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The present article deals with the distribution of one of the spider family Cheiracanthiidae (Araneae: Arachnida), commonly known as yellow sac spiders, in different Indian states and union territories and also provides an update checklist based on the literature published up to September 30, 2020. It includes total 37 species of yellow sac spiders described under only 2 genera in India. The records demonstrated that only four species of these spiders are widely distributed: Cheiracanthium danieli Tikader, 1975, Cheiracanthium indicum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, Cheiracanthium melanostomum (Thorell, 1895) and Cheiracanthium triviale (Thorell, 1895). No yellow sac spider is reported from Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Haryana, Nagaland, Telangana and Ladakh yet. Species diversity is much more in Maharashtra and Gujarat (13 species each) followed by Tamil Nadu (10 species), West Bengal (9 species), Madhya Pradesh (7 species), Kerala (6 species), Uttarakhand (6 species) and less number of species in other areas. More than half (56.8%) species recorded in India are endemic. Despite their role as insect predators and being crucial to the health of terrestrial ecosystems, none of the species recorded in India is listed in IUCN Red List.

Two species of Cheiracanthium, known only from the original descriptions, C. adjacens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 and C. approximatum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885, are redescribed based on their types. A lectotype is designated for C. adjacens. The type localities of the two species lie in Himalaya, not in Tibet (Yarkand, Xinjiang, China), as indicated in catalogs. The lectotype (designated here) of C. insulanum (Thorell, 1878) a species described from Ambon, Indonesia is illustrated for the first time. It was found that literature records and figures of C. insulanum refer to C. approximatum. Because of this, seven species considered as junior synonyms of C. insulanum are moved to synonyms of C. approximatum: C. adjacensoides Song, Chen et Hou, 1990, syn.n., C. paradjacens Chen et Gao, 1990, syn.n., C. payateus Barrion et Litsinger, 1995, syn.n., C. tigbauaensis Barrion et Litsinger, 1995, syn.n., C. tingilium Barrion et Litsinger, 1995, syn.n., C. bikakapenalcolium Barrion et Litsinger, 1995, syn.n. and Cheiracanthium hugiscium Barrion et Litsinger, 1995, syn.n.

The status of the poorly known spider genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878 which has been overlooked for more than 60 years is investigated. Examination of the type material of Eutittha insulana Thorell, 1...

The family Cheiracanthiidae is known from 14 genera and 362 species (World Spider Catalog 2020). Presently 47 species from three genera Cheiracanthium (10 spp.),Cheiramiona (35 spp.) and Lessertina (2 spp.) are known from South Africa. All three generahave recently been revised. Thirty-six species are South African endemics, five issouthern African endemics and six has a wider African distribution. Twenty seven species(57.4%) are listed as Least Concern, 19 species (40.4%) still lack data and is listed as DataDeficient with only one species Cheiramiona hogsbackensis Lotz, 2015 listed as CriticalRare The species has a small restricted distribution range and is only known from one subpopulation.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Cheiracanthium triviale was sequenced for the first time. The 14,595 bp C. triviale mitogenome contained 37 genes (13 protein coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs) and one control region. The mitogenome of Dysdera silvatica which was available at NCBI GenBank was annotated. The mitogenome of C. triviale was compared with 43 previously sequenced spider species to observe the gene arrangements, control region and phylogeny. TreeREx analysis identified 19 mitochondrial gene rearrangements (11 transposition, 6 inversion, 2 inverse transposition) in spiders as compared with the putative ancestral gene order and lead to form new gene boundaries: trnQ-trnA, trnA-trnM for Loxosceles similis; nad3-trnS1, trnE-trnL2, trnL2-trnA, trnN-trnF for Agelena silvatica; trnN-trnE, trnE-trnA, trnR-trnF, nad4L-trnW, trnW-trnP for Carrhotus xanthogramma; trnQ-trnW, trnW-trnG, trnG-trnM for Tetragnatha nitens. Our study revealed that the gene rearrangement in spiders with putative ancestor is accelerated in Araneomorphae as compared to Mygalomorphae. Phylogenetic analysis of spiders using mitochondrial sequence data supports the monophyly of two infraorders, and sister relationship of Cheiracanthiidae with Selenopidae and Salticidae. The systematic position of the Cheiracanthium species always a controversial issue as this taxa was placed in different families by different authors.

The female of Cheiracanthium rupicola (Thorell, 1897) is redescribed based on newly collected materials, and the male is described here for the first time from Yunnan. Detailed morphological descriptions of the male and female, photos of the body and copulatory organs, and the locality map are provided. Keywords: Asia, Gaoligong mountains, Male supplement, Morphology, Taxonomy

Cheiracanthium caudatum (Thorell, 1887) Eutittha caudata Thorell, 1887, p. 58 (description of immature ♀ (?) from MYANMAR: Yangon; Dr L. Fea leg. 1885). Cheiracanthium caudatum: Simon 1901, p. 67. Comments This species is known only from the female specimen collected in Yangon Division, Myanmar (= Burma) (Thorell 1887). Thorell expressed doubt about the maturity of the examined specimen. This is the only Eutittha species for which Simon (1901 p. 67) established a new combination. The absence of figures and descriptions of the epigyne make it difficult to define this species and solve the problem of its systematic position., Published as part of Esyunin, Sergei L. & Zamani, Alireza, 2020, ' Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae), pp. 1293-1323 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (19 - 20) on page 1312, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1781950, http://zenodo.org/record/5028442, {"references":["Thorell T. 1887. Viaggio di L. Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. II. Primo saggio sui ragni birmani. Anal Museo Civico Storia Nat Genova. 25: 5 - 417.","Simon E. 1901. On the Arachnida collected during the Skeat expedition to the Malay Peninsula. Proc Zool Soc London. 71 (1): 45 - 84. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1901. tb 08164. x"]}

Cheiracanthium incomptum (Thorell, 1891) Eutittha incomptum Thorell, 1891, p. 29 (description of immature ♀ from INDIA: Nicobar Islands; Th. Workman leg. 1845���1847). Chiracanthium (Sic!) incomptum: Bonnet 1956, p. 1058. Comments This species is known only from an immature female collected on Nicobar Islands (Thorell 1891). As in the previous case, a detailed study of the type is required to confirm the validity of this species., Published as part of Esyunin, Sergei L. & Zamani, Alireza, 2020, ' Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae), pp. 1293-1323 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (19 - 20) on page 1313, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1781950, http://zenodo.org/record/5028442, {"references":["Thorell T. 1891. Spindlar fran Nikobarerna och andra delar af sodra Asien. Kongliga Svens Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. 24 (2): 1 - 149.","Bonnet P. 1956. Bibliographia araneorum. Analyse methodique de toute la litterature araneologique jusqu'en 1939. Tome II. Systematique des araignees (Etude par ordre alphabetique) (2 me partie: C-F). Douladoure Toulouse. p. 919 - 1926."]}

Cheiracanthium tigbauaensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, stat. resurr. Cheiracanthium tigbauaensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, p. 161, figs 91a���f, 92a���d (description of holotype ♂ from PHILIPPINES: Panay Island (10��40 �� 29���N, 122��22 �� 39���E), A.T. Barrion leg. 3.VIII.1977, paratype ♂ and ♀ from same locality, A.T. Barrion leg. 9. XI.1978; paratype ♀ from PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island (16��02 �� 38���N, 120��29 �� 08���E), J.P. Bandong leg. 18.VIII.1979). Deeleman-Reinhold 2001, p. 228 (synonymy with C. insulanum; here rejected). Comments This species was originally described from Panay Island, Philippines (Barrion and Litsinger 1995) from both sexes. The conspecificity of the two species, C. adjacensoides and C. tigbauaensis, is not at all certain. The respective suggestion by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001, p. 231) is not reasonable. In the original description of C. tigbauaensis it is indicated that ���tegular apophysis moderately broad, squarely cut below before the tapering distal end��� (Barrion and Litsinger 1995, p. 164, fig. 91b, c), while TA of C. adjacensoides is unmodified, rounded at the apex (Song et al. 1990: fig 3)., Published as part of Esyunin, Sergei L. & Zamani, Alireza, 2020, ' Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae), pp. 1293-1323 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (19 - 20) on page 1318, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1781950, http://zenodo.org/record/5028442, {"references":["Barrion AT, Litsinger JA. 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. Wallingford (UK): CAB International; p. xix + 700.","Deeleman-Reinhold CL. 2001. Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV; p. 591.","Song DX, Chen XE, Hou JW. 1990. A new species of the genus Chiracanthium from China (Araneae: Clubionidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sin. 15: 427 - 430."]}

