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Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining significant interest in the field of biomedical functional nanomaterials because of their distinctive chemical and physical characteristics, particularly in drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia applications. In this paper, we experimentally synthesized and characterized new Fe 3 O 4 -based NPs, functionalizing its surface with a 5-TAMRA cadaverine modified copolymer consisting of PMAO and PEG. Despite these advancements, many combinations of NP cores and coatings remain unexplored. To address this, we created a new data set of NP systems from public sources. Herein, 11 different AI/ML algorithms were used to develop the predictive AI/ML models. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest (RF) models showed high values of sensitivity and specificity (>0.9) in training/validation series and 3-fold cross validation, respectively. The AI/ML models are able to predict 14 output properties (CC 50 (μM), EC 50 (μM), inhibition (%), etc .) for all combinations of 54 different NP cores classes vs. 25 different coats and vs. 41 different cell lines, allowing the short listing of the best results for experimental assays. The results of this work may help to reduce the cost of traditional trial and error procedures.

The innovative fusion of essential oils with hydrogel engineering offers an optimistic perspective for the design and development of next-generation materials incorporating natural bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the use of hydrogels containing essential oils for biomedical, dental, cosmetic, food, food packaging, and restoration of cultural heritage applications. Polymeric sources, methods of obtaining, cross-linking techniques, and functional properties of hydrogels are discussed. The unique characteristics of polymer hydrogels containing bioactive agents are highlighted. These include biocompatibility, nontoxicity, effective antibacterial activity, control of the sustained and prolonged release of active substances, optimal porosity, and outstanding cytocompatibility. Additionally, the specific characteristics and distinctive properties of essential oils are explored, along with their extraction and encapsulation methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are also discussed. We have considered limitations due to volatility, solubility, environmental factors, and stability. The importance of loading essential oils in hydrogels, their stability, and biological activity is analyzed. This review highlights through an in-depth analysis, the recent innovations, challenges, and future prospects of hydrogels encapsulated with essential oils and their potential for multiple applications including biomedicine, dentistry, cosmetics, food, food packaging, and cultural heritage conservation.

Regenerative hydrogels from natural polymers have come forth as auspicious materials for use in regenerative medicine, with interest attributed to their intrinsic biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ability to reassemble the extracellular matrix. This review covers the latest advances in regenerative hydrogels used for wound healing, focusing on their chemical composition, cross-linking mechanisms, and functional properties. Key carbohydrate polymers, including alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and polysaccharide gums, including agarose, carrageenan, and xanthan gum, are discussed in terms of their sources, chemical structures and specific properties suitable for regenerative applications. The review further explores the categorization of hydrogels based on ionic charge, response to physiological stimuli (i.e., pH, temperature) and particularized roles in wound tissue self-healing. Various methods of cross-linking used to enhance the mechanical and biological performance of these hydrogels are also examined. By highlighting recent innovations and ongoing challenges, this article intends to give a detailed understanding of natural hydrogels and their potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine and improve patient healing outcomes.

Chitosan-based hydrogels have gained significant attention for their potential applications in water treatment and purification due to their remarkable properties such as bioavailability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, high pollutants adsorption capacity, and water adsorption capacity. This article comprehensively reviews recent advances in chitosan-based hydrogel materials for water purification applications. The synthesis methods, structural properties, and water purification performance of chitosan-based hydrogels are critically analyzed. The incorporation of various nanomaterials into chitosan-based hydrogels, such as nanoparticles, graphene, and metal-organic frameworks, has been explored to enhance their performance. The mechanisms of water purification, including adsorption, filtration, and antimicrobial activity, are also discussed in detail. The potential of chitosan-based hydrogels for the removal of pollutants, such as heavy metals, organic contaminants, and microorganisms, from water sources is highlighted. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of chitosan-based hydrogels in water treatment and water purification applications are also illustrated. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the current state of the art regarding chitosan-based hydrogels for water purification applications and highlights their potential for addressing global water pollution challenges.

Aloe vera -based hydrogels have emerged as promising platforms for the delivery of therapeutic agents in wound dressings due to their biocompatibility and unique wound-healing properties. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the application of Aloe vera -based hydrogels for wound healing. The synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and properties of Aloe vera -based hydrogels are discussed. Mechanisms of therapeutic agents released from Aloe vera -based hydrogels, including diffusion, swelling, and degradation, are also analyzed. In addition, the therapeutic effects of Aloe vera -based hydrogels on wound healing, as well as the reduction of inflammation, antimicrobial activity, and tissue regeneration, are highlighted. The incorporation of various therapeutic agents, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ones, into Aloe vera -based hydrogels is reviewed in detail. Furthermore, challenges and future prospects of Aloe vera -based hydrogels for wound dressing applications are considered. This review provides valuable information on the current status of Aloe vera -based hydrogels for the delivery of therapeutic agents in wound dressings and highlights their potential to improve wound healing outcomes.

