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At present, the use of eye-tracking data in immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) learning environments is set to become a powerful tool for maximizing learning outcomes, due to the low-intrusiveness of eye-tracking technology and its integration in commercial iVR Head Mounted Displays. However, the most suitable technologies for data processing should first be identified before their use in learning environments can be generalized. In this research, the use of machine-learning techniques is proposed for that purpose, evaluating their capabilities to classify the quality of the learning environment and to predict user learning performance. To do so, an iVR learning experience simulating the operation of a bridge crane was developed. Through this experience, the performance of 63 students was evaluated, both under optimum learning conditions and under stressful conditions. The final dataset included 25 features, mostly temporal series, with a dataset size of up to 50M data points. The results showed that different classifiers (KNN, SVM and Random Forest) provided the highest accuracy when predicting learning performance variations, while the accuracy of user learning performance was still far from optimized, opening a new line of future research. This study has the objective of serving as a baseline for future improvements to model accuracy using complex machine-learning techniques.

Pasando a un análisis pormenorizado del ensayo, este está dividido en 5 capítulos más uno final, siempre desde el enfoque epistemológico del ACD: aquel que relaciona el contexto situacional de la propia interacción verbal y producción escrita con el contexto ideológico de tipo macro que aportan las estructuras sociales, políticas y culturales ya establecidas. El discurso reaccionario, tal como lo presenta de manera exhaustiva la autora, recorre casi el último siglo de la historia para reparar en los momentos que han marcado puntos de inflexión en el imaginario social y establecer así las estrategias propias de esta “ofensiva reaccionaria”. Para ello, Camargo intercala una dualidad de registros sin renunciar a la rigurosidad académica, consciente de que se trata de un ensayo dirigido a un público multigeneracional, del que pueden formar parte tanto especialistas en estas lides como lectoras no necesariamente especializadas.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an infectious disease that remains a significant global health problem. Despite efforts to reduce the disease, the disease remains prevalent in many parts of the world. This study aims to analyse the dynamics, impact and analysis of collaborative networks in revaccination against M. tuberculosis through a scientometric study in Scopus (2018–2024). Methods: This study is retrospective, descriptive and observational, and everything was carried out with a scientometric approach in which the unit of analysis was all publications in journals indexed in the Scopus database between 2018 and 2024, without language limitation. To collect the articles, an advanced search strategy was carried out in the Scopus database. Specific search criteria were defined using combinations of key terms such as ‘revaccination’ and ‘M. tuberculosis’, articulated through Boolean operators to optimize the relevance of the results. Results: The most productive institution was the University of Cape Town, while University College London had the highest citation impact. Frontiers in Immunology was the most productive journal, with Nature Communications having the highest citation count. The Hatherill Mark was the most prolific author with 17 publications, although the highest h-indexes did not necessarily correspond to the most productive authors. An increase in the number of publications was observed, peaking in 2020 at 52 publications. In terms of collaboration, strong networks were identified between countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and China, with authors such as Hatherill Mark and Scriba Thomas J. occupying central positions in these networks. Conclusions: This scientometric analysis highlights the growing interest in tuberculosis revaccination, with an increase in scientific production and international collaboration. However, the variability in the quality of publications emphasizes the need to promote high-quality research and innovative strategies to improve global health.

AIM: To translate and culturally adapt the FRAIL scale into Spanish and perform a preliminary test of diagnostic accuracy in patients admitted to intensive care units. DESIGN: Cross-sectional diagnostic study. METHODS: Five intensive care units (ICU) in Spain were participated. Stage 1: Three native Spanish-speaking bilingual translators familiar with the field of critical care translated the scale from English into Spanish. Stage 2: Three native English-speaking bilingual translators familiar with critical care medicine. Stage 3: Authors of the original scale compared the English original and back-translated versions of the scale. Stage 4: Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the comprehension and relevance of each of the items of the Spanish version in 30 patients of 3 different age ranges (65 years). RESULTS: The FRAIL scale was translated and adapted cross-culturally for patients admitted to intensive care units in Spain. The process consisted of four stages: translation, back translation, comparison and pilot test. There was good correspondence between the original scale and the Spanish version in 100% of the items. The participating patients assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of each of the items of the first Spanish version. The relevance of some of the items scored low when the scale was used in patients younger than 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: We have cross-culturally adapted the FRAIL scale, originally in English, to Spanish for its use in the critical care medical setting in Spanish-speaking countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS: Physicians and nurses can apply the new scale to all patients admitted to the intensive care units. Nursing care can be adapted according to frailty, trying to reduce the side effects of admission to these units for the most fragile patients. REPORTING METHOD: The manuscripts authors have adhered to the EQUATOR guidelines, using the COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on the measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: In a pilot clinical study, we applied the first version of the FRAIL-Spain scale to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of the five items of the first Spanish version. Relevance was assessed using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (no relevance) to 4 (high relevance), and comprehensibility was assessed as poor, acceptable or good. Each health professional applied the scale to three patients (total number of patients = 30) of three different age ranges (65 years) and recorded the time of application of the scale to each patient. Although the frailty scales were initially created by geriatricians to be applied to the elders, there is little experience with their application in critically ill patients of any age. Therefore, more information is needed to determine the relevance of using this scale in critical care patients. In this pilot study, we considered that nurses and critical care physicians should evaluate frailty using this adapted scale in adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units.

