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The periodic examination of research agendas in sport management is necessary for the field's advancement. In this mixed-method Delphi study, 15 leading sport management scholars forecast how the field can have a more influential voice in understanding the relationship between spectator sport and population health. Panelists agreed on the importance to not oversell or oversimplify the role of spectator sport; to improve interdisciplinary collaboration, theorization, and research design; to recognize opportunities to advance mental and social well-being; to better relate to stakeholders; and to identify distinctive health effects of spectator sport. A lack of consensus existed about the relationship between spectator sport and environmental well-being and prospects for leveraging spectator sport for participant sport. Drawing from these findings, the authors suggest that future research consider moving beyond simply measuring the effects of spectator sport on population health and, instead, assess its health effects relative to multiple forms of leisure and entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a mentoring model for management in sport and physical education that combines the various factors impinging on mentoring and the associated outcomes in a comprehensive framework. After outlining the benefits for proteges, mentors, and organizations, the paper explains issues related to mentoring functions, mentoring phases, protege-mentor compatibility, and intervening variables. (SM)

The Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire was developed using both qualitative and quantitative processes to address a variety of issues. Qualitative factors include expert judgment and item generation; quantitative factors include item-to-total correlations. Issues addressed by the questionnaire cover individual and team performance, participation, leadership and the organization.

This article examines the current state of research regarding the effect of spectator sport on population health. We conducted a scoping study that involved a comprehensive search of published and gray literature between 1990 and 2014, and identified 135 studies empirically examining the effect of spectator sport on population health. A frequency analysis shows that there is a paucity of studies on this topic published in sport management journals. A thematic analysis further reveals that the reviewed studies can be classified into nine research themes depicting the relationships among certain categories of spectator sport and population health. Based on this scoping study, we develop a framework and identify several gaps in the literature that should be addressed to advance our understanding of the relationship between spectator sport and population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater amounts of democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, and social support are more preferred and perceived by defensive players than offensive football players. Member satisfaction can be increased by the consistency of preferred and perceived leadership in the dimension of social support. Actual behaviors in training and instruction and positive feedback are more potent indicators of satisfaction than preferred leadership or consistency of preferred and perceived leadership.

A study was conducted on high school basketball coaches' decision style preferences and their relationship with coaches' motivational disposition and effectiveness on the job. Results revealed that coaches preferred the autocratic approach without consultation over all other styles. The approach involving consultation with individuals, on the other hand, was the least liked style. The variance in decision style preferences can be explained by situational and individual differences., Leadership defined as "the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal setting and goal achievement" (Stogdill, 1950; p. 4) is one of the most important factors [...]

