content, the greater the strength of inhibition of n-heptane oxidation. This inhibitory effect primarily results from the competition of methanol with ˙OH radicals. It is noteworthy that the chemical kinetic interactions between methanol-water mixtures and n-heptane not only manifest changes in the ˙OH radical pools but are also associated with the intermolecular chemical kinetic interactions between peroxyalkyl radicals (ROO˙) and CH 3 OH. • The oxidation of water/methanol/n-heptane blends had been studied by the SVUV-PIMS. • Quantitative analysis was conducted on several crucial oxidative intermediates. • The mechanistic model for water/methanol/n-heptane blends was optimized. • The inhibition of n-heptane oxidation by methanol-water mixtures was analyzed. • Chemical interactions between methanol-water mixtures and n-heptane are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel biopolymer electrolytes based on benzoyl kappa‐carrageenan (Bz‐κcar) as polymer host and sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) as dopants are successfully produced. The concentration of NaClO4 is varied from 0.5 to 3.0 wt% to investigate its effects on the chemical bonds and electrochemical characteristic of electrolytes. Characterizations are performed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry, and transference number measurement. Significant changes in the FTIR spectra are detected, which indicate chemical interactions between Bz‐ƙcar and NaClO4. The ionic conductivity (σ) of the gel electrolytes increases with higher concentrations of NaClO4, suggesting that NaClO4 is an effective charge carrier in the system. The highest σ of the gel electrolyte attained at ambient temperature is 1.29 × 10−3 S cm−1. The temperature dependence of conductivity is Arrhenian in the studied temperature range and achieves an elevated σ of 7.90 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 373 K with small values in the activation energy (Ea) observed in all the prepared electrolytes. Electrochemical stability of 1.50 V achieves the highest conducting electrolyte by means of linear sweep voltammetry. Transference number measurement confirms that ions predominate the conduction of electrolyte with 0.85 ion transference number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research applied a concurrent activation and surface modification (CAM) process to synthesize palm kernel shell‐derived activated carbon (PKSdAC) to obtain CO2 affinity surface functionalization. The CAM process is a simplified activated carbon activation process that is cost‐effective. The CAM process used in this study integrates sulphuric acid activation and barium chloride functionalization. The formation of barium sulphate is targeted to incorporate barium through a reduction process with carbon‐containing material at elevated temperatures into PKSdAC to obtain basic metal surfaces functional group for chemical adsorption. The optimal temperature for CAM‐PKSdAC CO2 adsorption performance was at 40–60 °C, established through temperature‐programmed desorption of CO2 (TPD‐CO2) analysis. The CAM‐PKSdAC adsorption performance was tested using a lab‐scale adsorption system. The bed CO2 content was determined using gas chromatography coupled with a thermal conductivity detector (GC‐TCD) by manual syringe injection. CAM‐PKSdAC exhibited a high CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.89 mmol g−1 from TPD‐CO2, and 1.91 mmol g−1 from GC‐TCD at 40 °C and 1 bar. It showed comparable CO2 adsorption capacity to conventional surface modified‐activated PKSdAC (1.96 mmol g−1) while higher than commercial and modified ACs (1.14–1.60 mmol g−1), but lower than potassium hydroxide modified ACs (1.81–2.10 mmol g−1) at 40 °C and 1 bar. Barium promoted chemisorption of CO2 as supplementary reaction, which increases adsorption capacity. The non‐linear Dubinin Radushkevich model strongly correlates with the experimental adsorption data for CAM‐PKSdAC adsorption, indicating the physisorption process via micropore filling on CAM‐PKSdAC. CAM‐PKSdAC showed moderate reusability with negligible variation in adsorption capacity after 10 adsorption–desorption cycles. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) are promising nanoscale emitters in a generation of high-performance, large-area, and low-cost light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their superior emissive properties and excellent solution processability. Despite the tremendous advancement in luminescence efficiency in PeQDs, the design principle of the hole-transporting layer for PeQDs-based LEDs is still limited. Here, we investigate the discrepancy in electroluminescence properties of PeQDs-based LEDs with two widely used hole-transporting layers, namely, poly-[bis-(4-phenyl)-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-amine] (PTAA) and poly-(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-(3-methylpropyl)) diphenylamine) (TFB). The results show that the TFB-based PeQD-LEDs exhibit much inferior performance than the PTAA-based device (7% vs 18% for external quantum efficiency) although the PeQDs show better optical properties when depositing on TFB hole-transporting layers. Theoretical calculation and comprehensive spectroscopic analysis indicate a weaker interaction between PeQDs and TFB polymers, which is attributed to the larger steric hindrance of TFB than that of PTAA. As a result, electrical characterizations identify a poor hole injection efficiency from the TFB to the PeQDs emissive layer when compared with the PTAA hole-transporting layers, thus leading to poor device performance. This work reveals the interaction between the hole-transporting layer and PeQDs on the performance of electroluminescence beyond the energy level and mobility of hole-transporting materials, which promotes an understanding of the hole injection mechanism in PeQDs-based LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of loess are strongly dependent on the environment where it is deposited. To investigate the effects of acidic, alkaline, and saline environments on the strength and deformation properties of compacted loess, the consolidation test and direct shear test were carried out on loess samples contaminated with different concentrations of acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulfate. In addition, changes in zeta potential, mineralogy, chemical composition, and microstructure of the loess samples at different chemical environments were also measured. The results show that the reduction in the thickness of the diffuse double layer for the loess contaminated with acetic acid leads to the aggregation of clay particles, laying the foundation for the expansion of loess pores, while the dissolution of carbonate cement and chemical cement makes the soil