Introduction: Implantable loop recorders (ILR) are used to screen for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS). However, there is limited real-world data regarding the long-term rate of AF detection using ILR and management consequences in patients with CS. The objective is to assess the rate of AF detection in patients with CS in a real-world study over 36 months of follow-up and its consequences on stroke prevention., Methods: This retrospective study included patients with an ILR placed for CS at Baylor College of Medicine and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center between January 2014 and July 2021. The primary outcome was AF detection in patients with ILR. The secondary outcome was the rate of subsequent strokes after ILR placement in patients with or without diagnosed AF. The AF detection rate in our cohort was compared to the rate in CRYSTAL-AF Trial at 36-month follow-up. The impact of AF detection on clinical management was examined., Results: We identified 225 patients. 51.1% were women and 38.2% African American. Among 85 patients with ILR labeled AF, 43 patients had true AF, and 42 had incorrectly labeled AF (48.3% false positive). The estimated AF detection rate at 36 months follow-up was 28.6% (95% CI, 26.6%-30.6%). 58.1% of patients with AF were initiated on oral anticoagulation, 80.0% of whom were started on a direct oral anticoagulant. 13.8% of patients had recurrent strokes after ILR implantation; 4 of whom were diagnosed with AF., Conclusion: Compared to CRYSTAL-AF, the AF detection rate in our cohort is similar, but this cohort includes a higher proportion of female and African American patients. Most patients with recurrent strokes after ILR implant did not have AF during 36 months of monitoring., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the advancements of hydrogel-based adsorbents as a green solution for their ease of use, ease of modification, biodegradability, non-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. This study focuses on the design of an efficient adsorbent hydrogel based on 1% chitosan, 40% polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), and 4% xanthan gum (referred to as CPX) for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF) from water. The interaction between positively charged chitosan and negatively charged xanthan gum and PEG4000 leads to strengthening of the hydrogel structure. The obtained CPX hydrogel, prepared by a green, simple, easy, low-cost, and ecological method, has a higher viscosity due to the three-dimensional polymer network and mechanical stability. The physical, chemical, rheological, and pharmacotechnical parameters of the synthesized hydrogel were determined. Swelling analysis demonstrated that the new synthetized hydrogel is not pH-dependent. The obtained adsorbent hydrogel reached the adsorption capacity (172.41 mg/g) at the highest adsorbent amount (200 mg) after 350 min. In addition, the adsorption kinetics were calculated using a pseudo first-order model and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters. The results demonstrate that CPX hydrogel can be used as an efficient option to remove DCF as a pharmaceutical contaminant from wastewater.

Detection of greenhouse gases is essential because harmful gases in the air diffuse rapidly over large areas in a short period of time, causing air pollution that will induce climate change with catastrophic consequences over time. Among the materials with favorable morphologies for gas detection (nanofibers, nanorods, nanosheets), large specific surfaces, high sensitivity and low production costs, we chose nanostructured porous films of In 2 O 3 obtained by the sol-gel method, deposited on alumina transducers, with gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes (IDE) and platinum (Pt) heating circuits. Sensitive films contained 10 deposited layers, involving intermediate and final thermal treatments to stabilize the sensitive film. The fabricated sensor was characterized using AFM, SEM, EDX and XRD. The film morphology is complex, containing fibrillar formations and some quasi-spherical conglomerates. The deposited sensitive films are rough, thus favoring gas adsorption. Ozone sensing tests were performed at different temperatures. The highest response of the ozone sensor was recorded at room temperature, considered to be the working temperature for this specific sensor.

Aims: The aim of our study was to assess differences in post-ablation atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence and burden and to quantify the change in LVEF across different congestive heart failure (CHF) subcategories of the DECAAF-II population., Methods and Results: Differences in the primary outcome of AF recurrence between CHF and non-CHF groups was calculated. The same analysis was performed for the three subgroups of CHF and the non-CHF group. Differences in AF burden after the 3-month blanking period between CHF and non-CHF groups was calculated. Improvement in LVEF was calculated and compared across the three CHF groups. Improvement was also calculated across different fibrosis stages. There was no significant differences in AF recurrence and AF burden after catheter ablation between CHF and non-CHF patients and between different CHF subcategories. Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) experienced the greatest improvement in EF following catheter ablation (CA, 16.66% ± 11.98, P < 0.001) compared to heart failure with moderately reduced LVEF, and heart failure with preserved EF (10.74% ± 8.34 and 2.00 ± 8.34 respectively, P-value < 0.001). Moreover, improvement in LVEF was independent of the four stages of atrial fibrosis (7.71 vs. 9.53 vs. 5.72 vs. 15.88, from Stage I to Stage IV respectively, P = 0.115)., Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation burden and recurrence after CA is similar between non-CHF and CHF patients, independent of the type of CHF. Of all CHF groups, those with HFrEF had the largest improvement in LVEF after CA. Moreover, the improvement in ventricular function seems to be independent of atrial fibrosis in patients with persistent AF., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: Dr. Marrouche reports receiving grant support and consulting fees from Abbott, Medtronic, Biosense Webster, Boston Scientific, and Siemens, receiving consulting fees from Preventice, and holding equity Cardiac Design. All other authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the content of this manuscript., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