Lipids are intricate biomolecules responsible for the building up of biological membranes. Besides this structural function, they also display crucial roles in signaling, acting as second messengers that activate specific pathways. Mitochondria are fundamental for cells as they participate in several pivotal functions, such as ATP synthesis, cell survival, metabolic pathways, and calcium homeostasis. Thus, the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes can affect specific proteins and impact vital functions of mitochondria, such as oxidative phosphorylation and dynamics. The liver possesses a critical function in lipid homeostasis, involving the generation, oxidation, and trafficking of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, and bile acids (BAs). Mitochondria play a key role in lipid storage regulation in hepatocytes, which can control liver function. Their diverse tasks are affected by the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes, characterized by low cholesterol content and enrichment of specific lipids such as cardiolipin. As mitochondria determine the bioenergetic status of cells and are key regulators of cell viability, alterations of mitochondrial lipid composition can contribute to the induction and progression of chronic diseases, including alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), two of the most common forms of liver diseases characterized by steatosis, necroinflammation, and fibrosis, which can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the disruption of lipid metabolism and membrane composition of mitochondria are characteristic features of cancer cells, and altered mitochondrial lipid composition may be a critical player in the progression of chronic liver diseases toward HCC. This review will address the mechanisms whereby alterations of mitochondrial lipid composition lead to the onset and progression of chronic liver diseases. Thus, a better characterization of the alterations of lipid composition in mitochondria may be a crucial step to design strategies and novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of MASLD and ARLD.

The irruption of Information and Communication Technologies in society in general, and immersive technology, in particular, are playing an important role in the educational field, among other reasons, due to the way they favour the inclusion of students with Special Educational Needs. The main objective was to carry out a systematic review of the scientific production of the last decade (2012-2022) in relation to the use of Augmented and Virtual Reality in students with Special Education Needs. For this, a search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases following the PRISMA statement. The main results place these technologies as an appropriate intervention resource by expanding educational possibilities and opening learning opportunities in new contexts that significantly support the development of the teaching-learning process of these students. However, this study has demonstrated, at the same time, a significant lack of studies that can cover all Special Education Needs groups in the different educational stages.

The way in which students can identify, regulate and manage their emotions can impact not only on their present positive attitude and increased self-esteem, but also on their subsequent professional performance. In this study, 798 pre-service teachers participated, with a mean age of 24.52 years (±5.48). The instruments used were: "Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale" (WLEIS-S), "Life Orientation Test Revised" (LOT-R) and the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale" (RSES). The aim was to determine the potential value of optimism and pessimism among the emotional intelligence and self-esteem of pre-service teachers. The results showed that emotional intelligence is related to optimism (R[superscript 2] = 0.352) and moderately to pessimism (R[superscript 2] = 0.148) and self-esteem (R[superscript 2] = 0.135), with a root mean square error of 0.067. The practical consequences showed that emotional intelligence has a strong impact on socioemotional competencies, with optimism versus pessimism acting as mediating variables, which in turn contributes to the self-esteem of future teachers.