structure looser. Hence, the compacted loess has significantly lower shear strength and higher compressibility in an acidic environment. The mechanical properties in the saline environment show similar variation characteristics to the acidic environment, but this is mainly due to carbonate solubilization. In the alkaline environment, the degree of interparticle cementation of the loess is enhanced by the generation of calcite due to dedolomitization and the generation of colloidal flocs of Al(OH)3 , Fe(OH)3 , and H2SiO3. In addition, the pore connectivity is greatly reduced by the extensive distribution of clay particles caused by the development of a diffuse double layer. As a result, its compressibility and shear strength are improved compared to uncontaminated loess. These findings can be used as a reference for geoengineering practice in loess areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This articles discusses the use of 20Kh23N18T mark stainless steel and its foreign analogue AISI 310S instead of 12Kh18N10T steel as a material for making shaping dies used in the manufacture of glass insulators made from S93-3M mark electrovacuum glass. Such insulators are widely used in the radio-electronic industry as housings for magnetically operated contacts. It is shown that at operating temperatures a chemical interaction occurs between both grades of steel and S93-3M grade glass, which results in deterioration in the product quality on account of the appearance of a large number of gas bubbles in the product. It was ascertained that the additional heat treatment makes it possible to diminish the consequences of this chemical interaction, and thereby improve the quality of the resulting product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study describes composite membranes that utilise exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (Eg-C3N4) as a promising membrane additive for oily-water separation, owing to its hydrophilic nature and high functionality. The integrated membranes have been discovered to have outstanding properties when Eg-C3N4 is used as a composite material in polysulphone (PSf) membranes. The study provides provide insights into the usage of such nanosheets to achieve good chemical interaction with the membrane matrix, enabling both Eg-C3N4 and PSf synergistic characteristics. The well-planned exfoliated g-C3N4-PSf composite demonstrated promising oil-water separation with an oil rejection capacity of >99 %. Furthermore, these exfoliated laminar planes interacted well with the polymer, resulting in membranes that were both thermally and mechanically stable. The membrane also has a high porosity range of 46.13 % to 76.03 % and a high-water uptake range of 42.23 + 1.68 % to 71.34 + 1.24 %, which explains the membrane's enhanced hydrophilicity and appropriate oily-water treatment capacity. Furthermore, the addition of Eg-C3N4 lowers surface roughness, which explains for the great antifouling capacity exhibited by the composite membrane, demonstrating a remarkable flux recovery ratio of about 99.1 % with no compromise in oil rejection during subsequent cycles.

In this study, the various amounts of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVPr) were added to the cement paste, and some parameters - flowing, initial and final setting points, water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength were determined. The concrete containing 0.8% PVPr exhibited high water absorption, specifically, at 14 and 28 days, increased from 15.65% to 20.71% and from 16.74% to 21.67%, respectively. The final setting time increased from 238 min to 261 min. It was determined that the compressive strength of the cement mortar increased from 54.8 MPa to 58.5 MPa when the PVPr content was 0.8–1.0%. The flexural strength also improved due to the presence of PVPr, increasing from 11.58 MPa to 14.27 MPa. According to the FTIR characterization, the PVPr macromolecule interacts with Ca2+ and Al3+ ions. TGA analysis reveals that the chemical interaction of PVPr with calcium and aluminum ions limits its mass loss up to 4–5% until 400 °C.

In this study the construction of a phase tree and the description of the chemical interaction for the ternary oxide system CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 are given. Particular interest to a system consisting of oxides of calcium, aluminum and silicon is associated with the production of highly demanded functional materials with desired properties. Melts of the CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 system are of great theoretical and applied importance. This is due to the signifi cant role of melts of these oxides and their mixtures in metallurgy, ceramics production, and other industries. Phase relationships in the system with the complete disappearance of liquid in the CaO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 system has made it possible to construct a phase tree of the system, which includes a linear part and two cycles. The construction of the phase tree is given taking into account the formation of four double compounds in the CaO-SiO2 system, fi ve double compounds in the CaO-Al2 O3 system, one double compound in the Al2 O3 -SiO2 system, and two ternary compounds. The stable complex includes fi fteen secondary phase triangles, interconnected by sixteen stable secants. For mixtures corresponding to equivalence points (points of intersection of unstable and stable secants), the chemical interaction is described in accordance with the law of equivalents. It is concluded that for all mixtures corresponding to equivalence points, interactions are thermodynamically possible under standard conditions. The prediction of crystallizing phases is made.

Mixed ion-electron conductors (MIECs) are promising materials for air electrodes for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) or oxygen permeation membranes. In this work, various aspects of the chemical stability of Co-free MIEC materials, BaCe0.7–xFexZr0.2Y0.1O3–δ, were studied, including their interaction with another functional material (BaCe0.5Zr0.3Y0.1Yb0.1O3–δ-based proton-conducting electrolyte) and gas components (H2O, CO2, and H2). Chemical compatibility studies indicate no visible chemical interaction between the electrode and electrolyte materials even at 1200 °C, which is significantly higher than the operating temperatures (600–800 °C) of PCFCs. The treatments of BaCe0.7–xFexZr0.2Y0.1O3–δ in different atmospheres at 1100 °C, according to the XRD, SEM, IR and Raman spectroscopy data, resulted in the formation of impurity phases. However, their extremely small amounts suggest that they may not form at the operating temperatures. Thus, it can be assumed that the studied materials can be good candidates for various electrochemical applications.

