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Abstract Background Interprofessional education (IPE) is expected to help prepare undergraduate health profession students to collaborate with other healthcare professionals in realising quality of care. Studies stress the necessity of students’ readiness for interprofessional learning (IPL) in view of designing IPE programs. The present study aims to determine students' IPL-readiness and looks at related differences in students enrolled in different programs and at different phases in their educational program. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was set up among 1139 students from six health programs at HueUMP, using the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS). Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis H and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results The overall mean RIPLS score was 68.89. RIPLS scores significantly differed between programs and between phases in the educational programs. Medical students presented a lower readiness level for IPL than students from other programs. In contrast to a significant increase in RIPLS scores of students in the clinical phase in Vietnamese traditional medicine, medicine, and pharmacy, a decrease in RIPLS scores was observed in students in the clinical phase in odonto-stomatology. Conclusions The differences could be related to differences in educational programs and the study phases in a particular program. These results offer insights to direct the design and implementation of IPE in health education curricula and especially underscore the need to provide IPE throughout the curriculum.

Letter of credit (L/C) has a massive role in expanding international trade operations. It is considered the most secure and stable banking service to finance foreign trade operations such as import and export. As an international contract, potential legal issues arise due to fraud practices. In this case, L/C users have to be aware of different approaches followed by domestic courts while dealing with fraud at the international level. This paper aims to identify the fraud means under the fraud rule governing L/C and its impact on Jordan's practice. By applying a qualitative and doctrinal legal approach, this paper analyses the lack of organization of the uniform customs and practice for the letter of credit (UCP No. 600). It also examines, via interviews with Jordanian judges, the perceptions of the Jordanian courts' policy regarding the fraud rule exception in L/C. The finding reveals that to protect the interests of all parties in a letter of credit transaction, Jordanian courts should extend the scope of fraud to cover sale contracts fraud in cases where bona fide holder is involved and when a confirming bank is absent, or when the credit amount has not been paid yet by the issuing bank. In respect of the bank practices, such special provisions implemented to commercial code must be issued due to the lack of legal provisions of the L/C in Jordan legislation.

As the wide range of international trade out-turn and diversity of the parties, causing banks have to create a new credit service, that is bank guarantees, to enhance the trust between the parties. By providing the security and ease, the beneficiary will obtain a certain amount of money from the bank and being independent from the other party. While the committed party provides insurance to the beneficiary as a guarantee for the implementation or good performance in accordance with agreed terms, in this situation, performance bonds are crucial to be considered as this tool has the principle of independence regarding the bank’s commitment, as such, could clarify one party obligation to provide money, services or goods to another party. Taking performance bonds as solution whereby accompanied the Guaranty (Al Kafala) and subordination imposed by the legal system, the lacunae of legal rules which govern performance bonds has created difficulties and may lead Judges to create the new relevant law. This article is aimed at studying how the Jordanian Judiciary deals with performance bonds, since there is no previous legal rules governing such bank contract.

For Muslims, all worldly deeds are equal to worship if they are performed in the way given by Allah (SWT). Every aspect of human life is recorded in the Muslim’s Holy book Al-Quran. The Muslim way of eating or trading is determined and governed by Islamic law. Allah (SWT) has ordained for Muslims all the permissible and forbidden worldly matters. The main purpose of this article is to discuss the impact of corporate social responsibility with halal food and halal food business in Bangladesh. Halal food is one of the most important elements of daily life of Muslims. This article focuses on what kind of steps a halal food business needs to take to protect the religious beliefs and obligations of Muslims. So that the supply of Bangladeshi halal food in the international market and halal quality of international consumers can be ensured.

The constitution confers on the legislative arm of government impeachment power and prescribes when and how it should be exercised. Disputes arising from the exercise of this power are submitted to the courts for adjudication in line with their inherent powers. The issue of compliance with these constitutional requirements is a cause for concern as most of the impeachment proceedings conducted so far in Nigeria had been challenged in court for noncompliance. The question is, could this role played by the Nigerian courts ensure compliance? The objective of this paper is, therefore, to determine whether the courts could ensure compliance with the constitutional requirement for impeachment. In order to achieve the objective of this paper, doctrinal methodology is used whereby relevant materials were analyzed and conclusion made. The result showed that the role played by the courts cannot ensure compliance with the constitutional requirements because the courts only intervene after the conclusion of the exercise due to disrespect to court orders from the legislature. This is largely due to lack of specific role conferred on the courts in impeachment proceedings. It is, therefore, recommended that the constitution be amended to vest on the Supreme Court the specific role of ensuring that all the constitutional requirements for impeachment have been duly complied with before a public officer is removed.

Analysis and identification of 90 specimens of genus Acentrogobius bleeker, 1874 collected from estuary and coastal of Nghe An province, Vietnam. We have classified five species: Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes, 1837); Acentrogobius chlorostigmatoides (Bleeker, 1849); Acentrogobius moloanus (Herre, 1927); Acentrogobius cf. viridipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1837) and Acentrogobius cf. viridipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1837).The species Acentrogobius moloanus (Herre, 1927) and Acentrogobius cf. viridipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1837) was first discovered in the study area and the north center region of Vietnam

Domestic violence is a social epidemic in Malaysia. To combat this, the Domestic Violence Act 1994 and the Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act 2012 has set up a mechanism via the Malaysian criminal justice system to investigate reports, prosecute the perpetrators and protect the victims of domestic violence. Unfortunately, the mechanism has been viewed with disfavor by many. This paper attempts to critically appraise the effectiveness of the mechanism and subsequently propose an alternative method to better deal with domestic violence cases. Applying a descriptive and analytical approach in data analysis, the paper concluded that the mechanism currently being implemented in dealing with domestic violence cases is ineffective and ineffectual. Therefore a specialized court (instead of the current criminal court) which deals specifically with domestic violence is suggested. Keywords: Domestic violence; women; domestic violence court

The aim of this paper is to study the $( alpha, gamma)$-prolongation of central extensions. We obtain the obstruction theory for $( alpha, gamma)$-prolongations and classify $( alpha, gamma)$-prolongations thanks to low-dimensional cohomology groups of groups.