The objective of the current research was to verify the extent to which Gouldner's (1954) three patterns of bureaucracy were prevalent in intercollegiate athletic departments. Single and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) of the data provided by 907 coaches from all three NCAA divisions (ndivI = 322; ndivII = 277; ndivIII = 308) showed that structural relationships among goals, processes, and patterns of bureaucracy were invariant among all three groups of coaches. Substantively, the factor of developmental goals through developmental processes (Trail & Chelladurai, 2000) predicted positively the presence of representative bureaucracy and punishment-centered bureaucracy and negatively the existence of mock bureaucracy. This means that the more athletic departments emphasize academic values, the less the coaches perceive a pattern of loose coupling between rules and actual technical activities. Implications of these results for theory and practice were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hundred and twenty five employees of 68 golf courses in Malaysia participated in this study investigating the proposed model wherein selected HRM practices (Support at Work, Training, Reward System, Supervisory Assistance, and Performance Appraisal) were seen as influencing organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) which, in turn, was associated with Perceived Service Quality. The results showed that the measurement model and the structural model fit the data very well. Further, all of the paths specified in the model except the one linking Training to OCB were significant with OCB explaining more than 50% of the variance in Perceived Service Quality. Increased support at work, Reward System, Supervisory Assistance, and Performance Appraisal resulted in higher levels of Perceived Service Quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article builds on prior theory and research on institutional logics and shows how a multisports club changes during its organizational life from an all amateur or voluntary logic to embody multiple logics simultaneously with different subunits being aligned with different organizational fields. The emergence of the professional logic for elite soccer in the presence of a volunteer logic caused a change in the structure of the club whereby all the units in the club became economically and legally autonomous. Soccer was divisionalized into soccer for everybody and soccer for the elite. The creation of a shareholding company and the use of an investment company which introduced the commercial logic were the next steps. This paper extends the literature by suggesting that different and opposing institutional logics such as the amateur, the professional, and commercial logics can coexist within a multisports club or, to put it another way, that the multisports club may belong to several organizational fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a view of verifying the optimistic forecasts of the growth of the sport industry, the paper presents an estimate of the size of the sport industry in 2005 and compares it to a 1995 estimate provided by Meek (1997). Following the methodol- ogy of Meek and the guidelines put forth by the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (2007), we present three estimates for the size of the Gross Domestic Sport Product (GDSP) of the United States of America in 2005-conservative estimate of $168469 billion, moderate estimate of $ 189.338 billion, and the liberal estimate of $207503 billion. A comparison of the moderate estimate with Meek's 1995 estimate shows that the size of sport industry, in relative terms, actually declined. The sources of the data, rationale for three different estimates, and the values for the components of the GDSP are described and explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The works of Kuhn (1996) and other scholars on the social construction of knowledge suggest that great insight can be gained about an academic field of study by investigating interaction patterns between and among scholars. Using a social network perspective, the intent of this study was to empirically explore the social interaction patterns among scholars in the field of sport management. A network model of coauthorship was generated using several rounds of sampling of scholars in the field and archival data collection from relevant journals. The derived network structure was then explored both visually and quantitatively for meaningful patterns. The results of the study essentially tell a story of the evolution and current state of the field's collaboration structure. Drawing on propositions from the literature on the sociology of scientific knowledge generation, the findings are discussed relative to what the obtained network structure might hold for sport management scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a conceptual model of quality in event sport tourism wherein perceived quality of sport tourism (Sport Tourism Quality) is said to influence tourist satisfaction which, in turn, influences the tourist's intention to return to the place of the event and/or the event itself. Sport Tourism Quality is indicated by four primary dimensions each of which is defined by two or more subdimensions. The primary dimensions are (a) access quality (composed of access to destination, sport venue, hotel), (b) accommodation quality (including the environment, interactions, and value), (c) venue quality (comprised of environment, interactions, and value), and (d) contest quality (indicated by process of the contest and the product of the contest). The proposed multidimensional model of sport tourism quality would facilitate research into the dynamics of sport tourism and offer guidelines for practitioners as they constantly strive to provide the very best experience for sport tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article responds to an article that reports the results of a study commissioned by the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis to increase graduation and retention rates among its student-athletes, authored by Mary Jo Kane, Perry Leo and Lynn K. Holleran. This paper reiterates findings on the performance of the university's student athletes as well as the recommendations to address underachievement, including the provision of courses that are likely to be in line with the future profession of student-athletes.