Organic compounds originating from plant metabolism and reaching the environment may inhibit or stimulate germination and early developmental processes of other plants grown in the vicinity. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic interactions of brown mustard with four other aromatic plants (summer savoury, coriander, caraway and common sage). While health-promoting metabolites of brown mustard are thoroughly investigated and the plant receives an increasing interest from cultivators of aromatic and medicinal plants, its allelopathic interactions with other aromatic plants are poorly documented. The experiments were performed in closed germination vessels, under controlled conditions. The influence of the presence or absence of light, as well as of a sufficient or reduced water supply on the co-germination of brown mustard seeds with each of the other four aromatic plants was also evaluated. The presence of brown mustard reduced the germination velocity of caraway, coriander, sage and savoury. It inhibited stem elongation, but stimulated root growth of savoury. Shoot growth of coriander seedlings was enhanced by the vicinity of brown mustard plantlets. Caraway slowed down the germination of brown mustard seeds, but it stimulated root and stem elongation of the seedlings. The presence of savoury enhanced the fresh biomass production of brown mustard. Common sage inhibited root growth, but stimulated stem elongation of brown mustard plantlets. Most of the allelopathic effects were more pronounced under water shortage than under sufficient water supply. Positive interspecific influences on biomass production were, in most cases, more pronounced in the presence of light. The findings may contribute to optimization of brown mustard cultivation in small parcels, in the vicinity of other aromatic plants, some allelopathic interactions being able to stimulate growth and developmental processes in an environmental-friendly and cost-effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational fluid dynamics was employed to study the effect of temperature and composition of injected thermal protection degradation products on the discharge coefficient of the recessed nozzle. The analysis was carried out together with simulation of blowing intensity of degradation products into the main flow with variation of the heat flux along the nozzle entrance. The behavior of flow parameters over the nozzle entrance region and variation of the discharge coefficient depending on the parameters of injected gas were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-emergent herbicides are applied directly in the soil or over the straw in no-till systems and can be retained, reducing the product's availability. The current study characterizes the retention of diclosulam and diuron in forage turnip (FT), buckwheat (BW), and black oat (BO) straws. Radiometric techniques evaluated the sorption–desorption and leaching processes. Spectroscopic and microscopic methods characterized chemical and morphological alterations in the straw. Sorption rates (Kf) of diclosulam and diuron followed the order BO > BW > FT. Irreversible sorption (hysteresis < 0.7) occurs to diclosulam applied to BO straw. The BO straw showed porous structures, indicating physical entrapment of the herbicides. Straw fragments (<1 mm) increased the sorption of herbicides. The increase in straw amount (2.5 to 5 t ha−1) reduced herbicide leaching to 18.8%. Interactions between chemical groups (C-Cl, C-F, and C-N) from herbicides with straw characterize a chemical barrier. The present research suggests that entrapment and chemical interaction are involved in the sorption–desorption process of herbicides, such as diclosulam and diuron, in the straw matrix, directly interfering with their availability in the environment. This process can reduce the herbicide environmental risk but can decrease weed control efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of nano-particles into coatings to protect wood against UV light has tremendous potential for improving coating performance. However, the understanding of the mechanisms by which these particles function on wood surfaces remains limited. The distribution and potential chemical interactions between alpha Fe2O3 and wood were studied. The ability of different sizes of Fe2O3 particles to intercept various wavelengths of light was assessed using ultraviolet/visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy using TiO2 and ZnO particles for comparison. All particles intercepted UV light, but α-Fe2O3 also intercepted a portion of the visible spectrum which might help explain its better performance. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis of α-Fe2O3 nano-particle distribution on different wood orientations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens) showed that iron particles were uniformly distributed on both pine and shining gum, but provided better UV protection to the more permeable radiata pine surfaces. Characterization of chemical interactions between α-Fe2O3 and isolated lignin and cellulose by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested substantial interactions between these particles and lignin components, but little interaction with cellulose. The results suggest that the role of nano-particles in the UV protection of wood surface is to intercept and disperse the light energy while interacting with the wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review considers a number of typical mechanisms of degradation of thermoelectric materials in the process of their functioning as a part of thermoelectric generator modules. Among them are diffusion and self-diffusion in thermoelectric materials and contact structures, loss of dopants by thermoelectric materials due to sublimation, formation of intermetallic compounds in contact structures, accumulation of structural defects under the influence of thermal and mechanical loads, mechanical destruction of thermoelectric legs, contact structures and other structural members of modules, chemical interaction of thermoelectric materials with other structural members. The main design and technological ways and methods of reducing the negative impact of these mechanisms on the reliability of thermoelectric materials and modules are also considered.

The construction of a phases tree of a ternary system with three binary compounds KCaCl3 , K2 BaCl4 , CaBaCl4 is given. The phase tree includes four secondary phase triangles CaCl2 –KCaCl3 –СаBaCl4 , CaBaCl4 –KCaCl3 –BaCl2 , KCaCl3 –BaCl2 –K2 BaCl4 and KCaCl3 –CaBaCl4 –KCl. These triangles are connected by three stable secants KCaCl3 –СаBaCl4 , KCaCl3 –BaCl2 , KCaCl3 –K2 BaCl4 . Crystallizing phases in stable and secant elements correspond to the simplex tops. The presence of binary compounds on adjacent sides of the composition triangle made it possible to reveal, in addition to addition reactions, the reactions of mutual exchange. The description of the main reactions for mixtures corresponding to the intersection points of unstable and stable secants is carried out. The possibility of these reactions has been confi rmed by thermodynamic calculation of thermal eff ects and Gibbs energies for standard conditions. Using the constructed tree of phases for any mixtures in a triangle of compositions, including 2...6 salts, a description of the chemical interaction by the ion balance method is carried out. The ion balance method allows you to determine the fi nal composition after reaction in a secant or stable element. Complex gross-reactions are presented as a set of simpler reaction equations. The proposed method for description the chemical interaction can be used for other types of ternary systems with exchange reactions (metathesis) – with ion-exchange processes and with displacement reactions.