The present research focuses on the physicochemical and pharmacotechnical properties of new hydrogels obtained using allantoin, xanthan gum, salicylic acid and different concentrations of Aloe vera (5, 10, 20% w / v in solution; 38, 56, 71 wt% in dry gels). The thermal behavior of Aloe vera composite hydrogels was studied using DSC and TG/DTG analyses. The chemical structure was investigated using different characterization methods (XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies) and the morphology of the hydrogels was studied SEM and AFM microscopy. Pharmacotechnical evaluation on tensile strength and elongation, moisture content, swelling and spreadability was also completed. Physical evaluation confirmed that the appearance of the prepared Aloe vera based hydrogels was homogeneous and the color varied from pale beige to deep opaque beige with increasing Aloe vera concentration. All other evaluation parameters, e.g., pH, viscosity, spreadability and consistency were found to be adequate in all hydrogel formulations. SEM and AFM images show that the structure of the hydrogels condensed into homogeneous polymeric solids with the addition of Aloe vera , in accordance with the decrease in peak intensities observed via XRD analysis. These results suggest interactions between the hydrogel matrix and Aloe vera as observed via FTIR and TG/DTG and DSC analyses. Considering that Aloe vera content higher than 10% ( w / v ) did not stimulate further interactions, this formulation (FA-10) can be used for further biomedical applications.

Polymer gels are a valuable class of polymeric materials that have recently attracted significant interest due to the exceptional properties such as versatility, soft-structure, flexibility and stimuli-responsive, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Based on their properties, polymer gels can be used in a wide range of applications: food industry, agriculture, biomedical, and biosensors. The utilization of polymer gels in different medical and industrial applications requires a better understanding of the formation process, the factors which affect the gel's stability, and the structure-rheological properties relationship. The present review aims to give an overview of the polymer gels, the classification of polymer gels' materials to highlight their important features, and the recent development in biomedical applications. Several perspectives on future advancement of polymer hydrogel are offered.

The present research aims to describe a new methodology to obtain biocompatible hydrogels based on Aloe vera used for wound healing applications. The properties of two hydrogels (differing in Aloe vera concentration, AV5 and AV10) prepared by an all-green synthesis method from raw, natural, renewable and bioavailable materials such as salicylic acid, allantoin and xanthan gum were investigated. The morphology of the Aloe vera based hydrogel biomaterials was studied by SEM analysis. The rheological properties of the hydrogels, as well as their cell viability, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, were determined. The antibacterial activity of Aloe vera based hydrogels was evaluated both on Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus and on Gram-negative, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The obtained novel green Aloe vera based hydrogels showed good antibacterial properties. In vitro scratch assay demonstrated the capacity of both AV5 and AV10 hydrogels to accelerate cell proliferation and migration and induce closure of a wounded area. A corroboration of all morphological, rheological, cytocompatibility and cell viability results indicates that this Aloe vera based hydrogel may be suitable for wound healing applications.