Cheiracanthium longipes (Thorell, 1890) Eutittha longipes Thorell, 1890, p. 372 (description of ♀ from INDONESIA: Sumatra, Padang; Dr. O. Beccari leg. 1878). Chiracanthium (Sic!) longipes: Reimoser 1934, p. 15. Comments This species is known only from a female specimen collected in Sumatra (Thorell 1890). The absence of figures and descriptions of the epigyne make it difficult to define this species and solve the problem of its systematic position., Published as part of Esyunin, Sergei L. & Zamani, Alireza, 2020, ' Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae), pp. 1293-1323 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (19 - 20) on page 1312, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1781950, http://zenodo.org/record/5028442, {"references":["Thorell T. 1890. Studi sui ragni Malesi e Papuani. IV, 1. Anal Museo Civico Storia Nat Genova. 28: 5 - 421.","Reimoser E. 1934. The spiders of Krakatau. Proc Zool Soc London. 104 (1): 13 - 18. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1934. tb 06215. x"]}

Cheiracanthium sadanai Tikader, 1976, stat. resurr. Cheiracanthium sadanai Tikader, 1976, p. 175, fig 1���4 (description of holotype ♀ and allotype ♂ from INDIA: Punjab, Ludhiana Agricultural University compound; Dr L. Sadana leg. 12.6.1887). Majumder and Tikader 1991: 90, figs. 197���202 (♂ ♀). Cheiracanthium melanostomum: Deeleman-Reinhold 2001, p. 231, p. 254 (synonymy of C. sadanai with C. melanostomum, even though the author herself was uncertain about this decision; here rejected). Comments This species was originally described from Punjab State, India (Tikader 1976) from both sexes. The conspecificity of the two species, C. melanostomum and C. sadanai, is not at all certain. The respective suggestion by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001, p. 231) is not reasonable. In the original description of C. sadanai it is indicated that ���cephalothorax, abdomen and legs light green��� (Tikader 1976, p. 176), while in the original description of C. melanostomum, it is indicated that the cephalothorax colouration ranges from testaceous to dark testaceous (Thorell 1895, p. 44). According to the redescription by Majumder and Tikader (1991), Indian specimens of C. melanostomum also have a colour pattern (���cephalothorax, legs and abdomen light brown���, cf. Majumder and Tikader 1991, p. 63) different from that of C. sadanai. Other potential distinguishing characteristics are indicated in the definitive key of Majumder and Tikader (1991, p. 54���56). However, currently, there is no publication that includes illustrations that allow an unambiguous definition of either C. melanostomum or C. sadanai according to the characters of the copulatory organs (all illustrations of these species in the relevant literature are too small and/or hard to interpret). Moreover, there is no indication that the types of C. sadanai had been re-examined by any of the subsequent authors (that either treated C. melanostomum or C. sadanai). Unfortunately, due to strict regulations in India, the type specimens were not available for this study either., Published as part of Esyunin, Sergei L. & Zamani, Alireza, 2020, ' Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae), pp. 1293-1323 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (19 - 20) on page 1318, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1781950, http://zenodo.org/record/5028442, {"references":["Tikader BK. 1976. Two new species of spiders of the genera Cheiracanthium Koch and Clubiona Latreille (family: Clubionidae) from India. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 73: 175 - 177.","Majumder SC, Tikader BK. 1991. Studies on some spiders of the family Clubionidae from India. Rec Zool Surv India, Occasional Pap. 102: 1 - 175.","Deeleman-Reinhold CL. 2001. Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV; p. 591.","Thorell T. 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London; p. 1 - 406."]}

Spiders are key predatory arthropods that are negatively affected by spraying pesticides in orchards. The aim of this research was to determine the structure of the community of spiders in pear orchards and the impact of the intensity of spraying. The study was carried out over three years in four pear orchards in southern Spain, two of them were conducted by ourselves with no or low-intensity spraying of insecticides, and two under the criteria of technicians (conventional). Spiders were sampled on pear trees by the beating method. The orchards hosted a rich community of spiders belonging to 13 different families and 51 genera. However, the genera Philodromus, Oxyopes, Cheiracanthium, Icius, and Neoscona accounted for 72% of the captures. Spiders were more abundant and had a higher richness of genera in the low-intensity spraying than in conventional orchards. Philodromidae, Salticidae, and Cheiracanthiidae experienced a significant population reduction in conventional orchards, while Araneidae, Linyphiidae, and Thomisidae were not significantly affected by the intensity of spraying. The wandering hunting mode could explain the negative impact on Philodromidae, Salticidae, and Cheiracanthiidae but does not explain the lack of effect on Oxyopidae and Thomisidae. No significant effect was found on any family of web builders.

Four new species of the genusCheiracanthiumC.L. Koch, 1839 from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China are described:C. daofengYu & Li,sp. nov.(♂♀),C. duanbiYu & Li,sp. nov.(♂♀),C. gouYu & Li,sp. nov.(♂), andC. wuquanYu & Li,sp. nov.(♀). In addition,SinocanthiumYu & Li,gen. nov., is described with the type speciesS. shuangqiuYu & Li,sp. nov.A key to cheiracanthiid genera distributed in East and Southeast Asia is provided.

Four species of spider genusCheiracanthiumC. L. Koch, 1839 are reported from Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China. Two of them are described as new to science:C.auriculatumsp. n.(♀♂) andC.echinulatumsp. n.(♂).CheiracanthiumtaiwanicumChen, Huang, Chen & Wang, 2006 is recorded from Mainland China for the first time.CheiracanthiumzhejiangenseHu & Song, 1982, the most similar species toC.auriculatumsp. n., is a newly recorded species of Jiangxi Province. Detailed descriptions, diagnoses, and photographs of the two new species are given.CheiracanthiumtaiwanicumandC.zhejiangenseare also illustrated.

The present are pesiments wase condacted to study the biological aspects of the true spider Cheiracanthium isiacum O.P. under laboratory codeition . Individuals of Cheiracanthium isiacum O. Pickard-, 1874. Was collected from citrus trees in Aswan governorate, Egypt. it was fed and reared on adults of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, vinegar fly, Dorsophila melanogaster and stored grain worm moth, Ephestia kuhniella. This species was found on citrus trees and on the ground and reared (during the period between 5 of February and 25 July 2016) . Incubation period lasted on average of 17.0 days at 28 ± 2oC and 60-70% R.H. There were 5 spiderling instars before reaching adult male and 6 instars before reaching adult female. The total period of spiderlings was shorter for male (57.3 days) than female (88.5 days). Adult longevity and life span were shorter for male than for the female. The pre- oviposition period was 9. 0 days while the oviposition period averaged 65.4, days and the post- oviposition period lasted on averag of 46.4 days.

First records of spiders and harvestmen (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones) for Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) since 2010 with remarks on endangerment status. In the years 2004 to 2017 the author has recorded 25 spider species and one harvestman newly for Schleswig-Holstein. The unpublished records since 2010 are presented for the first time: 2010: Araniella inconspicua (Simon, 1874); 2011: Hahnia ononidum Simon, 1875; 2012: Centromerus incilium (L. Koch, 1881); 2013: Mermessus trilobatus (Emerton, 1882); 2014: Anelasmocephalus cambridgei Westwood, 1874, Glyphesis servulus (Simon, 1881), Micrargus apertus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) and the lost harvestman Lacinius horridus (Panzer, 1794); 2015: Cheiracanthium campestre Lohmander, 1944, Improphantes decolor (Westring, 1861), Sibianor larae Logunov, 2001; 2017: Clubiona leucaspis (Simon, 1932). In addition, remarks on endangerment status with respect to earlier records since 2004 are provided.