Based on the ternary oxide system MgO–SiO2–TiO2, studied previously, we have constructed a phase tree, which has a linear structure and includes five stable triangles connected to each other by four stable joins. The phase tree has been used to predict phases crystallizing from a melt, with allowance for bounding systems, which contain five binary compounds. For intersections of stable and unstable joins at points corresponding to an equivalent ratio of the substances, we have described the main reactions of chemical interaction and carried out thermodynamic calculation of their direction under standard conditions. In addition, for arbitrary combinations of three to eight substances in the system, using the atomic balance method we have described chemical interaction, which has made it possible to identify simplexes containing mixtures after melting and crystallization. Interaction was estimated using thermodynamic calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium-alumino-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H) and calcium hydroxide (CH) are the two primary hydration products that play crucial roles in the mechanical properties of cementitious materials, particularly in the viscoelastic behavior known as creep. This study used hydrated C 3 S and a mixture of the synthesized C-A-S-H and CH to identify the interactions between CH and C-A-S-H. The interactions that dominate the mechanical properties mainly operate from physical and chemical perspectives. CH exhibited a filling effect on C-A-S-H in the physical interactions, demonstrating multi-scale particle packing efficiency. The particle size of CH per unit volume of the mixture was proposed as a critical parameter for the filling effect. Regarding chemical interactions, the synthetic system exhibits interactions primarily through van der Waals forces through compaction. In contrast, the interaction in the hydration system primarily originates from the strong atomic bonding between C-A–S–H and CH at the nanoscale. • C3S hydration and mimic system were designed to investigated the interaction between CH and C-A-S-H. • CH exhibits the role of multi-scale filling in C-A-S-H, which has a significant impact on micromechanical properties. • At 40-60 % CH content, optimal initial packing density of CH and C-A-S-H affects final micromechanical properties. • The cohesive forces in the mimic and hydration systems are van der Waals and strong atomic forces, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Detailed a methodology to develop a pyrolysis reaction model for EP/IFR (Epoxy blended with intumescent flame retardants). • Identified and quantified the interaction between epoxy matrix and IFR. • Captured the TGA/DSC/MCC data of EP/IFR as a function of material composition. • Revealed the impact of IFR on char forming and pyrolyzates production. • Enabled the intelligent design of EP/IFR with enhanced flame resistance. This paper presents a methodology to develop a pyrolysis reaction model that captures the flammability behavior of epoxy-based intumescent flame retardant coatings (EP/IFR) as a function of material composition. This approach adopted Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) experiments as well as the inverse modeling of the experimental results using ThermaKin2Ds and COMSOL Multiphysics modeling framework. The interactive reactions between EP and IFR were identified and quantified in the resulting lumped model, which is based on fitting of experimental data. It was found that the developed model was able to reproduce the TGA/DSC/MCC data within the prescribed criteria for EP/IFR blends with different material compositions. The model's extrapolating capability was further validated through accurately predicting the experimental TGA data under different thermal conditions and for blends with different IFR ratios which were not used for model development. Additional TG-FTIR and XPS experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of IFR additive on the evolution of gaseous products and char formation. With a higher ratio of IFR, the amount of fuel dilution gases (i.e., CO2, NH3) was increased and the amount of combustible organic gaseous products was reduced. This work provides the core subset parameters for comprehensive pyrolysis modeling and enables the intelligent design of EP/IFR coatings with enhanced flame resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide (e.g., TiO2) nanoparticles have been used in various environmental, food and medical products. Other chemical species, e.g., major cationic or anionic compounds, are also found in these applications. However, limited information on the interactions of nanoparticles with the other chemical species is available. Thus, this study aimed to examine interaction of TiO2 nanoparticles with individual and combined presence of Ca compounds by the surface chemistry of TiO2 nanoparticles using dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Moreover, surface characteristics such as crystallinity, functional group indices (hydroxyl, carbonyl and vinyl), oxygen to carbon ratio, as well as the influence of surface characteristics on the zeta potential and particle sizes were evaluated. The results indicated that the crystallinity, oxygen to carbon ratio, hydroxyl and vinyl groups of TiO2 nanoparticles were significantly affected from the interaction with Ca compounds. As a result of surface transformation, affecting the functional groups and crystallinity, the zeta potential and particle size were significantly influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrosynthesis of urea from co-reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrate is a promising alternative to the industrial process. However, the overwhelming existence of proton and nitrate as well as the insufficient supply of CO2 at the reaction interface usually result in complex product distributions from individual nitrate reduction or hydrogen evolution, instead of C-N coupling. In this work, we systematically optimize this microenvironment through orderly coating of bilayer polymer to specifically tackle the above challenges. Polymer of intrinsic microporosity is chosen as the upper polymer to achieve physical sieving, realizing low water diffusivity for suppressing hydrogen evolution and high gas permeability for smooth mass transfer of CO2 at the same time. Polyaniline with abundant basic amino groups is capable of triggering chemical interaction with acidic CO2 molecules, so that is used as the underlying polymer to serve as CO2 concentrator and facilitate the carbon source supply for C-N coupling. Within this tailored microenvironment, a maximum urea generation yield rate of 1671.6 μg h-1 mg-1 and a high Faradaic efficiency of 75.3% are delivered once coupled with efficient electrocatalyst with neighboring active sites, which is among the most efficient system of urea electrosynthesis., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

This study investigates the feasibility and effect of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) on bitumen modification. The chemical and physical properties were evaluated for the modified bitumen produced with varying percentages of PLA ranging from 3 to 9%. Several testings such as the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), penetration, softening and ductility, and thermal storage stability were evaluated. The results show that chemical interaction exists between PLA and bitumen. The GPC analysis indicates high compatibility of the bitumen with the PLA modifier. Moreover, the results indicated that the addition of PLA increased the consistency of modified bitumen. The storage stability and segregation of phases were positively affected in the PLA modified bitumen. The PLA and base bitumen interact at physical and chemical levels which results in enhancement of performance of modified bitumen to produce a high-quality binding material for pavement construction.