A facile, green synthesis methodology to obtain zinc oxide nanoparticles using three polysaccharide gums (Acacia gum, Guar gum and Xanthan gum) of biological origin was developed. Subsequently, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into a sustainable chitosan hydrogel matrix functionalized with propolis extract. This study has revealed that the selected polysaccharides as chelates represents a suitable approach to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles of particular interest with controlled morphology. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles using polysaccharide gums was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, SEM, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The rheological behaviour of obtained hydrogels was evaluated. The AFM studies demonstrate that all synthesized chitosan incorporated ZnO composites hydrogels functionalized with propolis extract exhibit corrugated topographies. The present study highlights the possible incorporation of various guest molecules into hydrogel matrix due to its tuneable morphologies. The obtained hydrogel composites were cytocompatible in L929 fibroblast cell culture, in a range of concentrations between 50 and 1000 μg/mL, as assessed by MTT, LDH and Live/Dead double staining assays. By enhancing the biological properties, these novel green hydrogels show attractive superior performance in a wide concentration range to develop future in vivo suitable natural platforms as effective delivery systems of pharmacologic agents for biomedical applications., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Chronic lesion formation after cardiac tissue ablation is an important indicator for procedural outcome. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the features that predict chronic lesion formation., Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether acute lesion visualization using late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) can reliably predict chronic lesion size., Methods: Focal lesions were created in left and right ventricles of canine models using either radiofrequency (RF) ablation or cryofocal ablation. Multiple ablation parameters were used. The first LGE-MRI was acquired within 1-5 h post-ablation and the second LGE-MRI was obtained 47-82 days later. Corview software was used to perform lesion segmentations and size calculations., Results: Fifty-Five lesions were created in different locations in the ventricles. Chronic volume size decreased by a mean of 62.5 % (95% CI 58.83-67.97, p < 0.0005). Similar regression of lesion volume was observed regardless of ablation location ( p = 0.32), ablation technique ( p = 0.94), duration ( p = 0.37), power ( p = 0.55) and whether lesions were connected or not ( p = 0.35). There was no significant difference in lesion volume reduction assessed at 47-54 days and 72-82 days after ablation ( p = 0.31). Chronic lesion volume was equal to 0.32 of the acute lesion volumes (R 2 = 0.75)., Conclusion: Chronic tissue injury related to catheter ablation can be reliably modeled as a linear function of the acute lesion volume as assessed by LGE-MRI, regardless of the ablation parameters., Competing Interests: NM reports receiving grant support and consulting fees from Abbott, Medtronic, Biosense Webster, Boston Scientific, and Siemens, receiving consulting fees from Preventice, and holding equity Cardiac Design. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 El Hajjar, Huang, Zhang, Mekhael, Noujaim, Dagher, Nedunchezhian, Pottle, Kholmovski, Ayoub, Dhorepatil, Barakat, Yamaguchi, Chelu and Marrouche.)

Recently the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere have increased dramatically with rapid development of urbanization and industry. This led to a large decline in air quality around the world, which resulted in a heavy impact on human health. Therefore, new/cheap detection devices for VOCs are of high interest. Formaldehyde (FA) is a very toxic VOC, which damages the respiratory system even in the smallest doses and short exposure time. Zinc oxide (ZnO)/nickel oxide (NiO) heterostructures were synthesized using an economical route: firstly, NiO was prepared by liquid exfoliation technique and deposited by dip-coating on alumina ceramic transducers with two interdigital gold (Au) electrodes, followed by low-temperature hydrothermal growth of ZnO. The as-prepared sensors were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDAX), and X-Ray fluorescence (XRF). The response/recovery of ZnO/NiO heterostructure-based microsensors for formaldehyde was investigated at room temperature, in agreement with modern sensing requirements. The sensor operating voltage was varied between 1.5 and 5.0 V direct current (DC), to achieve the best sensor performance., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Ventricular arrhythmias deteriorating into sudden cardiac death are a major cause of mortality worldwide. The recent linkage of a genetic form of cardiac arrhythmia to mutations in the gene encoding RyR2 (ryanodine receptor 2) has uncovered an important role of this SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum) calcium release channel in triggering arrhythmias. Mutant RyR2 channels give rise to spontaneous release of calcium (Ca(2+)) from the SR during diastole, which enhances the probability of ventricular arrhythmias. Several molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain the gain-of-function phenotype observed in mutant RyR2 channels. Despite considerable differences between the models discussed in the present review, each predicts spontaneous diastolic Ca(2+) leak from the SR due to incomplete closure of the RyR2 channel. Enhanced SR Ca(2+) leak is also observed in common structural diseases of the heart, such as heart failure. In heart failure, defective channel regulation in the absence of inherited mutations may also increase SR Ca(2+) leak and initiate cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore inhibition of diastolic Ca(2+) leak through SR Ca(2+) release channels has emerged as a new and promising therapeutic target for cardiac arrhythmias.

It has been proposed that the pliopithecid Anapithecus hernyaki was hunted by the ape Dryopithecus brancoi based on analyses of the age and sex distribution of 25 individuals from the late Miocene site of Rudabánya, Hungary (ca. 10 Ma). In this study, the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and age distribution of the assemblage are recalculated and considered in relation to their sedimentary context. We suggest that Dryopithecus juveniles may be underrepresented in the assemblage as a consequence of taphonomic loss of deciduous teeth. Furthermore, we find that while Dryopithecus and Anapithecus were contemporaneous, there was little spatial overlap between them, as each taxon is primarily associated with a separate lithofacies. We conclude that when the revised estimates of MNI and age distribution of these primates are reconsidered in conjunction with their context of burial, the case for the Dryopithecus hunting hypothesis cannot be sustained.