IntroductionGame-based learning is a methodology that has gained importance in the world of education due to the benefits of implementing ICT in the classroom. Due to the intellectual and competence demands that some commercial video games promote, they can be very valuable tools to stimulate and promote metacognitive abilities in students. Therefore, this paper aimed to analyze the use of commercial video games in educational contexts and their impact on the development of metacognitive skills.MethodsFor the analysis of the study, a systematic review of the literature was carried out following the PRISMA statement. Specialized databases such as Scopus, WoS, PsyInfo, PubMed, SciELO, and Eric were consulted, which helped capture the essence of the problem between 2004 and 2024.ResultsThe review was then carried out on 10 selected articles. The results obtained show the following evidence: (a) commercial video games, together with the use of metacognitive strategies, enrich academic and social aspects as well as the metacognitive level, and (b) commercial video games are as effective in promoting metacognition as other more traditional methodologies or tools.DiscussionFinally, there is a need to rethink the implications of the use of video games in the classroom if we want students to acquire skills that will be essential to successfully respond to the demands and challenges of their academic and professional future.

In the current context, excessive mobile device use has led to new issues, such as nomophobia—an irrational fear of being without a mobile phone—and phubbing, which involves ignoring nearby people in favor of using one’s phone. These behaviors are increasingly prevalent among young people, particularly in university settings, and can negatively impact well-being, including the emergence of poor sleep patterns. Given that sleep is essential for academic performance and mental health, examining how nomophobia and phubbing relate to disruptions in university students’ sleep habits is crucial. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between nomophobia, phubbing, and poor sleep patterns among university students, determine whether nomophobia and phubbing are significant predictors of these patterns, and examine the individual contribution of each variable on sleep. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative design with correlational-explanatory scope was used, conducted from March to June 2023. The sample consisted of 533 students from a private university in Peru, aged 18 to 24, selected through non-probabilistic sampling. Data were collected using the Short Nomophobia Questionnaire (SNQ-5) and the Brief Phubbing Scale (BPS-6), validated instruments with strong internal consistency. The results showed moderate positive correlations between nomophobia, phubbing, and poor sleep patterns. Linear regression analysis indicated that the predictor variables explained 45.1% of the variance in poor sleep patterns. Nomophobia significantly affected all three analyzed sleep patterns (late nights, insomnia, and short sleep), whereas phubbing significantly impacted only short sleep. The findings underscore the importance of addressing excessive mobile device use in university settings, as both nomophobia and phubbing affect students’ sleep quality. Future research is recommended to explore their impact on mental health and evaluate interventions to mitigate these phenomena and their implications for academic performance.

Malnutrition is an escalating concern in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), including Ecuador, particularly within rural settings. To address this issue, food forests emerge as a promising intervention. This research protocol outlines a controlled intervention in the province of Santa Elena, aiming to evaluate the efficacy of a food forest in enhancing nutritional outcomes, with potential implications for broader replication. The study will be conducted in the Colonche Parish of Santa Elena Canton, where one commune will be randomly selected to receive the food forest intervention. In contrast, another similarly characterized commune, also randomly selected through cluster-based sampling, will serve as a control group, receiving no intervention. This randomized, comparative approach will enable a more precise assessment of the food forest's impact. Data collection will occur at three intervals: baseline, 6 months, and 12 months post-intervention. Comprehensive questionnaires will be employed to measure the food forest's influence on the communities' nutritional, economic, and health metrics, distinguishing between the intervention and control communes to elucidate the intervention's specific effects.

El tema de las habilidades para la vida es uno de los más estudiados en los últimos años a raíz de la aplicación de la perspectiva del Positive Youth Development al contexto deportivo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar el papel que tienen los entrenadores en el proceso de adquisición de habilidades para la vida en una muestra de estudiantes-deportistas. Se ha seguido una metodología cualitativa desde el paradigma del realismo crítico en el que han participado 13 deportistas-estudiantes (5 de los cuales mujeres) con una media de edad de 20.7 años (DT = 6.8) en dos grupos focales. Tras el análisis temático deductivo se extrajeron 3 temas relevantes: (a) los entrenadores usan estrategias implícitas de enseñanza de habilidades para la vida; (b) ausencia de enseñanza de habilidades transformativas de forma explícita; (c) los deportistas señalan que las experiencias negativas también les han enseñado cosas. Derivado de estos, se propone un abordaje orientado a crear estrategias explícitas por parte de entrenadores que tengan valor para el desarrollo de estudiantes deportistas en las primeras etapas de su carrera y en el transcurso de una carrera dual. El diseño de estrategias explícitas como la reflexión sobre habilidades para la vida o la invitación a realizar la transferencia a otras áreas de la vida del deportista, debería incluirse en la programación de las sesiones deportivas.