Pre-emergent herbicides are applied directly in the soil or over the straw in no-till systems and can be retained, reducing the product’s availability. The current study characterizes the retention of diclosulam and diuron in forage turnip (FT), buckwheat (BW), and black oat (BO) straws. Radiometric techniques evaluated the sorption–desorption and leaching processes. Spectroscopic and microscopic methods characterized chemical and morphological alterations in the straw. Sorption rates (Kf) of diclosulam and diuron followed the order BO > BW > FT. Irreversible sorption (hysteresis < 0.7) occurs to diclosulam applied to BO straw. The BO straw showed porous structures, indicating physical entrapment of the herbicides. Straw fragments (−1) reduced herbicide leaching to 18.8%. Interactions between chemical groups (C-Cl, C-F, and C-N) from herbicides with straw characterize a chemical barrier. The present research suggests that entrapment and chemical interaction are involved in the sorption–desorption process of herbicides, such as diclosulam and diuron, in the straw matrix, directly interfering with their availability in the environment. This process can reduce the herbicide environmental risk but can decrease weed control efficiency.

In the present study, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) and its nanocomposites have been synthesized using a chain-growth process without a catalyst. The mixture of dual-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) (amino and acid functionalized) was used to enhance chemical and physical interlinking between carbon filler and PU matrix in nanocomposites. The structure of pre-designed synthesized PU and its nanocomposites were confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared analysis, and the degree of crystallinity was analyzed by x-ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy morphologies confirm better interfacial interaction between dual-FMWCNTs and PU matrix with very little aggregation at higher loading amount of filler content. Excellent improved thermal stabilities with increase loading amount of functionalized filler were confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). A significant increase in mechanical property of PU-nanocomposites with 3% filler loading was observed 62.4 MPa relative to 32.4 MPa of neat-PU, respectively. The shape recovery (SR) time of thermally triggered nanocomposites was improved significantly due to the better thermal conduction of dual-FMWCNTs. A prompt fast recovery response in less than 10 seconds was recorded for the nanocomposite sample. According to our best knowledge, a fast recovery time of fewer than 10 seconds will be a good approach for high material smart applications which is not reported till somewhere else. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dense layers of La1 –xSrxCo1 –yFeyO3 – δ (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4; y = 0, 0.2, 0.8) cathode materials located on the electrolyte surface on the polarization characteristics of porous cathodes has been studied. The electrode characteristics were measured by impedance spectroscopy on symmetric samples with three types of electrodes: a porous electrode, a dense electrode, and a double layer electrode consisting of dense and porous layers. It has been shown that the introduction of the dense layer into the cathode structure can have both a positive and a negative effect on the polarization resistance. It has been found that the effect of the dense layer on the high-frequency contribution to the polarization resistance correlates with the surface specific resistance of the dense layer. The layers from La1 –xSrxCoO3 (x = 0.1, 0.3) highly conductive materials lead to a decrease of polarization resistance while the layers from La1 –xSrxCo1 –yFeyO3 – δ (x = 0.2, 0.4; y = 0.2, 0.8) materials lead to an increase of polarization resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing new and facile strategies for multiple‐site reversible chemical absorption of pollutant gases is of wide interests in chemical engineering research. Herein, a series of lithium (Li)‐triethylene glycol (TEG)–chelated ionic liquids (ILs) with crown‐ether‐like cation and different anions were designed. The Li‐TEG–chelated ILs were prepared in quantitative yields by simply mixing equimolar TEG and Li salts. It is found that the chelation of TEG with Li+ activates the hydroxyl sites in TEG for strong interaction with ammonia (NH3). Thus, the hydroxyl sites chelated with Li+, as well as the chelation‐unsaturated Li+, provide the multiple sites for chemical absorption of NH3 in Li‐TEG–chelated ILs. Moreover, the absorption of NH3 in Li‐TEG–chelated ILs is totally reversible, with the NH3 solubilities remaining unchanged after eight times of recycling. The results obtained herein can provide useful guidance for the construction of gas absorbents with high capacity and excellent reversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Important for an emergency is to find the most potential Hesperidin, Kaempferol-3,4'-di-O-methyl ether (Ermanin); Myricetin-3-glucoside, Peonidine 3-(4’-arabinosylglucoside); Quercetin 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside); and Rhamnetin 3-mannosyl-(1–2)-alloside as a lead compound from guava to develop new drugs from flavonoid analogue. Docking method through iGEMDOCK software was used to design a new lead compound candidate from several flavonoid and study its interaction with of 3CLpro (PDB ID: 7DPU). The docking method were carried out using the iGEMDOCK software version v2.1, also in the chimera-1.13.1 program is used to know the interaction profile. Druglike properties were calculated using Lipinski’s rule of five as calculated using SWISSADME prediction. Toxicity prediction herein used ADMETSAR webserver (http://lmmd.ecust.edu.cn:8000/predict/). Less toxic and showing greater affinity with a docking score stronger was found in Quercetin, is apart from good pharmacokinetic profile