Overwintering of spiders in empty snail shells is a little studied topic and in Slovakia similar research has not been carried out yet. Collecting shells was carried out in the eastern part of Slovakia, in winter at the turn of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The study was conducted both at the steppe like and post-industrial habitats. A total of 1085 shells were collected with a spider occupation rate 10.69 %. All acquired 116 spiders were classified in ten families. The most abundant spider family was the Salticidae, with a dominant species Pellenes tripunctatus (Walckenaer, 1802). Significant records include Cheiracanthium montanum (L. Koch, 1877) which is considered as vulnerable and Sitticus penicillatus (Simon, 1875) with a lower risk thread according to Red List of Slovakian spiders. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The experiment was conducted in a small greenhouse of citrus plants to know the population dynamic and the relationship between the Eutichurid spider Cheiracanthium isiacum and the occasional pest Phyllocnistis citrella. There was a statistically significant difference within three times in dominance of P. citrella. Results show that it is possible to detect P. citrella DNA in C. isiacum by using PCR technique and confirm the greenhouse experiment that there is a specific relationship between it. Cheiracanthium isiacum may be important in suppressing this pest population below economic threshold

Spiders are mega diverse arthropods and play an important role in the ecosystem. Identification of this group is challenging due to their cryptic behavior, sexual dimorphism, and unavailability of taxonomic keys for juveniles. To overcome these obstacles, DNA barcoding plays a pivotal role in spider identification throughout the globe. This study is the first large scale attempt on DNA barcoding of spiders from India with 101 morphospecies of 72 genera under 21 families, including five endemic species and holotypes of three species. A total of 489 barcodes was generated and analyzed, among them 85 novel barcodes of 22 morphospecies were contributed to the global database. The estimated delimitation threshold of the Indian spiders was 2.6% to 3.7% K2P corrected pairwise distance. The multiple species delimitation methods (BIN, ABGD, GMYC and PTP) revealed a total of 107 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) for 101 morphospecies. We detected more than one MOTU in 11 morphospecies with discrepancies in genetic distances and tree topologies. Cryptic diversity was detected in Pardosa pusiola, Cyclosa spirifera, and Heteropoda venatoria. The intraspecies distances which were as large as our proposed delimitation threshold were observed in Pardosa sumatrana, Thiania bhamoensis, and Cheiracanthium triviale. Further, shallow genetic distances were detected in Cyrtophora cicatrosa, Hersilia savignyi, Argiope versicolor, Phintella vittata, and Oxyopes birmanicus. Two morphologically distinguished species (Plexippus paykulli and Plexippus petersi) showed intra-individual variation within their DNA barcode data. Additionally, we reinstate the original combination for Linyphia sikkimensis based on both morphology and DNA barcoding. These data show that DNA barcoding is a valuable tool for specimen identification and species discovery of Indian spiders.

Intraguild predation (IGP) among predatory arthropods can impair pest control efforts and endanger the joint-action compatibility of groups of natural enemies. The present study used plant microcosms to examine IGP of Cheiracanthium pelasgicum (C. L. Koch) (Araneae: Miturgidae) on minute pirate bugs Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), two of the major lepidopteran-egg predators in southern Spanish cotton fields, and its effects on the control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. Intensive unidirectional IGP of C. pelasgicum on O. laevigatus was observed under plant arena conditions: over 90 % of minute bugs were killed by spiders in the first 24 h. However, no negative interaction between C. pelasgicum and minute pirate bugs was found under different egg-density conditions with Orius alone, and the combination of two predator treatments displayed significantly higher predation rates than the spider-alone treatment after 24 h. Increased egg density did not affect control by predators, nor did it prompt a significant reduction in IGP. During a day–night bioassay, negative interaction between the two predators was found under night conditions, impacting on egg predation rates due to the combination of two predators. Predation of spiders on H. armigera eggs took place mainly at night, while predation by minute bugs was recorded both by day and by night. Finally, IGP by C. pelasgicum on minute pirate bugs was significantly higher by night. These outcomes demonstrate that diurnal and more intensive nocturnal IGP by spiders on minute pirate bugs had a moderate impact on the early control of H. armigera, with no negative effects after 24 h.

Two newly recorded spiders, Cheiracanthium lascivum Karsch, 1879 of Eutichuridae and Gnaphosa kamurai Ovtsharenko, Platnick and Song, 1992 of Gnaphosidae are described and illustrated from Korea.Key Words: Cheiracanthium lascivum, Gnaphosa kamurai, Eutichuridae, Gnaphosidae, Korea Received: December 20, 2014. Revised: February 10, 2015. Accept ed: February 10, 2015.Corresponding author: Seung-Tae KimLife and Environment Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seo ul 143-701, Republic of KoreaTel: 82-2-450-3754, Fax: 82-2-450-3726, E-mail: stkim2000@hanma il.net Introduction The spider genus Cheiracanthium of Miturgidae in Korea comprises 7 species to date (Namkung et al. 2009); C. brevispinum Song, Feng and Shang, 1982, C. erraticum (Walckenaer 1802), C. japonicum Bosenberg and Strand, 1906, C. taegense Paik, 1990, C. uncinatum Paik, 1985, C. unicum Bosenberg and Strand, 1906 and C. zhejiangense Hu and Song, 1982. Recently, the genus was transferred from the Miturgidae to the Eutichuridae by Ramirez (2014). One male of

Cheiracanthium pennyi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 МатериаΛ. 1♀, Терсек, степь, 17.05.2014; 2♂, Терсек, 19.08.2015; 2♂, корΑон «СаΑ», 25.05– 16.06.2015., Published as part of Ponomarev, A. V., Bragina, T. M. & Shmatko, V. Yu., 2017, New data on spiders (Aranei) of the Naurzum State Natural Reserve (Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan), pp. 3-10 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 13 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.23885/1814-3326-2017-13-1-3-10, http://zenodo.org/record/8145545

Cheiracanthium punctorium (Villers, 1789) МатериаΛ. 1♂, Àокучаевское пΛато, 5.07.2014., Published as part of Ponomarev, A. V., Bragina, T. M. & Shmatko, V. Yu., 2017, New data on spiders (Aranei) of the Naurzum State Natural Reserve (Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan), pp. 3-10 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 13 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.23885/1814-3326-2017-13-1-3-10, http://zenodo.org/record/8145545

Cheiracanthium virescens (Sundevall, 1832) МатериаΛ. 1♂, КаракуΑук, ΛесопоΛоса у оз. ÀонгаΛыксор, 18.07.2014. Замечания. ВиΑ, новый ΑΛя фауны Казахстана., Published as part of Ponomarev, A. V., Bragina, T. M. & Shmatko, V. Yu., 2017, New data on spiders (Aranei) of the Naurzum State Natural Reserve (Kostanay Region, Kazakhstan), pp. 3-10 in Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 13 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.23885/1814-3326-2017-13-1-3-10, http://zenodo.org/record/8145545

Closely allied spider species Cheiracanthium japonicum and Cheiracanthium lascivum make a closed breeding nest for egg laying and parental care. The nest provides the internal climatic stability required for suitable development of eggs and the physical durability required for protection against intruders. Although the breeding nests of these two spiders are quite similar in structure and appearance, their climatic stability and physical durability seem to be empirically different. Such physical features of the nests of these two spiders were compared based on a balance between the inner and outer air temperature and humidity of the nest as well as on the amount and size of spider silks lining the nest. In addition, the female’s relative energy allocation to egg production versus nest construction was examined based on the number or weight of eggs versus the climatic stability and physical durability of the nest. According to the results, the stability of temperature and humidity was maintained be...

Karyotypes and meiosis of five spider species belonging to the families Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae and Philodromidae were studied using standard Giemsa staining. The male diploid chromosome numbers (2n) and the sex chromosome systems were as follows: Drassodes lutescens: 2n = 21 (X0), Micaria albovittata: 2n = 22 (X1X20), Cheiracanthium mildei: 2n = 26 (X1X20), Cheiracanthium pennyi: 2n = 26 (X1X20) and Philodromus lividus: 2n = 28 (X1X20). Chromosomes of all specimens were telocentric. During the first meiotic division, 10, 10, 12, 12 and 13 autosomal bivalents, respectively, and two sex chromosomes were obtained, with the exception of Drassodes lutescens, which had a different type of sex chromosome system (♂X0/♀XX). During the second meiotic division, two types of nuclei were determined, with or without the sex chromosomes. These karyological data are useful for a better understanding of the chromosomal evolution of araneomorph spiders.

Spiders from the steppe habitats of the Planě Nature Monument (Czech Republic) were investigated. The spiders were samdoi: 10.30963/aramit5812 pled using pitfall traps and through sweeping of the herb vegetation. In total, 11634 individuals from 154 species in 88 genera from 25 families were recorded. Numerous threatened species listed in the Red List of the Czech spiders were found (CR – 1, EN – 1, VU – 11, LC – 23). 36 mainly xerothermic species were recorded, representing a valuable arachnofauna typical for the Pannonian Region. However, the studied area does not belong to this particular region. Several findings represent the northernmost occurrences of rare thermophilic spiders in the Czech Republic. Ten species (Dysdera moravica, Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus, Trichoncus affinis, Porrhomma errans, Alopecosa striatipes, Cheiracanthium oncognathum, Civizelotes pygmaeus, Zelotes aeneus, Thanatus arenarius, Talavera aperta) are discussed in details and their records in the Czech Republic are mapped. Suggestions regarding the management of the area are given to improve the conditions for a high and valuable biodiversity.