This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the efficiency of a humidifier-dehumidifier (HDH) desalination process. The system employs a closed-air cycle, utilizing a hybrid (solar-electric) air heater to increase the air temperature before entering the humidifier. Additionally, a Vapor Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) system is employed to decrease the temperature of the water before it enters the dehumidifier. The system is suitable for deployment in regions with high temperatures and humidity levels. Tests have been conducted under prevailing weather conditions. Temperature and relative humidity at various stages of the cycle are measured and recorded using a dedicated sensor. This study examines the effects of different parameters, including air mass flow rate (MFR) and air temperature at the humidifier inlet, on fresh water production (FWP), coefficient of performance (COP), and gained output ratio (GOR). The results section presents the experimental findings, which show that the maximum COP, GOR, and FWP achieved values of 2.1, 4.1, and 200 g/h, respectively. Furthermore, an increase in air MFR corresponds to an increase in both COP and FWP, while GOR values show a decrease. Based on the eco-analysis conducted for this investigation, the cost per liter (CPL) was calculated to be 0.022 $ per kilogram.

Background & Aims: In patients with cirrhosis, acute decompensation (AD) correlates with a hyperinflammatory state driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a significant factor in the progression toward acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Elevated circulating levels of acylcarnitine, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, are predictors of mortality in ACLF patients. Our hypothesis posits that acylcarnitines not only act as biomarkers, but also actively exert detrimental effects on circulating immune cells. Methods: Plasma acylcarnitine levels were measured in 20 patients with AD cirrhosis and 10 healthy individuals. The effects of selected medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines on mitochondrial function were investigated in peripheral leucocytes from healthy donors by determining mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and mitochondrial respiration using the JC-1 dye and Agilent Seahorse XF technology. Changes regarding mitochondrial ultrastructure and redox systems were assessed by transmission electron microscopy and gene and protein expression analysis. Results: Plasma levels of several acylcarnitine species were significantly elevated in patients with AD cirrhosis compared with healthy individuals, alongside increased levels of inflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines). Notably, the long-chain acylcarnitine palmitoylcarnitine (C16:0-carnitine, 1.51-fold higher, p = 0.0059) impaired Δψm and reduced the spare respiratory capacity of peripheral mononuclear leucocytes. Additionally, C16:0-carnitine induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, suppressed the expression of the antioxidant gene HMOX1, and increased CXCL8 expression and IL-8 release. Etomoxir, which blocks acylcarnitine entry into the mitochondria, reversed the suppression of HMOX1. Similarly, trimetazidine, a fatty acid beta-oxidation inhibitor, prevented C16:0-carnitine-induced CXCL8 expression. Importantly, oxidative stress and Δψm impairment caused by C16:0-carnitine were less severe in the presence of albumin, a standard therapy for AD cirrhosis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that long-chain acylcarnitines induce mitochondrial injury in immune cells, thereby contributing to the development of immune dysfunction associated with cirrhosis. Impact and implications: Patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) display a systemic hyperinflammatory state and leukocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. We discovered that apart from being increased in the circulation of these patients, the long-chain palmitoylcarnitine is able to elicit cytokine secretion paired with mitochondrial dysfunction in leukocytes from healthy donors. In particular, we show that inhibiting the metabolism of palmitoylcarnitine could reverse these detrimental effects. Our findings underline the importance of immunometabolism as a treatment target in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and ACLF.

Evaluating air temperature perturbation is important to know the anthropic activity's effect on the environmental system. The study case was La Malinche volcano, concerning the urban, agricultural, and forest environments. The air temperature data (average, maximum, minimum, standard deviation and range), was analyzed by prin- cipal components analysis (PCA), and the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test. Data analyses were made on a diurnal (warming and cooling rates), daily and monthly basis. The K-W test showed that warming and cooling rates are significantly different between the agricultural, urban, and forest zones, despite the north and south sides of La Malinche volcano had significant differences. The PCA indicated more perturbation concerning the cooling rates of air temperature among the environments than the warming rates. The average, maximum, and minimum air temperature of the urban environment and the standard deviation and range of the agricultural environment were the highest. The minimum air temperature changes more than the maximum in the volcano's urban, agricultural, and forest south side. The K-W test showed that the environmental conditions differed sig- nificantly based on average and maximum. The daily air temperature on the north side of La Malinche Volcano was very different from the south side. The PCA with average, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, and range showed that the environments are modified. The average monthly air temperature in the agricultural and forest areas was lower than average. Minimum air temperature increase was more accentuated in urban areas than in agriculture and forest areas and increased more than maximum.