This study investigated the effects of low-temperature and high-pressure collaborative and conventional air freezing (CAF) on myofibrillar protein (MP) characteristics from grass carp. Turbidity, solubility, and particle size analysis showed that the pressure shift freezing (PSF) treatment could inhibit the formation of large MP aggregates to a certain extent during freezing. Chemical interaction studies unveiled that PSF treatment not only mitigates damage to the inherent structure of MP during freezing but also enhances its crosslinking ability. Microstructure analysis revealed a densely woven fibrous protein network structure within the MP gel in the PSF group. MP gel with fiber shape network structure in the PSF group exhibited stronger water-holding capacity and mechanical properties compared to the CAF group having an incomplete protein network structure. This suggests that the combined application of low-temperature and high-pressure treatment holds promising potential for utilization in the surimi gel processing industry and aquatic products processing. Industrial relevance: The quality and safety of food are closely related to the commodity value of food. Combined low-temperature and high-pressure treatment can enhance the commodity value of low-value freshwater fish products and has potential in surimi gel new product development. This study provides theoretical guidance for high-pressure and low-temperature collaborative processing and industrial production of related aquatic products. • PSF treatment improves the crosslinking ability of MP. • PSF treatment inhibits the decline of MP structural stability. • The 3D network structure of MP gel treated with PSF was constructed. • PSF treatment inhibit the deterioration of MP during the freezing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Citric acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) films, prepared through Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) and thermal methods, exhibited robust adhesive and improved mechanical properties; the NH (C O) bond between functioned as a bridge for carrier transfer, reducing electron-hole recombination and enhancing photocurrent response. [Display omitted] • Citric acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) films were prepared. • Citric acid improved the mechanical properties of g-C 3 N 4 films. • The new chemical bond acts as a bridge to enhance charge transport. • The citric acid-modified g-C 3 N 4 is promising for optoelectronic applications. A low-cost 2D metal-free material based on a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) film functionalized with a citric acid molecule has been successfully fabricated by Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) and thermal techniques, aiming to evaluate its suitability for optoelectronic devices. The thickness-controlled g-C 3 N 4 film having a good mechanical property was successfully performed. The chemical stability and photostability of the citric-modified g-C 3 N 4 films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass were investigated. New chemical links were clarified such that it could possibly become a bridge for enhancing charge transport. The modified samples exhibited a significant increase in their photocurrent response, reaching 25 μA/cm2 at a thickness of about 20 μm. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) verified the enhanced conductivity, efficient charge transfer, and reduced electron-hole recombination rate. This research revealed a facile synthetic route and environmentally benign materials, thereby suggesting promising prospects for their application in the optoelectronic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 – δ–Ce0.73Gd0.27O2 – δ composite cathodes (LSCF–GDC) formed from nanopowders by a standard method of mixing precursors followed by their sintering have been investigated. The optimal sintering temperature is found to be 1100°С. No secondary phases are formed in the LSCF and GDC mixture (1 : 1) even at 1400°С. The characteristics of the LSCF–GDC cathodes are found to degrade with the increase in the GDC fraction. The addition of the GDC nanopowder to the composite is shown to accelerate the sintering process, which results in the formation of the denser cathodic structure and, as a consequence, increases the polarization resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of bio-aggregates such as miscanthus in mineral binder matrices can produce lightweight insulation materials. Bio-aggregate lightweight concretes show peculiar microstructure compared to standard mineral aggregate concretes. This paper evaluates the chemical and mineralogical interactions between miscanthus particles and blends of mineral binders that include hydrated lime (CL90s), natural hydraulic lime (NHL3.5), formulated lime (FLA3.5) and mineral additions such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and Portland cement (Ce). The properties and the influence of ternary binder blends made of 75%CL90s, 15%NHL3.5 and 10% mineral additions (GGBS/FA/Ce) on the morphology of the interfacial zone were investigated. It was observed that carbonation of samples proceeds from the outer shell to the inner core of samples leaving a physically identifiable hardened shell (external 1–2 cm) and a softer inner core. In all samples, the X-ray diffraction results show that there is a reduction in peak intensities and broadening of Ca(OH)2 peaks whereas peaks of CaCO3 sharpen and increase in intensity. The mineralogical changes in the binding matrix depend on the type of mineral addition. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the addition of 10% Portland cement results in the highest levels of carbonation (1.1–1.4%) and hydration (8.6–17.1%). However, also fly ash incorporation was found to be beneficial in terms of reaction processes, and its use can have positive environmental impacts due to its low embodied carbon. FTIR results show that the chemical composition of miscanthus surface changes in contact with all binders, with effects on the structures of both hemicellulose and lignin.