As an emerging research approach, social network theory and analysis has been embraced and effectively applied in disciplines that have overlapping interests with sport management researchers including such fields as organizational behavior and sport sociology. Although a number of sport management scholars have investigated network-related concepts, to date no sport management studies have fully utilized the analytical tools that social network theory and analysis have to offer. In conjunction with a discussion about the ontological, epistemological, and methodological perspectives associated with network analysis, this article uses several examples from the sport management and organizational behavior bodies of literature to illustrate a number of the advantageous techniques and insights social network theory and analysis can offer. These examples are meant to provide a general understanding of the utility and applicability of the social network theory and analysis and potentially inspire sport management researchers to adopt a social network lens in their future research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volunteers in sport are indispensable, but there is a dearth of systematic research in volunteer retention. The focus of this study was to investigate three different volunteer-retention models incorporating person-task fit (P-T fit), person-organization fit (P-O fit), managerial treatment (MT), empowerment, and intention to continue volunteering. Using structural equation modeling, data from 515 volunteers in the American Youth Soccer Organization (AYSO) were compared across a fully mediated model, a partially mediated model, and a direct-effects model. The results of the fully mediated model, in which empowerment mediated the relationship between P-T fit, P-O fit, MT, and intention to continue volunteering, fit well and better than the other two models. P-T fit, P-O fit, and MT jointly explained 46.8% of variance in empowerment, and empowerment explained 13.5% of variance in intention to continue. Volunteer organizations need to focus on empowering their volunteers through the fit of the volunteer to the task, organization, and appropriate managerial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hundred twenty-eight intercollegiate coaches (men = 240, women = 88; Division I = 156, Division III = 172) responded to a questionnaire measuring commitment to their university and coaching occupation, intention to leave the organization and occupation, their team standings, and perceptions of their performance. The variables of division, gender, and marital/lifestyle status affected neither organizational nor occupational commitments. Organizational commitments of affective, normative, continuance: high sacrifice, and continuance: low alternatives correlated significantly with intention to leave the organization and cumulatively explained 23.7% of the variance. Affective, normative, and continuance: low alternatives forms of commitment to occupation correlated significantly with intention to leave the occupation and cumulatively explained 23.1% of the variance. The bases of organizational commitment cumulatively explained 5.6% and 4.9% of the variance in subjective and objective performances, respectively. Results suggest that athletic departments should focus on enhancing their coaches' commitment to the organization in order to retain them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the differences in job attitudes between part-time (n = 96) and full-time (n = 82) workers in Korean sports organizations. They responded to a questionnaire including Meyer and Allen's (1984) scales for affective (AC) and continuance commitment (CC), and Smith, Organ, and Near's (1983) organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses of the data supported the subscale structures and the equivalence of measurement in the two groups. The full-time workers scored significantly higher on AC and OCB while the part-time workers scored higher on CC. While the relationship between AC and OCB was positive and significant in both groups, it was stronger in the full-time group than in the part-time group. The relationship between CC and OCB was significant and negative only in the case of the full-time group. The implication is that part-time work is not as conducive as full-time work for developing affective commitment or organizational citizenship behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male coaches from NCAA Division I (n = 297), Division III (n = 294), and Japanese universities (n = 254) responded to the Coach Satisfaction Questionnaire measuring satisfaction with supervision, coaching job, autonomy, facilities, media and community support, pay, team performance, amount of work, colleagues, athletes' academic performance, and job security; and Blau, Paul, and St. John's (1993) General Index of Work Commitment. Japanese coaches expressed significantly lower satisfaction than American coaches with seven facets (supervision, coaching job, autonomy, team performance, colleagues, athletes' academic performance, and job security). American coaches were significantly more committed to their occupation than the Japanese coaches who were significantly more committed to their organizations than American coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associate/Assistant athletic administrators from Division 1(139 males,123 females) and Division 111(130 males. 123 females) universities of the NCAA responded to a questionnaire consisting of (a) items eliciting background information. (b) perceived and preferred mentoring functions measured by the Mentor Role Instrument (Ragins & McFarlin, 1990), (c) perceived barriers to mentoring measured by Perceived Barriers Scale (Ragins & Cotton. 1991). and a scale of satisfaction developed for the study. Factor analysis yielded three facets of satisfaction: Work Group, Extrinsic Rewards, and Intrinsic Rewards. The results of MANOVA showed that an equal proportion of males and females had experienced mentoring relationships, and mentored individuals were more satisfied with work than their non-mentored counterparts. Respondents from Division 1 received significantly higher salaries, and they were more satisfied with their extrinsic rewards than the respondents from Division III. Finally, correlational analyses shows positive but weak relationships between mentoring functions and the satisfaction facets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested the propositions that (a) perceived Leader-member exchange quality (LMX) between second level managers (e.g., associate, assistant athletic directors) and their subordinates would be associated with perceived transformational leadership behaviors (it) of the athletic director, and (b) subordinates' organizational commitment (OC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) would be correlated with both perceived TL and LMX. Seventy-five third tier employees of a large Midwestern university responded to the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire-MLQ (Bass. 1985); LMX-1 (Graen, Novak, & Sommerkamp, 1982), an organizational citizenship scale (MacKenzie, Podsakoff. & Fetter, 1991); and an organizational commitment scale (Meyer & Allen, 1997). Correlational and regression analyses showed that the three dimensions of TL were significantly correlated with LMX Additionally, the dimensions of IL and LMIX were differentially related to OC and OCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the extent to which two stakeholder groups of intercollegiate athletics (faculty and students) differed in the importance they attached to 10 selected goals and their approval of 11 selected processes within intercollegiate athletics. A total of 652 respondents (341 faculty, 311 students, 337 men, 310 women) from a large midwestern university responded to a questionnaire developed for this study. Results showed that subgroups, defined by faculty-student status, and gender differed significantly in most instances. These differences and the similarities in the rank ordering of the goals and processes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Hyejin Bang, Packianathan Chelladurai The major aim of the study was to develop and validate the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE). A growing body of literature suggested that volunteer motivations vary with the nature of the volunteer activity and context. Although numerous studies have identified various volunteer motivational factors on human services in general, little study has attempted to conduct a volunteer study at mega international sporting events. In the study, using the 2002 FIFA World Cup volunteer sample, exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a six-factor solution: expression of values, patriotism, interpersonal contacts, personal growth, career orientation, and extrinsic rewards. The six factor model was confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis in a different data set from the 2002 Asian Games volunteers. The goodness-of-fit indices demonstrated the robustness of the VMS-ISE and its usefulness for assessing volunteer motivations at mega international sporting events. The results also indicated that marital status had a significant effect on all volunteer motivational dimensions.