ChatGPT has significantly increased in popularity in recent months because of its capacity to generate novel content and provide genuine responses to questions. Nevertheless, like all technologies, it is crucial to assess its limitations and features prior to implementing it into an educational setting. A major obstacle associated with ChatGPT is its tendency to produce consistent yet occasionally unreliable and inaccurate responses. Our study provides students with training in this area, and its objective was to analyse the opinion of those same university students studying education-related degrees regarding the efficacy of the usefulness of ChatGPT for their learning. We used a mixed methodology and two instruments for data collection: questionnaires and discussion groups. The sample comprised 150 university students pursuing degrees in teaching and social education. The results show that the majority of students are familiar with the technology but have not had any formal training in a university. They use this tool to complete academic assignments outside the classroom, and they emphasise the need for training in it. Furthermore, following the training, the students highlight an increase in motivation and a positive impact on the development of generic skills, such as information analysis, synthesis and management, problem solving, and learning how to learn. Ultimately, this study provides an opportunity to consider the implementation of educational training of this tool at the university level in order to ensure its appropriate use.

Resumen: En este artículo se repasa la evidencia disponible acerca de la lumbalgia, una de las afecciones más prevalentes, y la principal causa de discapacidad en la mayoría de los países, según el último estudio de la carga global de la enfermedad de 2021, lo que ha llevado a entidades como la Organización Mundial de la Salud a publicar recientemente unas recomendaciones para el manejo de la lumbalgia crónica.Se examinan sus causas y factores de riesgo asociados, siendo más del 90% de las lumbalgias inespecíficas, y estando muy relacionadas con el contexto biopsicosocial, y el papel de las pruebas de imagen, cuyos hallazgos no han podido demostrar ser causantes del dolor lumbar en la mayoría de los casos.Por último, se revisa la efectividad de los tratamientos, siendo el tratamiento de primera línea el no farmacológico, y teniendo el farmacológico un papel muy limitado pese al uso excesivo que se hace de él. Abstract: This article rewievs the available evidence on low back pain, one of the most prevalent conditions and the main cause of disability in most countries according to the latest Global Disease Burden 2021 study, which has led entities such as the WHO to recently publish recommendations on low back pain management.The causes and associated risk factors are analyzed, with more than 90% of low back pain cases being nonspecific and closely related to biopsychosocial context, as well as the role of imaging tests, whose findings have not been proven to be the source of low back pain.Finally, the effectiveness of the different treatments is analyzed, with non pharmacological being the first-line of treatment and pharmacological treatment having a very limited role, despite the excessive use we make of it.

Resumen: La artrosis es una enfermedad articular degenerativa, siendo el problema articular más frecuente a nivel mundial. Es considerada una enfermedad grave debido a la presencia de dolor y de disminución de capacidad funcional. Además, no existen fármacos modificadores de la enfermedad ni un tratamiento curativo en el momento actual; siendo el tratamiento base o de primera línea el no farmacológico, basado en educación y ejercicio físico.La presencia de cambios degenerativos en las pruebas de imagen está presente en un porcentaje elevado de la población general asintomática, es decir, en aquellos que no tienen dolor ni limitación funcional; y que dicho porcentaje aumenta progresivamente con la edad. En definitiva, la artrosis forma parte del envejecimiento normal de la población.Al igual que en el dolor lumbar, se propone aplicar un modelo salutogénico de salud, prestando especial atención a los términos utilizados a la hora de informar y aconsejar a los pacientes.Se incluye una revisión de las principales causas, efectividad y pronóstico del tratamiento en artrosis, para poder realizar consejo educativo breve a los pacientes. Abstract: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is the most common joint problem worldwide. It is considered a serious disease due to the presence of pain and reduced functional capacity. Moreover, there are no disease-modifying drugs or curative treatment at present; the basic or first-line treatment is non-pharmacological, based on education and physical exercise.The presence of degenerative changes in imaging tests is present in a high percentage of the general asymptomatic population, i.e. in those who have no pain or functional limitation, and this percentage increases progressively with age. In short, osteoarthritis is part of the normal aging process of the population.As with low back pain, it is proposed to apply a salutogenic model of health, paying special attention to the terms used when informing and advising patients.It is proposed a review of the main causes, effectiveness and prognosis of osteoarthritis treatment, in order to provide brief educational advice to patients.