Records of spiders of the vineyard terraces from the vicinity of the villages Morkůvky and Mutěnice Jeslicky (South Moravia, Czech Republic) are published in the presented work. Spiders were collected by pitfall traping during 30 April - 28 October 2011 and by day and night sweeping of herb vegetation in different dates of 2011. In total 2719 individuals were collected, and identified as 139 species of 23 families. Eighteen species listed in the Red List of threatened species in the Czech Republic were recorded. In vineyard terraces in the vicinity of Morkůvky, 12 threatened species (CR - 2 species, EN - 3 species, VU - 7 species) were found altogether. In the vineyard terraces at Mutěnice, we found 13 threatened spider species (CR - 2 species, EN - 6 species, VU - 5 species). The most significant findings are Alopecosa solitaria (Herman, 1879), Cheiracanthium pennyi O.P.-Cambridge, 1873; Dipoena coracina (C. L. Koch, 1837); Dysdera hungarica Kulczynski, 1897; Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846; Euryopis quinqueguttata Thorell, 1875; Sibianor tantulus (Simon, 1868) and Haplodrassus minor (O.P.-Cambridge, 1879). Besides of these threatened species, we discovered rich spectra of rare spiders related to the well preserved xeric grasslands. Our faunistic results indicate that artificial habitats, such as vineyard terraces, are important refuges for wide spectra of xerothermophilous spiders.

Antagonist interactions such as intraguild predation (IGP) or cannibalism among predatory arthropods can reduce the impact of these invertebrates on pest limitation in agroecosystems. Here, the effects of IGP between two major natural enemies of cotton pests, the cursorial spider Cheiracanthium pelasgicum (C.L. Koch) and the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), were studied under laboratory conditions. First, a feeding preference test was carried out to determine the degree of C. pelasgicum preference for lacewing larvae, using second-instar Helicoverpa armigera larvae as alternative prey. In a second bioassay, the effects of predator interactions on potential predation of H. armigera larvae were analysed using three treatment combinations (plus a control with no predator): (1) spider alone, (2) lacewing larvae alone, (3) spider + lacewing larvae. Potential predation by C. pelasgicum on lacewing eggs was also studied. C. pelasgicum showed no significant preference for either of the two spe...

Faunistic data of rare and remarkable spider species found in vineyard terraces around Mikulov and Popice are presented. Vineyard terraces are artificial – man made – habitats that were established in the eighties of the 20th century with intention of growing grapevine. Spiders were collected by pitfall traping during 30 April – 28 October 2011 and by day and night sweeping of herb vegetation in different dates of 2011. Twenty two species listed in the Red List of threatened species in the Czech Republic were recorded. In vineyard terraces at the vicinity of Popice, 12 threatened species (CR – 2 species, EN – 3 species, VU – 7 species) were found altogether. In the vineyard terraces at Mikulov, we found 18 threatened spider species (CR – 3 species, EN – 7 species, VU – 8 species). Very rare and critically endangered Tibellus macellus Simon, 1875, Dysdera hungarica Kulczyński, 1897 and Cheiracanthium pennyi O. P.-Cambridge, 1873 belongs to the most significant findings. Besides of these threatened species, we discovered rich spectra of rare xerothermophilous spiders which created dominant and eudominant component of araneofauna – Alopecosa solitaria (Herman, 1879), Gnaphosa lucifuga (Walckenaer, 1802), Thanatus arenarius Thorell, 1872, and Ozyptila pullata (Thorell, 1875). We found that artificial habitats such as vineyard terraces are important as suitable habitats for a wide spectrum of xerothermophilous spiders of the Czech Republic.

Spiders are one of the most abundant predator groups found in agroecosystems and they have special adaptations towards a predatory way of life. The aim of this paper is to review our present knowledge of spider diversity in different agroecosystems of South Africa, as well as their potential prey. This paper provides a measure of what has been achieved in research on spiders in South African agroecosystems, and identifies directions for future research. A checklist of spiders found in these systems is provided, based on published surveys and data from the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) database, with information on the guilds that they occupy. Thus far, 51 families with 238 genera and 413 species have been recorded from crops in South Africa. Five agrobiont species have been listed that might play an important role as natural control agents of pests: Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.- Cambridge, 1879) (Linyphiidae); Pardosa crassipalpis Purcell, 1903 (Lycosidae); Cheiracanthium fur...

Cheiracanthium rupestre Herman, 1879 nomen dubium Chiracanthium rupestre Herman, 1879: 157, 356, pl. 7, f. 158 (Description and illustration of female). [Holotype ♀ from HUNGARY: Majl��th (Di��sgyőr, Miskolc), considered lost]. Cheiracanthium macedonicum Drensky, 1921 ( Figs 1 a+b, 2a+b, 4, 5a+b, 6a+b) Chiracanthium rupestre ��� Chyzer & Kulczyński 1897: 235, pl. 9, figs 42, 62, 78 (description of female, description and illustration of male; three ♀♀ examined, two of them by photographs, considered misidentified) Chiracanthium macedoinica [sic, lapsus] Drensky, 1921: 49, 77, pl. 1, figs 12-14 (description and illustration of female). [Holotype ♀ from BULGARIA: Yakoruda, Drensky leg., examined]. Chiracanthium macedonica ��� Drensky 1929: 23 (lapsus corrected) Cheiracanthium mazedonica ��� Drensky 1936: 173 (lapsus) Cheiracanthium macedonicum ��� Roewer 1955: 480 (correction of gender ending required by ICZN Art. 31.2). Chiracanthium macedonicum ��� Bonnet 1956: 1060 Cheiracanthium rupestre ��� Oltean 1973: 46, figs 1-2 (description and illustration of male; considered misidentified) Cheiracanthium rupestre ��� Sterghiu 1985: 110, figs 33a-c (description and illustration of male; considered misidentified) Cheiracanthium striolatum Simon, 1878 Cheiracanthium rupestre ��� Oltean 1973: 46, figs 1-2 (description and illustration of male; considered misidentified) Cheiracanthium rupestre ��� Sterghiu 1985: 110, figs 33a-c (description and illustration of male; considered misidentified) Cheiracanthium striolatum Simon, 1878, Published as part of Rainer Breitling, Tobias Bauer, Arno Grabolle, Pierre Oger, Paolo Pantini, Johan Van Keer, Walter P. Pfliegler, Elke JantsCher & Jan Dolansk��, 2016, East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae), pp. 38-49 in Arachnologische Mitteilungen 52 on page 47, DOI: 10.5431/aramit5208, http://zenodo.org/record/198414, {"references":["Herman O 1879 Magyarorszag Pok-faunaja. III. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat Megbizasabol. Ungarns Spinnen- fauna. III. Im Auftrage der Koniglich Ungarischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. Budapest. 394 pp.","Drensky P 1921 Paiti otъ iztocнa Мakidoнii i Piрiн-pлaнiнa [Payazi ot iztochna Makedonia i Pirin-Planina - Spiders from Eastern Macedonia and the Pirin Mountains]. - Сpiсaнii нa Bълgaрсkata akadiмii нa нaukitѣ [Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite] 23: 1 - 80, Tab. I-II","Chyzer C & Kulczynski W 1897 Araneae Hungariae. Tomus II. pars posterior: Zodarioidae, Agalenoidae, Drassoidae, Zoropseoidae, Dysderoidae, Filistatoidae, Calommatoidae, Theraphosoidae. Academia Scientiarum Hungarica, Budapest. pp. 147 - 366, Tab. VI-X","Drensky P 1929 Paiti (Araneae) otъ Tiнtрaлнa i Юgozapadнa Мakidoнii. Spinnen aus Mittel- und Sudwest-Mazedonien. - Сpiсaнii нa Bълgaрсkata akadiмii нa нaukitѣ [Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite] 39: 1 - 76, Tab. I-IV","Drensky P 1936 Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) der Balkanhalbinsel. - Сpiсaнii нa Bълgaрсkata akadiмii нa нaukitѣ [Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite] 32: 1 - 223","Roewer CF 1955 Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles. pp. 1 - 924","Bonnet P 1956 Bibliographia araneorum. Analyse methodique de toute la litterature araneologique jusqu'en 1939. Tome II (2 me partie: C - F). Douladoure, Toulouse. pp. 919 - 1926","Oltean C 1973 Genul Chiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839, in Romania. - Analele Universitatii Bucuresti, Seria Stiintele naturii, Biologie animala 22: 45 - 49","Sterghiu C 1985 Fam. Clubionidae. In: Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania: Arachnida, Volumul V, Fascicula 4. Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucharest. 165 pp."]}