Byline: David J. Shonk, Packianathan Chelladurai The primary purposes of this study were to develop a scale and test a model of service quality in sport tourism. The model was tested using data collected from spectators travelling to a major league All-Star sporting event in the USA. The data from the 215 usable cases were analysed using structural equation modelling. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the CFA measurement model and structural model were an acceptable fit. The findings from this study point to support for a multi-dimensional model of service quality in sport tourism. The most important dimension was found to be the quality of the contest itself. The results suggested that there is an overall perception of sport tourism quality (ST Quality) which significantly contributes to a tourist's perceptions of satisfaction. Moreover, Satisfaction was found to significantly contribute to a tourist's decision to return to a sporting event and/or to a particular destination.

The article focuses on the management and impact of cultural diversity in sport organizations. It is proposed that the potentially constructive or destructive impact of cultural diversity is a function of the management of that diversity, which is ultimately a reflection of organizational culture, or "how things are done around here." Organizational culture is described along a continuum of valuing similarity and diversity in the organisation. It is argued that the benefits of cultural diversity (e.g., creativity, challenge, constructive conflict) will be realized when an organizational culture of diversity underlies the management of that diversity. These benefits are heightened when the situation dictates a high degree of task interdependence and complexity. Implications for increasing cultural diversity and developing an organizational culture that values that diversity, as a social responsibility and a contributing force to organizational performance, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described and analyzed the managerial work in Canadian intercollegiate athletics. The directors of 37 Canadian intercollegiate athletic departments responded to a questionnaire eliciting perceived importance of, time devoted to, and percentage responsibility for 19 managerial activities carried out by athletic departments. These managerial activities were largely patterned after Mintzberg's (1975) description of managerial work and were verified by a group of experts. Results showed that financial management, leadership, policy making, disturbance handling, revenue generation, and athlete affairs were perceived to be the most important and most time consuming activities. Information seeking, maintenance activities, and league responsibilities were rated the least important. The athletic directors reported that they were largely responsible for the more important tasks with avenge percent responsibility of 55%. The avenge responsibility assigned to assistant directors was 29.5%. and this limited responsibility was significantly but inversely related to the importance of the tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to define the dimensions of coaching performance for coaches and to develop a scale to measure those dimensions. The literature-based model used in this study espoused the use of three broad categories-behavioral product factors, behavioral process factors related to the task, and behavioral process factors related to maintenance of the organization. Each of these broad categories was further subdivided into two classes to yield a model of six dimensions of coaching performance. The dimensions explored were (a) team products, (b) personal products, (c) direct task behaviors, (d) indirect task behaviors, (e) administrative maintenance behaviors, and (f) public relations behaviors. Seventy-seven administrators and 363 coaches from Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union institutions responded to the coaching performance scale for the purposes of this study. Item-to-total correlations, confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency estimates supported the conceptual model and yielded a psychometrically Sound Scale of Coaching Performance (SCP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the effectiveness of Sport Canada's (a unit of the Government of Canada) Athlete Assistance Program (AAP), the performance histories (standardized scores) of 371 AAP-funded swimmers (n = 183) and ckandfield athletes (n = 188) of both genders carded from September 1980 to November 1990 were analyzed. Because of the differences in the absolute performances of males and females, and the differences in standardizing the performances in the two sports, data of the males and females in each sport were analyzed separately. The results showed that carded athletes in each of the four groups improved their performances significantly following the awarding of carding status. Also, swimmers improved more consistently than the track-and-field athletes. For swimmers, younger athletes improved more than the older athletes, while the opposite was true with the track-and-field athletes. Based on these results, related funding policy issues were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]