Electrochemical conversion reactions provide more selections for Na-storage materials, but the reaction suffers from low reversibility and poor cyclability. Introducing an electrochemically inactive component is a common strategy, but the effect is quite limited since it could not stabilize the structure during long-term cycling. In this study, a new approach is developed using an amino group-functioned hyperbranched polymer (AHP) as a template and electrode additive for the design of high-performance FeSe2-AHP composite with chemical interaction. The assembled FeSe2-AHP composite nanoneedles were prepared by the selenylation of FeS-AHP composite microflowers and entirely inherit the polymer network from the precursor. The amino groups of AHP in composite coordinate with iron cations to achieve uniform polymer dispersion in the composite, and maintain the molecular level mixed state during the long-term cycling. Moreover, the in-situ constructed uniform 3D elastic polymer network effectively accommodates volume expansion and alleviates nanoparticle aggregation during sodiation/de-sodiation. FeSe2-AHP composite provides a superior rate capability (584.8 mAh·g−1 at 20 A·g−1) and a remarkable cyclability with a capacity retention rate of 93.3% after 2,000 cycles. FeSe2-AHP composite shows a high pseudocapacitive behavior for the abundant nanometer interface established by AHP, enhancing the solid-state Na+ diffusion. The FeSe2-AHP anode is also compatible with Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode in a full Na-ion battery, which provides a high-power performance (powering 51 LEDs). The work herein highlights an innovative and efficient strategy for conversion-type material design and demonstrates the function of chemical interaction of polymer additive in the enhancement of long-term cyclability for conversion electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of the Cu/SiO 2 interface usually deteriorate in the complex atmospheric environment, which may limit its performance and application in the engineering. Using the reactive molecular dynamics method, we investigate how the mechanical behaviors of the Cu/SiO 2 interface change as it interacts with oxygen impurities. The interfacial oxidation degree could be enhanced as O 2 penetrates into the interface area. This makes the interfacial structure disordered and is not conducive to the survival of Cu-O-Si bondings, which reduces the tensile and shear strengths of the interface. To improve the abrupt bonding property change at the interface and modify the interfacial adhesion properties, O impurities are introduced at the Cu interstitial sites near the interface. By doing so, the interface strength can be significantly enhanced due to the production of typical O-Cu-O bondings while the regular interfacial structure is retained. Meanwhile, the interfacial oxidation also changes the tensile failure site and shearing sliding mode of the interface, i.e., from inside the oxide to between oxide and Cu. The findings of this work may not only advance the understanding of interaction mechanism between oxygen impurities and the Cu/SiO 2 interface but also provide new insights into optimizing the bonding properties of the metal/oxide interface.

This study investigates the feasibility and effect of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) on bitumen modification. The chemical and physical properties were evaluated for the modified bitumen produced with varying percentages of PLA ranging from 3 to 9%. Several testings such as the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), penetration, softening and ductility, and thermal storage stability were evaluated. The results show that chemical interaction exists between PLA and bitumen. The GPC analysis indicates high compatibility of the bitumen with the PLA modifier. Moreover, the results indicated that the addition of PLA increased the consistency of modified bitumen. The storage stability and segregation of phases were positively affected in the PLA modified bitumen. The PLA and base bitumen interact at physical and chemical levels which results in enhancement of performance of modified bitumen to produce a high-quality binding material for pavement construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of heterojunction in supported-photocatalyst plays an important role in photocatalysis for hydrogen production. However, study of this formation is needed to be more. Reduced graphene supported-cum-doped Cadmium sulphide (rGO-CdS) is widely employed for the production of hydrogen by photocatalysis splitting of water. The Formation of surface interaction between rGO and CdS was explained by detailed analysis by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with depth profiling, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The charge transfer phenomena through heterojunction are also explicated. The higher conductivity of rGO further facilitated the transmission of electrons to the interface of solid-liquid. Thus, the restriction of charge recombination and greater mobility of electron yielded superior activity to the CdS/rGO catalyst which was prepared by impregnation method followed by the H 2 S gas reaction with high temperature. [Display omitted] • Chemical interaction is formed in CdS/rGO composite at interface. • Chemical interaction support enhanced photocatalytic performance. • The charge transfer mechanism through interface was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of intensive rehearses, we still lack robust and physically clear methods to discover new metallic alloys with high glass-forming ability (GFA). Different empirical criteria proposed to estimate GFA have limited applicability. Here we address the impact of thermodynamic and geometric factors on GFA of Ni-Zr-Al alloys. Using the ideal associated solution model, we calculated the Gibbs energy and the mixing enthalpy of the system and compared the results with available experimental and theoretical data. The results show that the model used is a good approximation for calculating the thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys if both binary and ternary compounds are explicitly taken into account. However, we conclude that it is hardly possible to address GFA of Ni-Zr-Al alloys using only thermodynamic properties. We test a few different criteria, proposed in the literature, and show that they also fail to explain GFA in the system. Then, we propose new parameters based on Gibbs mixing energy and effective difference in atomic radii, which allows localising the composition domain corresponding to the best GFA in Ni-Zr-Al alloys. Our findings open up the prospects to develop reliable theoretical methods for discovering new metallic glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local field effect involves the modification of the spontaneous emission rate of an emitting center in a nanoparticle (NP) due to its environment which modifies the photon density of states and the electric field acting within the NP. We are unaware of reports of this effect for organic molecules so that we encapsulated a green dye and a porphyrin in a silica shell and dispersed these in media of different refractive index. The emission decays were monoexponential so that the calculated lifetimes could be fitted by a model recently employed for the local field effect. It was found that a good fit was achieved for the smaller NPs employed, indicating the importance of the effect, but the effect was not important for the larger NPs where different behavior was observed due to agglomeration.