The case of Cheiracanthium rupestre Material examined sub C. rupestre: BULGARIA: 1♀, 2 juv., Kranevo near Varna, forest edge, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 9.���11.VIII.2005, Dolansk�� leg. et coll. 1♀, Stranbaka mts., Vitanovo nature reserve, 28.���30.VIII.2000, S. Petrov leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♂, 10.���14. VII.1977, NMP, J. Buchar leg. et coll. P6d-41/2012/C2331. 3 juv., Bosnek, ca. 1100 m a.s.l., 13. VIII. 2009, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. 6 juv. (1♀, 1♂ kept to adult stage under laboratory conditions), Bosnek, 13. X. 2010, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. HUNGARY: 1♀, V��rpalota, HNHM Araneae-2198, Chyzer coll. 1187. 2♀♀ V��rpalota IZ Kulczyński coll. (photographs examined). 1♀, Szentendrei-sziget (Szentendre Island), north of Budapest, under bark on dead wood, end of May 2009, K. Pfeiffer leg., A. Grabolle coll. 1♂, Nadap, Meleghegy, oak forest, 15.VI.1951, HNHM, Kakassn�� leg. SLOVAKIA: 1♀, Čachtice, 19.VI.1978, J. Svatoň leg. et coll. sub C. macedonicum: BULGARIA: 1♀, between Yakoruda between Yakoruda and Mekhomiya and Mekhomiya, NMN- HS, holotype. sub C. striolatum: ITALY: 2♂♂, Firenze, Marradi, Badia Valle 430 m a.s.l., 25.VI.2003, A. Usvelli leg., MCSN. Sicily 1♀, Ragusa, Giarratana, fiume Irminio, 500 m a.s.l., 19.V.1995, P. Pantini, M. Valle leg., MCSN. Comparative material C. striolatum: FRANCE: 4♀♀, 1♂ ���Pyr[��nn��s] Or[ientales] Prats de Mollo���, MNHN Simon coll. 1791. 1♂ Bonne Anse dunes, near La Coubre, Charente-Maritime ���mainly un- der rock rose��� MMUE Duffey coll. G7512. 1♀, Balcons de la Mescla near Draguignan, bushy area, ca 800 m a.s.l., 25. IV.2009, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. PORTUGAL: 1♀, Picotino, 21.II.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390b, pitfall. 1♂, T��, 21.II.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390c, pitfall. 1♀, Fonte d���Aldeia, 7.III.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390d, pitfall. 1♀, Fonte d���Aldeia, 13.VI.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390g, pitfall. 1♀, Algozinho, 21.III.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390e, pitfall. 1♀, Algozinho, 4. IV. 2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390f, pitfall. 1♂, Mogadouro, 8.II.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0248B. 1♀, 1♂, Picote, 21.VI.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0248c, pitfall. 1♂, Bru����, 3.X.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0248d, pitfall. 1♂, Picote, 14.XI.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0248e, pitfall. 1♂, M��rtola, 27.V.2003, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. 5358. 1♂, Limas, 18.VI.2003, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. 5475, pitfall. 4♀♀, 2♂♂, 5 juv., Picote, 31.V.2001, P. Cardoso leg. et coll. PMC0390a, swept. 1♀, 1 juv., Praia da Bordeira near Lagos, 12.IV.2005, M. Řez��č leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♀, M��rtola, Corredoura, valley of Guadiana river, 8.XI.2005, M. Řez��č leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♀ Barca d���Alva near Mogadouro, 10.X.2007, M. Řez��č leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1 juv., Ribeira Limas, 1.VII.2007, S. Pek��r leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1 juv., Golega near Torres Novas, 2.X.2007, M. Řez��č leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♂, Palao near Mogadouro, 4.X.2007, M. Řez��č leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♂, Fonte de Aldeia near Mogadouro, 5.X.2007, M. Řez��č leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♀, Faro, Murra����o, 17.IV.2013, R. Bosmans leg. et coll. 1♀, 1♂, Lagoa de Obidos, in pine litter, 20. IV. 2013, R. Bosmans leg. et coll. 1♀, Belmeque, bushy area, 300 m a.s.l., 38��2���45���N, 7��22���59���W, 28.III.2013, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. 1♀, M��rtola, bushy area, 50 m a.s.l., 37��38���5���N, 7��40���13���W, 30.III.2013, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. 1♀, Barranco do Velho, 30.III.2013, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. 15♀♀, southern Portugal, 3.���7.IV.2008, M. Řez��č et S. Korenko leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. SPAIN 1♂, Fabero, 1.V.2012, F. ��ť��hlavsk�� leg., J. Dolansk�� coll. 1♀, M��laga, Mijas, stones in pine forest, 19.XII.1997, R. Bosmans leg. et coll. Mallorca 14 juv. (3♀♀, 4♂♂ kept to adult stage under laboratory conditions), Badia Gran, bushy area, VI. 2008, J. Dolansk�� leg. et coll. ITALY 1♀, Livorno, Isola di Capraia, 20.V.1992 C. Berera leg. MCSN. Sardinia 1♀, SMF Roewer coll. RII/13643. FRANCE: Corsica 1♀, Vivario, Col de Sorba (1320m), 26.V.1995, under stones in Larix forest, J. & K. Van Keer leg. et coll. CJVK 1506. 1♀, Solenzara, 28.V.1999, in a Juncus field, CJVK. 1♀, Asco, 23.IX.2013, under a stone along rocks, CJVK. 1♂ Zonza, 28.V.1999, under stones in Corsican pine forest, CJVK. 1♂, Mausoleo, rivi��re Tartagine, 1100 m a.s.l., light trap, 30.V.2000, E. Bertuetti et al. leg., MCSN. 2♀♀, Mausoleo, rivi��re Tartagine, 1100 m a.s.l., light trap, 1.VIII.2000 Giomi F., Salmini B. leg. MCSN. 3♀♀, Olmi Cappella, affluent rivi��re Tartagine, 840 m a.s.l., light trap, 30.V.2000, E. Bertuetti et al. leg., MCSN. 5♀♀, 3♂♂, Asco, rivi��re Stranciacone, 1800 m a.s.l., light trap, 1.VI.2000, E. Bertuetti et al. leg., MCSN. ALGERIA: 1♀, 2♂♂, Wilaya de Tissemsilt, Theniet el Had, clearing in cedar forest, 1750 m a.s.l., 23.III.1988, R. Bosmans leg. et coll. 2♀♀, 1♂, Wilaya de Bouira, Massif du Djurdjura, Tigounatine, 1460 m a.s.l., cedar forest, 6.X.1987���1.IV.1988, R. Bosmans leg. et coll. MO- ROCCO: 1♀, 1♂, Tiznit, Mirlef, litter and stones, near the sea, 25 m a.s.l., R. Bosmans leg. et coll. Uncertain locality (���gall. m., hisp., alg.���= Southern FRANCE, SPAIN, ALGERIA) 28♀♀, 16♂♂, MNHN Simon coll. 1796.1867 (probably including syntypes). No locality. 2♀♀, 1♂ MNHN Simon coll. 1803.13468. C. sp. near striolatum: ALGERIA: 2♀♀ Tlemcen, MNHN Simon coll. 1804.13299. 1♂, Djelfa, Djebel Djellal, 17. VIII. 1990, R. Bosmans leg. et coll. MOROCCO 2♀♀, 1♂ ���Mogador, La Escaleza��� (= Essaouria, Marrakesh), MNHN Simon coll., 1803.13648. 1♀ ���Maroc: entre Mazagan [= El Jadida] et Oualidia (J. Th��odorid��s leg.)���, J. Denis det., MNHN, Simon coll., 1803. TUNISIA: 2♀♀, 1♂ Djerba, MNHN Simon coll. 1804.12462. Cheiracanthium rupestre was first described by Herman (1879) based on a single female found under a stone in a stony ditch close to Majl��th (Di��sgyőr, Miskolc, Hungary). It was redescribed by Chyzer & Kulczyński (1897), who not only discussed both sexes in their determination keys, but also provided the first description of the presumptive male of the species, based on a single specimen, the palp of which they illustrated. They considered the species much rarer (���multo rarius���) than C. effossum, which itself is one of the rarely found species of the genus. Another record, from ���Pajsarjeva jama���, a cave in central Slovenia, was contributed by Kratochv��l (1934), without further details. The male, but not the female, was later redescribed with detailed illustrations by Cleopatra Oltean (1973), which were later republished (under her married name) in her monograph on the Romanian Clubionidae s. lat. (Sterghiu 1985). The species is said by Sterghiu to be adult in May in Romania, where a single male was found in low vegetation on a roadside in Băneasa, on the northern edge of Bucharest. Since then, the species has been reported very rarely and usually on the basis of single male individuals from a few additional countries: Slovakia (various locations, Gajdo�� et al. 1999, 2009), Austria (1 male collected in a xerothermophilic downy oak forest on a south-facing mountainside between 400 and 500 m, Kanzelkogel, Graz, Styria, Horak 1987), Macedonia (4 male specimens collected in July 1998 at elevations between 1300 and 1800 m on ��ar Mountain, Komnenov 2002), and Bulgaria (Slavyanka Mountain, Naumova 2009). A female specimen from Bosnek in the Vitosha Mountains, Bulgaria (and now in the Dolansk�� collection), was illustrated by Kůrka et al. (2015). Herman���s type material could not be found in the collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and is in all probability lost. It was also not found in the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW), the Museum & Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (IZ), or the Zoological Museum of the National University of Lviv (LNU), where parts of the Kulczyński collection are held. However, a single female specimen labelled as C. rupestre is still available in Chyzer���s collection in Budapest and two further females in the Kulczyński collection in Warsaw. Examination of this material showed that C. rupestre, as understood by Chyzer, is identical to C. macedonicum Drensky, 1921, a species described on the basis of a female specimen collected between Yakoruda and Mekhomiya (= Razlog, Bulgaria), and later also reported as occurring relatively rarely on Babuna Mountain close to Abdi Han and between Resen and Ohrid (Macedonia; Drensky 1929, 1936) (Figs 1-2). However, a specimen from Ohrid labelled as C. macedonicum in the Drensky collection in the NMNHS turned out to be a male C. montanum (JD vid.). Deltshev & Blagoev (1997) reported C. macedonicum from submediterranean to montane coni- ferous altitudes on Pirin Mountain (Bulgaria) and Deltshev et al. (2013) found it on Galichitsa Mountain in Macedonia. The records of C. rupestre from Macedonia (Komnenov 2002) and Bulgaria (Naumova 2009) already imply the synonymy established here. The synonymy between C. macedonicum and C. rupestre sensu Chyzer & Kulczyński (1897) auct. is further supported by the examination of male and female specimens collected together in Bosnek (100 km north of Razlog, the type locality of C. macedonicum). This confirmed that Chyzer���s female is indeed correctly matched to the male that was illustrated by Chyzer & Kulczyński (1897), Oltean (1973) and Sterghiu (1985). The genital structures in both sexes are quite distinct and set the species apart from all other Cheiracanthium species in Eastern Europe. One slight complication arises, however, from the fact that Herman���s type material of C. rupestre could not be traced anywhere, and his original figure of the epigyne shows little similarity to that of C. rupestre as it has been understood since the times of Chyzer & Kulczyński (1897), even when we assume that the intraspecific variability is very high (Figs 1-2). The Hungarian text of the original description, but not its German translation in the same work, describes the epigyne as follows: ���The epigyne is very characteristic: there is one pinhead-like brown little sphere on each side of a deeply incised leathery arch.