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The objective of this study was to determine the structural and textural description of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash that was subjected to a six-month seasoning process. Bottom ash samples, with a particle size fraction of 0.063–0.1 mm, were seasoned in a closed landfill and collected for laboratory analyses at monthly intervals. The research focused on determining the structural parameters, using methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and the textural parameters, using low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LPNA) at −196.15 °C. The analyses of the porous structure of the bottom ash samples revealed differences in texture of ASH 1 to ASH 6, specifically in the pore volume (micro- and mesopores), specific surface area, and pore size distribution. Changes in the structural and porous characteristics of the samples were attributed to the duration of the seasoning process. The results of the structural analysis of the bottom ash suggest its application in the concrete industry, potentially enhancing the long-term mechanical strength of concrete. The results of the textural analysis indicate the possible use of MSWI bottom ash in environmental applications, as the internal surface area could be further developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Recognizing the crucial gaps in our understanding of pediatric pneumonia post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, this study aimed to assess the relationship between Pediatric Pneumonia Ultrasound Scores (PedPne) and inflammatory biomarkers. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of PedPne in comparison with inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6 and dNLR) for the development of pneumonia in pediatric patients following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal observational study collected data from pediatric patients diagnosed with pneumonia after an acute SARS-CoV2 infection. The study focused on analyzing changes in PedPne scores and inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and dNLR from initial admission to follow-up at 7 days. Statistical analysis involved calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) for each biomarker, alongside regression analysis to determine their hazard ratios for predicting pneumonia development. Results: The analysis identified significant cutoff values for dNLR at 1.88 (sensitivity 77.0%, specificity 85.7%, AUC 0.802, p < 0.001), IL-6 at 6.1 pg/mL (sensitivity 70.3%, specificity 92.9%, AUC 0.869, p < 0.001), and PedPne score at 3.3 (sensitivity 75.7%, specificity 78.6%, AUC 0.794, p < 0.001). Conversely, NLR showed lower diagnostic performance (AUC 0.485, p = 0.327). Regression analysis further highlighted the strong predictive power of these markers, with IL-6 showing a fourfold increase in pneumonia risk (HR = 4.25, CI: 2.07–9.53, p < 0.001), dNLR indicating more than a twofold increase (HR = 2.53, CI: 1.19–6.97, p = 0.006), and PedPne score associated with more than a doubling of the risk (HR = 2.60, CI: 1.33–5.18, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study conclusively demonstrated that both PedPne ultrasound scores and specific inflammatory biomarkers such as dNLR and IL-6 are significant predictors of pneumonia development in pediatric patients post-COVID-19 infection. These findings advocate for the integration of these biomarkers in routine clinical assessments to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and management of pneumonia in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution with expired drugs of aquatic environments, in particular rivers and lakes, has lately become a major worldwide problem. Thus, the interest in the exact quantity of pharmaceutical waste as well as the management after the expiration date is very high. For the present study, expired drugs in the form of tablets, capsules, and powders collected from the Romanian population and unexpired medicines as the same tablets, capsules, and powders purchased from the local pharmacy were analyzed. Advanced 1H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) combined with Laplace data analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the unexpired and expired drugs. In order to assess the dynamics of dissolution of drugs in aqueous environment, various kinetic measurements of NMR relaxometry, electrical conductivity (EC) and visible near-infrared spectroscopy were performed and their performance in the differentiation of unexpired and expired drugs was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential organ of the female reproductive system, the uterus, is histologically divided into three layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and spectroscopy are modern methods that become important tools used by radiologists to increase the degree in confidence in their diagnosis, to provide noninvasive metabolic information, and to establish a standardized characterization of the nonpathological tissue. We developed a complex protocol based on in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging correlated with data analysis for the assessment of specific parameters, such as metabolite content, 1H spin-density, effective transverse relaxation time, and effective longitudinal relaxation time parameter maps, characteristic of normal endometrium in a group of 11 healthy volunteer women. This study involved: (i) a series of data analysis steps performed by a dedicated software and primary NMR signal processing (water and metabolite signal separation, phase and baseline correction, apodization) and (ii) advanced analysis based on dedicated programs. We observed and investigated three states of water: free water, loosely and strongly bound water characterized by different transverse relaxation times. The