Dihydropyriculol is a major secondary metabolite of Pyricularia oryzae. However, the biological activity of dihydropyriculol has not been reported. Here, we showed that dihydropyriculol has inhibitory activity against Streptomyces griseus. Localization analysis of dihydropyriculol revealed that dihydropyriculol could reach to S. griseus under confrontation culture. These results suggest that dihydropyriculol can be used as a chemical weapon against S. griseu s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the gel strength, chemical interactions, water distribution, SDS-PAGE and rheological characteristics of surimi washed with different pH values and monovalent/divalent cations. There was higher gel strength in surimi washed with monovalent cations at pH 3.0 or 7.0 and divalent cations at pH 3.0 or 9.0. More divalent cations in the washing delayed surimi protein denaturation. Myosin heavy chain and actin were more intense in surimi washed with 0.25% Na+ or 0.5% other cations. The gel relaxation time was shortened in surimi washed with an increased ionic strength. The gel disulfide bond was decreased in surimi washed at pH 3.0 or 9.0, whereas hydrophobic interactions and ionic and hydrogen bonds were increased in those at pH 5.0 or 7.0. In general, washing with different pH values and monovalent/divalent cations could significantly influence the gel network structure of surimi. • Gel strength was higher in surimi washed with 0.5% Na+ or 0.25% others. • Increasing ionic strength in washing shortened the surimi gel's relaxation time. • More divalent cations in washing delayed the denaturation of surimi protein. • Surimi washed with 0.5% K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ had more intense bands. • The gel disulfide bond was decreased in surimi washed at pH 3.0 or 9.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Less than 3% egg white protein affected the properties of highland barely noodles. • Egg white protein improve protein structure through aggregation and cross-linking. • The working mechanism of egg white protein varied among noodle processing stages. • Effect of egg white protein on the highland barely noodles was does-dependent. • Excessive egg white protein decreased noodles quality and deducted protein network. The effect of egg white protein on the protein structure of highland barely noodles during processing was investigated, and the underlying mechanism was examined. Egg white protein significantly influenced the stress relaxation of highland barley dough. 1% and 2% egg white protein improved the cooking and textural properties of highland barely noodles. During mixing and sheeting, it improved the structure of the protein network by promoting protein aggregation and cross-linking, whereas its effect on non-covalent interactions was quite different. During cooking, egg white protein promoted protein aggregation and cross-linking via heat-induced polymerization, and the distribution regularity of the protein network was improved as its flexibility diminished. The protein structure of highland barely noodles during processing was closely related to the addition amount of egg white protein, and the cooking, textural, and chemical interactions of highland barely noodles during processing changed considerably when more than 3% egg white protein was added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The scientific paper is aimed at creating a methodology of chemical pollution zones in the territories of industrial cities and accounting the possibility of assessing the risks of chronic diseases. Methodology. The method of numerical calculation of nitrogen dioxide concentration in atmospheric air is based on the solution of three-dimensional impurity transfer equations, which directly comes from a permanently stationary source (industrial enterprise) and a linearly distributed source (highway). The method takes into account the process of chemical transformation of impurities and photolysis in the atmosphere. The numerical model is based on the splitting of model equations and their solution using an implicit difference scheme. Findings. The created software allows conducting computational experiments to calculate the areas of atmospheric air pollution with nitrogen dioxide, taking into account the interaction of impurities coming from various types of pollution sources and meteorological parameters. On the basis of the obtained field of nitrogen dioxide concentration, an assessment of the change in the risk of chronic intoxication associated with atmospheric air pollution with nitrogen dioxide over 50 years was carried out. Originalitys. For the first time the regularities of changes in the level of atmospheric air pollution with nitrogen dioxide have been established with due regard to the mutual influence of emissions from the industrial enterprise and highway and their chemical transformation in the atmosphere. The risk of chronic intoxication has been calculated and its changes have been analyzed with due regard to the interaction of emissions from the industrial enterprise and highway, it leads up to 10% of risk increasing. Practical value. Authors developed a mathematical model and method of numerical calculation. Software created on their base allows obtaining quickly quantitative results necessary in developing the system for monitoring the man-made loaded regions of the city. The obtained patterns of impurities dispersion allow us to estimate the levels of pollution in urban areas of the city by emissions from industrial enterprises and highways. Accounting of the mutual impact of emissions and the calculation of risks of intoxication allows solving environmental problems arising in the development of transport strategy in cities.

Damping composites with sandwich layer are widely used in the fields of aerospace and high-speed trains. The most fatal defect of traditional damping composites is the poor interfacial adhesion between resin matrix and damping materials. To enhance interfacial bonding performance of traditional damping sandwich composites, the novel glass fiber reinforced damping composites were prepared by designing interfacial reaction between damping polymer and resin matrix. The novel damping materials in this work were fabricated via orthogonal test. The interfacial bonding mechanisms of new type damping sandwich composites were characterized by physical and chemical methods. The maximum shear strength in this paper is 6.2 MPa, which is 81.2% higher than the previous work. It is confirmed that the excellent interfacial bonding property is derived from interfacial chemical interaction between damping polymer and resin matrix according to FTIR and XPS. These results reveal that the novel damping composites possess a broad application potential in aerospace and high-speed trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information on the compatibility of lead–boron–silicate glass of various compositions and ruthenium(IV) oxide compounds is systematized. The chemical processes occurring between them are established in terms of the theory of the acid-base interaction. The informative indicators that determine the direction of such interaction are the acidity, ionic potential, or orbital electronegativity of the components included in the composite materials. The established regularities can be used for selecting the composition of lead- and cadmium-free glass in the development of advanced ruthenium resistors and ruthenium-containing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents data from new compositions of construction materials developed from three types of Kazakhstan enterprises' industrial waste—highly alkaline (pH = 13.5) hazardous sludge of phosphogypsum (PG) waste from Karatau deposits (52–78 wt.%), ground-cooled converter slag (CS) from Karaganda Metallurgical Plant (20–45%), and lime production waste (LPW) from a small plant near Astana (2%). This research aimed to develop new compositions of materials, which correspond to Kazakhstan's mechanical and environmental standards, to study the processes of new composites' structure formation in the process of their hydration and resistance strengthening. The axial compressive-resistance values of the developed composites reached 5.3–6.8–9.6 and 14.9 MPa after 3, 7, 14, and 550 days of hydration, respectively; the values of the coefficient of linear expansion were in the range of 0.23 and 3.14%, and those of water absorption between 8.2 and 18.4%. The formation processes of the materials' structure were studied by the XRD, SEM, EDS, AAS, and LAMMA methods. The analyses of the solubility and leaching of metals by the AAS method showed the compliance of the new compositions with Kazakhstan's sanitary standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]