��� This matches the figure very well, so that a printer���s or illustrator���s error can be excluded. The ���pinhead��� structures do not seem to be compatible with the epigynal structure of the specimens that are currently assigned to C. rupestre, and the remainder of the illustrated details in the figure also show no resemblance to the distinct patterns seen in, e.g., Chyzer���s specimen. There is no indication of the ���deeply incised arch��� illustrated by Herman in the epigyne of any European Cheiracanthium species. The ���pinheads��� could represent mating plugs, which are known in other Cheiracanthium species, such as C. furculatum Karsch, 1879 (Bayer 2014) and C. mildei L. Koch, 1864 (Bryant 1952), but if Herman���s specimen belonged to the same species Chyzer���s material, the anterio-lateral position of the plugs would be inexplicable. Moreover, while several females of the closely related C. striolatum in Simon���s collection had broken emboli lodged in their epigyne, none of the specimens examined had a mating plug. We considered the possibility of assigning a neotype for C. rupestre, to stabilize the interpretation of this name, but decided that in view of the major discrepancies between Herman���s illustration and the current concept of the species, it would be impossible to select a neotype specimen that fulfils the condition of ICZN art. 75.3.5. ���that the neotype is consistent with what is known of the former name-bearing type from the original description and from other sources���. Instead, we consider C. rupestre as a nomen dubium, possibly based on a malformed individual. The valid name for the species described and illustrated in Chyzer & Kulczyński (1897), Oltean (1973) and Sterghiu (1985) thus becomes Cheiracanthium macedonicum Drensky 1921, and all records of C. rupestre (except that in the original description) should be referred to this species. Considering the descriptions published after Herman���s work and the genitalia of Chyzer���s specimen, both male and female C. macedonicum appear to be very similar to C. striolatum, a species described in 1878 by Simon from a wide range of localities in southern and western mainland France and Corsica, where it was found on low plants. The females were reportedly found with their egg sacs under stones in April. Although the first description already indicated that this species is not rare and can be quite common in suitable habitats, it was relatively rarely reported; and following its inclusion in Simon (1932), which added records from Algeria, Spain and Portugal and also provided the first illustration of the male and female genitalia, the species was not redescribed by modern authors for a long time. Numerous records are known from the Iberian Peninsula, where the species is widespread (Cardoso & Morano 2010). The first illustrated record since Simon (1932) was published only in 2014, based on a female collected under dried leaves along a road margin in Malaga, Spain (Lecigne 2014). Lecigne also reported a single female from a dune in Saint-Cyprien, Pyr��n��es-Orientales, France. Grill et al. (2005) reported the species from Sardinia/Italy and Barrientos et al. (2015) reported and illustrated the species from the Parc Natural del Montseny, Catalonia, Spain, providing the first modern illustrations of both sexes. The similarity between C. macedonicum and C. striolatum had already been noted by Deltshev (2003), who had examined the female holotype of C. macedonicum in Drensky���s collection and concluded that this species is close to C. striolatum Simon, 1878, to which it should be thoroughly compared. We have carried out this thorough comparison, based on a large number of specimens from the range of both species (see Material examined, above). In contrast to the first impression based on published illustrations of the genitalia, C. macedonicum and C. striolatum cannot be reliably differentiated based on the genitalia in either sex. The female genitalia are extremely variable in morphology, with specimens matching the published illustrations of either C. striolatum or C. macedonicum, and morphological intermediates between these, even within a single population (Figs 3-4). In the male, the tegular (median) apophysis is often distinctly bent in specimens of C. striolatum (Fig. 5, specimen from mainland France), but this trait is highly variable and specimens with an almost straight apophysis can be found as well, as is typical for C. macedonicum. The hind margin of the cheliceral groove carries 4 teeth in typical C. striolatum, compared to 2 teeth in C. macedonicum; however, the cheliceral dentition can sometimes vary between the left and right side of the same animal and is difficult to assess reliably. Given that cheliceral dentition has turned out to be unreliable in distinguishing other closely related spiders (e.g., the notorious species pair Drassodes cupreus / lapidosus, Bolzern & H��nggi 2006), it seems unsuitable to distinguish the two species. The most reliable feature to distinguish the two species is the opisthosomal pattern: male and female specimens from Western Europe have a distinct reddish heart mark, followed by a series of red chevrons (Figs 6 a, 6b). These marks remain distinct and clearly visible even in specimens that have been stored in alcohol for around 100 years in Simon���s collection. In specimens from Eastern Europe, any indication of this pattern is usually absent (Figs 6 c, 6d). Traces of the chevrons can rarely be seen in male specimens, but the heart mark is always pale and the pattern is never distinct in females. Thus, while some extreme specimens of the two species can be similar in their colouration, there is no overlap in the pattern seen in specimens of the two forms. The difference in opisthosomal pattern is already clearly established in the juveniles, which have distinct markings in C. striolatum but not in C. macedonicum, as seen in laboratory-reared specimens. Comparable cases of consistent differences in colouration in geographically vicariant populations of widespread spider species seem to be very rare. One example is seen in Carrhotus xanthogramma (Latreille, 1819): here, male specimens in the Far East consistently show a black longitudinal line on the opisthosoma, which is missing in European specimens (RB unpubl. observation), while the genitalia are indistinguishable (Pr��szyński 1973). However, even here, the unusual amphi-Eurasian distribution of the species (Logunov & Marusik 2001) indicates that perhaps the Asian population is a separate species, Carrhotus crinitus (Karsch, 1879), which is currently considered a synonym of C. xanthogramma. Another relevant case is provided by the sister species Clubiona υegeta Simon, 1918, and C. geneυensis L. Koch, 1866, which are more reliably distinguished based on their abdominal pattern and colouration than based on their genitalia (Helsdingen 1979, Oger unpubl. observation). Simon (1932) mentioned that the characteristic pattern is sometimes lacking in C. striolatum, but this may be due to the inclusion of material from North Africa; examination of the African material in his collection indicates that some populations of C. striolatum -like specimens occurring there have a unicolourous opisthosoma. Given the lack of genital diagnostic characters, it is not quite clear if these North African specimens belong to C. macedonicum or to a closely related third species, as would be more plausible zoogeographically. Given the apparently highly conservative morphology, it would seem necessary to assess the extent of gene flow between all taxa in this very distinct group using the tools of molecular genetics, with a focus on North Africa and the possible contact areas in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Sloven, Published as part of Rainer Breitling, Tobias Bauer, Arno Grabolle, Pierre Oger, Paolo Pantini, Johan Van Keer, Walter P. Pfliegler, Elke JantsCher & Jan Dolansk��, 2016, East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae), pp. 38-49 in Arachnologische Mitteilungen 52 on pages 38-44, DOI: 10.5431/aramit5208, http://zenodo.org/record/198414, {"references":["Herman O 1879 Magyarorszag Pok-faunaja. III. A Kiralyi Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat Megbizasabol. Ungarns Spinnen- fauna. III. Im Auftrage der Koniglich Ungarischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. Budapest. 394 pp.","Chyzer C & Kulczynski W 1897 Araneae Hungariae. Tomus II. pars posterior: Zodarioidae, Agalenoidae, Drassoidae, Zoropseoidae, Dysderoidae, Filistatoidae, Calommatoidae, Theraphosoidae. Academia Scientiarum Hungarica, Budapest. pp. 147 - 366, Tab. VI-X","Kratochvil J 1934 Liste generale des araignees cavernicoles en Yougoslavie. - Prirodoslovne Razprave 2: 165 - 226","Oltean C 1973 Genul Chiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839, in Romania. - Analele Universitatii Bucuresti, Seria Stiintele naturii, Biologie animala 22: 45 - 49","Sterghiu C 1985 Fam. Clubionidae. In: Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania: Arachnida, Volumul V, Fascicula 4. Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucharest. 165 pp.","Gajdos P, Svaton J & Sloboda K 1999 Katalog pavukov Slovenska - Catalogue of Slovakian spiders. Ustav krajinnej ekologie SAV. I. 337 pp., II. Mapy-Maps 315 pp.","Gajdos P, Majzlan O & Ambros M 2009 Spiders (Araneae) of Rokos Massif (Strazovske vrchy Mts.). - Rosalia (Nitra) 20: 49 - 58","Horak P 1987 Faunistische Untersuchungen an Spinnen (Arachnida, Araneae) pflanzlicher Reliktstandorte der Steiermark, I: Die Kanzel. - Mitteilungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines fur Steiermark 117: 173 - 180","Komnenov M 2002 Contribution to the study of spiders (Araneae) on Sar Planina Mountain, north-western Macedonia. - Bulletin of the Biology Students' Research Society (Skopje) 2: 103 - 110","Naumova M 2009 Contribution to the study of the spiders (Araneae) in Slavyanka Mountain (SW Bulgaria). - Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 23, Supplement 1: 104 - 108 - doi: 10.1080 / 13102818.2009.10818376","Kurka A, Rezac M, Macek R & Dolansky J 2015 Pavouci Ceske Republiky. Academia, Praha. 622 pp.","Drensky P 1921 Paiti otъ iztocнa Мakidoнii i Piрiн-pлaнiнa [Payazi ot iztochna Makedonia i Pirin-Planina - Spiders from Eastern Macedonia and the Pirin Mountains]. - Сpiсaнii нa Bълgaрсkata akadiмii нa нaukitѣ [Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite] 23: 1 - 80, Tab. I-II","Drensky P 1929 Paiti (Araneae) otъ Tiнtрaлнa i Юgozapadнa Мakidoнii. Spinnen aus Mittel- und Sudwest-Mazedonien. - Сpiсaнii нa Bълgaрсkata akadiмii нa нaukitѣ [Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite] 39: 1 - 76, Tab. I-IV","Drensky P 1936 Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) der Balkanhalbinsel. - Сpiсaнii нa Bълgaрсkata akadiмii нa нaukitѣ [Spisanie na Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite] 32: 1 - 223","Deltshev C & Blagoev G 1997 The spiders of Pirin Mountain (Bulgaria). Taxonomic, faunistic and zoogeographical analysis (Araneae). - Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 84: 269 - 286","Deltshev C, Komnenov M, Blagoev G, Georgiev T, Lazarov S, Stojkoska E & Naumova M 2013 Faunistic diversity of spiders (Araneae) in Galichitsa mountain (FYR Macedonia). - Biodiversity Data Journal 1: e 977: 1 - 70 - doi: 10.3897 / BDJ. 1. e 977","Bayer S 2014 Miscellaneous notes on European and African Cheiracanthium species (Araneae: Miturgidae). - Arachnologische Mitteilungen 47: 19 - 34 - doi: 10.5431 / aramit 4704","Bryant EB 1952 Redescription of Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, a recent spider immigrant from Europe. - Psyche, Cambridge 58: 120 - 123 - doi: 10.1155 / 1951 / 51959","Simon E 1932 Les arachnides de France. Synopsis generale et catalogue des especes francaises de l'ordre des Araneae. Tome VI. 4 e partie. Roret, Paris. pp. 773 - 978","Cardoso P & Morano E 2010 The Iberian spider checklist (Araneae). - Zootaxa 2495: 1 - 52","Lecigne S 2014 Contribution a l'inventaire araneologique (Araneae) des Pyrenees-Orientales (Languedoc-Roussillon, France). - Revue Arachnologique 2 1: 18 - 28","Grill A, Knoflach B, Cleary DFR & Kati V 2005 Butterfly, spider, and plant communities in different land-use types in Sardinia, Italy. - Biodiversity & Conservation 14: 1281 - 1300 - doi: 10.1007 / s 10531 - 004 - 1661 - 4","Barrientos JA, Uribarri I & Garcia-Sarrion R 2015 Aranas (Arachnida, Araneae) del Turo de l'Home (Parc Natural del Montseny, Cataluna, Espana). - Revista Iberica de Aracnologia 27: 61 - 74","Deltshev C 2003 A critical review of the spider species (Araneae) described by P. Drensky in the period 1915 - 1942 from the Balkans. - Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 90: 135 - 150","Bolzern A & Hanggi A 2006 Drassodes lapidosus und Drassodes cupreus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) - eine unendliche Geschichte. - Arachnologische Mitteilungen 31: 16 - 22 - doi: 10.5431 / aramit 3103","Proszynski J 1973 Systematic studies on east Palearctic Salticidae, II. Redescriptions of Japanese Salticidae of the Zoological Museum in Berlin. - Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 30: 97 - 128","Logunov DV & Marusik YM 2001 Catalogue of the jumping spiders of northern Asia (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. 300 pp.","Helsdingen PJ van 1979 Remarks concerning Clubionidae. - Bulletin of the British arachnological Society 4: 298 - 302","Caporiacco L di 1949 Una piccola raccolta aracnologica dei monti di Calabria. - Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste 17: 132 - 136","Pesarini C 2003 Araneae. In: Cerretti P, Tagliapietra A, Tisato T, Vanin S, Mason F & Zapparoli M (eds.) Artropodi dell'orizzonte nell'Appennino settentrionale, Primo Contributo. Conservazione Habitat Invertebrati 2. Gianluigi Arcari Editore, Mantova. pp. 65 - 69","Caporiacco L di 1950 Gli aracnidi della laguna di Venezia. II Nota. - Bollettino della Societa Veneziana di Storia Naturale e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Venezia 5: 114 - 140","Hansen H 2007 Stato attuale della conoscenza della fauna dei ragni presente nel territorio della laguna di Venezia e nelle aree limitro- fe. - Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia 58: 11 - 82","Kostanjsek R, Kuntner M 2015 Araneae Sloveniae: a national spider species checklist. - ZooKeys 474: 1 - 91 - doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 474.8474","Morano E, Carrillo J & Cardoso P 2014 Iberian spider catalogue (v 3.1). - Internet: http: // www. ennor. org / iberia (23 March 2016)"]}