four most common metabolites reported in previous studies of malignant uterus were identified for normal endometrium. Qualitative transverse and longitudinal relaxation time parameter maps were obtained. The distributions of transverse relaxation times for various uterine areas were demonstrated by statistical analysis. The good signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of other metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate and M1 and M2 macromolecular resonances. A relatively high choline and lipid content and low creatine and lactate content were calculated for the group of healthy women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscopic properties like network dynamics and phase compositions were studied for a series of commercially available cosmetics emulsions like hair shampoo, anti-UV shielding creams and hand and body creams. Proton longitudinal and transverse nuclear magnetic relaxations were measured by recording the 1D CPMG and 2D saturation recovery–CPMG echoes decays. The one and bi-dimensional inverse Laplace transformations reveals subtitle features which characterize the microscopic dynamic behaviour associated with the in vitro natural degradation of cosmetics. The IR and UV–VIS spectra were recorded and correlated with the NMR measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1H 1D NMR T2 distribution method was implemented for the measurement of the proximal part of the femoris of a series of ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized Wistar albino rats. The rats were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after ovariectomy and the proximal part of femoris was harvested. The CPMG echoes train decays measured for the dried bone were analysed by Laplace inversion and an average of T2 distributions was considered for all rats' groups. The 1D normalized T2 distributions present four peaks which were associated with protons in four major environments. The first one corresponds to the protons from bound water to collagenous matrix. The second one was correlated with fluids in osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi channels, while the third one was correlated with fluids in secondary pores like Haversian and transverse Volkmann canals. Finally the last one corresponds to soft matter like bone marrow and to the fluids in primary pores like trabecular bone cavities. The femoral bone of ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized rats was treated as a quasi-porous media and from the T2 distributions the pores-size distributions were estimated function of observation time or evolution after ovariectomy. The results show that mainly the large cavities of proximal part of femoris, with the diameter in the range from 0.05 mm to 2 mm, are affected by osteoporosis for the ovariectomized rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starch in native forms or chemically modified is found as the main component of biodegradable packaging materials. Regarding this the water can produce a fast degradation, of the order of days, of such materials. Four types of packaging materials, one witness and three with different starch, glycerol and water ratios were subjected to natural degradation after absorption of distilled water. The degradation process was monitored by various NMR relaxometry methods based on the measurement of CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) decays with a T1 filter to exclude the signal from free water. The analysis of NMR signal decays was performed using a Laplace inversion algorithm and the dynamic components were identified from the T2 transverse relaxation times distributions. We found that the best package with 68/17/15 ratios between starch/glycerol/water is extremely degraded after just one day forming a colloid substance. After that in time we observe a quasisolid precipitation at the bottom of NMR tube. The reduction of dynamics is observed also in the T2-distributions measured for 5 days. The most resistant package (78/19.5/2.5) was that with a large content of starch but which was also reaching the swallow limit in five days and start to be decomposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of two wonder drugs, simvastatins and fenofibrates on the proximal part of the femoris of a series of ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized Wistar albino rats was estimated qualitatively and semi-quantitatively by the modern method of 1D 1H-NMR T2-distribution. The 72 rats subjected to this study were divided in six groups and were sacrificed at two, four, six and eight weeks after ovariectomy and the proximal part of femoris was harvested. The CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) echoes train curves were measured for the bones fully saturated with water during two months after two months of natural drying. These decays were analyzed by Laplace inversion and an average of normalized T2-distributions was considered for all rat's groups. The 1D averaged T2-distributions present four peaks, which were associated with protons in four major environments, from which the free water protons are used as spy molecules to explore the boundaries of cavities. In the approximation of spherical pores, the averaged T2-distributions were transformed in distributions of pores diameters. These were found in the range from 2 μm up to 2 mm. The relative amplitudes, widths and position of deconvoluted distributions of small, medium and large cavities are used for a qualitatively analysis of the effect of our lipid-lowering drugs. For a semi-quantitatively analysis, we chose the diameter d of proximal part of femoris' trabecular cavities. We show that the positive or negative effects of treatments with simvastatins and fenofibrates are strongly dependent on the duration of treatment. Moreover, the treatment of healthy bone is generally counter-indicated.