Cheiracanthium escaladae Barrion, Barrion- Dupo & Heong, new species [Figure 4 A-H] FEMALE. Total length 5.80mm. Cephalothorax length 2.10mm, width 1.50mm. Abdomen length 2.90mm, width 1.60mm. Carapace. Yellow except dark brown eye margins, 1.4 x longer than wide. Cephalic area narrower than thoracic area. Fovea shallow. Chelicerae yellow with brownish tinge; promargin bear 3 teeth with the middle tooth largest and retromargin reduced to 3 small peg teeth. Pedipalps yellow except tibia and tarsus clothed with light gray hairs. Maxillae yellow with diverging apices and blackish brown serrulae. Labium yellow with light gray hairs on the narrow apical margin. Sternum 1.43 x longer than wide, light yellow concolorous with the coxae but margins slightly darker and with a pair of oblong whitish yellow spots along the broadest area. Eyes. Recurved AER shorter than straight PER. Eye diameter (mm): ALE=PLE (0.14)> AME=PME (0.10), anterior eye equidistantly separated, PME much closer to PLE than to each other. Clypeus height very narrow, barely one-third AME diameter. Legs. Yellow except brown spines, a longitudinal band on dorsum of femora I,II, III and IV, two longitudinal bands each on venter of tibiae I-IV and metatarsi I-IV, ventrolaterals of metatarsi I-IV and tarsi I-IV lined with thick hairs, tarsi III and IV constricted and lined with black hairs subapically. Femur I shorter than femur II.Spination on femora I and II each with 3 -0- 0-2, femur III and IV with 3 - 0-2 - 2; tibia I and II 0-4 -0-0, III with 0-4 - 2 - 2, IV with 0-3 - 2 - 1; metatarsi I and II with 0-2 -0-0, III with 3 - 0-3 - 2, and IV with 3-5 - 3 - 3. Leg formula 4213. Abdomen. Pale brownish yellow clothed with dark brown to gray hairs dorsally, relatively thicker anteriorly and sparse posteriorly. Anal tubercle distinctly pointed apically. Spinnerets yellow brown except whitish basal segment of posterior pair. Epigynum with a pair of concave plates connected to each other along the posterior epigynal margin, copulatory opening oblongate and obliquely converging, copulatory tube V-shaped and spermathecae slender and elongate. MALE. Unknown. Material Examined. Holotype female (coll. no. S053), CHINA, Hainan Island, Panja Town, Songtao Reservoir area, 0 3 April 2011, ATBarrion, JLACatindig, SCVillareal. Diagnostic Features. This unique new species resembles C. denieli Tikader, 1975 but separated from the latter by a number of features, namely, (1) the structure of the epigynum, (2) shape of the spermathecae and maxillae, and (3) the presence of two ovoid spots on the basolateral margins of the labium. Etymology. Patronym, in honor of Dr. Monina Escalada for her contributions in social science and communications., Published as part of Alberto T. Barrion, Aimee Lynn A. Barrion-Dupo, Josie Lynn A. Catindig, Sylvia C. Villareal, Ducheng Cai, Qianhua Yuan & Kong Luen Heong, 2016, NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA, pp. 1-103 in UPLB Museum Publications in Natural History 3 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.269136

Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, 1864 Material examined. Site 3 (g: 1 ♂). Distribution. Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium (introduced), Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova, southern part of European Russia, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, F. Y. Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Malta, SW-Kazakhstan, SW-Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Algeria, Libya. Introduced in North America and Argentina (Komnenov, 2014). Chorotype. Mediterranean-Middle Asiatic., Published as part of Marjan Komnenov, Eva Pitta, Konstantina Zografou & Maria Chatzaki, 2016, Discovering the still unexplored arachnofauna of the National Park of Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli, NE Greece: a taxonomic review with description of new species, pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 4096 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4096.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/263078, {"references":["Komnenov, M. (2014) Spider fauna of the Osogovo Mt. Range, Northeastern Macedonia. Fauna Balkana, 2, 1 - 267."]}

Cheiracanthium rupestre Herman, 1879, and Xysticus albomaculatus Kulczyński, 1891, both originally described from Hungary,are among the most rarely reported species of their genera in Europe. Here we report that both of these species have very close relationshipsto similarly uncommon species originally described from France at about the same time. The specimens currently consideredas Cheiracanthium rupestre turn out to be very closely related to, but distinct from, Cheiracanthium striolatum Simon, 1878. However,the original description of C. rupestre does not match these specimens nor any other known species of Cheiracanthium. We thereforeconsider C. rupestre a nomen dubium and suggest that all previous records of this species after the original description actually refer toCheiracanthium macedonicum Drensky, 1921. Xysticus albomaculatus, on the other hand, turns out to be a junior synonym of Bassanianabaudueri (Simon, 1877) syn. nov., expanding the range of this species considerably to the East and at the same time confirming that it isa genuine European species, rather than a recent immigrant from North America as previously suspected.

Cheiracanthium rupestre ��� Oltean 1973: 46, figs 1-2 (description and illustration of male; considered misidentified) Cheiracanthium rupestre ��� Sterghiu 1985: 110, figs 33a-c (description and illustration of male; considered misidentified) Cheiracanthium striolatum Simon, 1878, Published as part of Rainer Breitling, Tobias Bauer, Arno Grabolle, Pierre Oger, Paolo Pantini, Johan Van Keer, Walter P. Pfliegler, Elke JantsCher & Jan Dolansk��, 2016, East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae), pp. 38-49 in Arachnologische Mitteilungen 52 on page 47, DOI: 10.5431/aramit5208, http://zenodo.org/record/198414, {"references":["Oltean C 1973 Genul Chiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839, in Romania. - Analele Universitatii Bucuresti, Seria Stiintele naturii, Biologie animala 22: 45 - 49","Sterghiu C 1985 Fam. Clubionidae. In: Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania: Arachnida, Volumul V, Fascicula 4. Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucharest. 165 pp."]}

Summary 1. Management strategies to enhance ecosystem services in agroecosystems often seek to increase predator biodiversity. Invaders commonly dominate predator communities in agricultural landscapes, however, and the impacts of exotic predators on native predators and ecosystem services are largely unknown. Exotic predators may complement native predator diversity and enhance herbivore suppression, or they may disrupt herbivore suppression through predator interference. 2. We examined the impacts of a dominant exotic predator within the diverse predator community of a California vineyard. Interactions between the exotic wandering spider Cheiracanthium mildei, its closest native ecological homologue (the wandering spider Anyphaena pacifica) and a native spider displaying a different hunting mode (the cobweb-weaving spider Theridion melanurum) were tested in a manipulative field experiment, with the grape leafhopper Erythroneura elegantula acting as a shared herbivore prey source. 3. We found that the exotic wandering spider suppressed both grape leafhoppers and other unmanipulated leafhopper species that were present in cages. Native spiders had little or no impacts on leafhopper suppression. Thus, C. mildei appears to drive predatory impacts in this system, although evidence also indicated that it is limited by intraspecific interactions. The superior predatory ability displayed by this spider may be shared by other invasive predators that dominate agroecosystems. 4. Despite its effects on leafhoppers, C. mildei negatively impacted a range of spider species, including A. pacifica, T. melanurum, and other unmanipulated native spiders. These impacts are likely to have been mediated through intraguild predation. The wandering hunting mode of C. mildei may have facilitated its role as an intraguild predator. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight the sometimes conflicting aims of biological control and conservation. Here, a dominant invasive predator increased ecosystem services but also caused declines in numbers of native predators. As disturbed conditions in agroecosystems are likely to put invasive predators at an adaptive advantage, efforts to conserve biodiversity in agricultural landscapes should focus on shifting the outcomes of species interactions to favour native species.

Invasions have often been linked to reduced biodiversity, but the role of non-native species in the decline of native species is ambiguous. In a 2003 survey of four California vineyard regions, exotic spiders (Cheiracanthium spp.) were more dominant in vineyards with lower spider species diversity and reduced spider abundance. There was no evidence for the role of species interactions in the invasion of Cheiracanthium spiders, however, as native spiders from the same feeding guild were most abundant in regions with high Cheiracanthium levels. Comparison with a survey conducted 10 years earlier indicated that the recent invader C. mildei simply represented an addition to the spider community, with no apparent change in proportions of the congener C. inclusum. Invasion success is discussed with respect to agricultural habitat, as results suggest that disturbed conditions in many vineyards may favor Cheiracanthium spp. and native wandering spiders while decreasing overall spider diversity.

A total of 127 species from 28 families have been established in 10 localities from Slavyanka Mountain (South-West Bulgaria). Two species (Cheiracanthium rupestre Herman, 1879 and Haplodrassus bohemicus Miller & Buchar, 1977) are new to Bulgarian fauna. 94 species are new for Slavyanka Mt.