This paper examines the law regulating occupational illnesses or diseases suffered by workers at the work place. Its main focus is on the claims by workers to SOCSO for illness suffered or diseases contracted whilst performing their work or in the course of their employment. The main statute for compensation claim is Employees Social Security Act 1969 and the discussion will be made on the problem arising under section 28(1) and 28(4) of the 1969 Act. The issue involved is in establishing whether a correlation exists between the disease and the work performed by the workers. Such an issue could be the hindrance towards the success of such workers’ claims. Hence, this paper will explore the issue by analyzing statistics and decided court cases. The analysis of the court cases revealed that most of the claims were turned down when the claimants failed to show that the injury or death were the result of the employment. The author also suggests an alternative to have a scheduled and monitored occupational health check-up on the workers’ health to ensure whether any health problems occurs is due to the work.

Micro/nano plastics (M/NPs) and antibiotics, as widely coexisting pollutants in environment, pose serious threats to soil ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the ecological effects of the co-exposure of M/NPs and antibiotics on soil organisms through the meta-analysis and machine learning prediction. Totally, 1002 data set from 38 articles were studied. The co-exposure of M/NPs significantly promoted the abundance (62.68 %) and migration level (55.22 %) of antibiotic contamination in soil, and caused serious biotoxicity to plants (-12.31 %), animals (-12.03 %), and microorganisms (35.07 %). Using 10 variables, such as risk response categories, basic physicochemical properties, exposure objects, and exposure time of M/NPs, as data sources, Random Forests (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models were developed to predict the impacts of M/NPs on the ecotoxicological effects of antibiotics in agricultural soil. The effective R 2 values (0.58 and 0.60, respectively) indicated that both models can be used to predict the future ecological risk of M/NPs and antibiotics coexistence in soil. Particle size (13.54 %), concentration (5.02 %), and type (11.18 %) of M/NPs were the key characteristic parameters that affected the prediction results. The findings of this study indicate that the co-exposure of M/NPs and antibiotics in soil not only exacerbates antibiotic contamination levels but also causes severe toxic effects to soil organism. Furthermore, this study provides an effective approach for ecological risk assessment of the coexistence of M/NPs and antibiotics in environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study assessed the diagnostic value of a monoclonal immunoassay stool antigen test (HpSA) for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) infection and the eradication outcomes., Methods: Children undergoing digestive endoscopy at 2 Children's Hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City were recruited. Treatment was offered to H. pylori -infected children. Stool samples were collected on the same day as the endoscopy procedure and after 6 weeks post-treatment for HpSA. Diagnostic value and optimal cutoff of HpSA were assessed using biopsy-based tests as the gold standard. Eradication was defined as a negative HpSA post-treatment. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was signed by the participants., Results: In total, 394 patients participated in the study. The most common symptoms were epigastric pain (74.6%) and vomiting (37.3%). H. pylori status was positive in 78% of patients (306/394), doubtful in 10.1%, and negative in 12.2%. HpSA was positive in 73.2% (142/194). Excluding doubtful infections, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of HpSA were 87.4%, 95.2%, 99.2%, 51.3%, and 88.4%, respectively. The optimal cutoff value of 0.148 provided similar accuracy to the recommended cutoff. The eradication rate was 56.1% in per-protocol analysis and 27.9% in intention-to-treat analysis. Treatment success was higher in boys, but lower among malnourished children and those infected with cagA+ strains., Conclusions: The HpSA is reliable for identifying H. pylori infection in epidemiological studies and assessing eradication outcomes. The low eradication rate highlights the need for an appropriate intervention strategy in Vietnamese children., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Background: Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is increasing worldwide, with geographical variations, impacting the treatment outcomes. This study assessed the antibiotic resistance patterns of H. pylori in Vietnamese children., Materials and Methods: Symptomatic children undergoing gastroduodenoscopy at two tertiary Children's Hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City were recruited. Antral and corpus biopsies were obtained and cultured separately. Susceptibility to amoxicillin (AMO), clarithromycin (CLA), metronidazole (MET), levofloxacin (LEV), and tetracycline (TET) was determined using E-test. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on another antral biopsy to detect the urease gene, cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) genotypes, and 23S rRNA mutations conferring CLA resistance., Results: Among 123 enrolled children, a high primary resistance rate was found for CLA (68.5%, 61/89), followed by LEV (55.1%), MET (31.5%), AMO (25.8%), and TET (1.1%). Secondary resistance rates were 82.1% (7/28), 71.4%, 53.6%, and 3.6% for CLA, LEV, MET, and TET, respectively. Multidrug resistance was frequent (67.7%), with common patterns including CLA + LEV (20.3%) and CLA + MTZ + LEV (15.2%). Heteroresistance was detected in eight children (6.5%). The A2143G mutation was detected in 97.5% (119/122) of children. 86.1% of children had positive cagA strains and 27.9% had multiple vacA genotypes. No factor was significantly associated with antibiotic resistance., Conclusions: The alarming rate of antibiotic resistance for H. pylori, especially for CLA, with emerging multi- and hetero-resistant strains, pose a major treatment challenge that precludes CLA use as empirical therapy. Biopsies from both antrum and corpus can improve H. pylori culture, allowing tailored treatment based on antimicrobial susceptibility., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) remains a major cause of gastroduodenal diseases. We aimed to evaluate the burden of this infection, particularly peptic ulcer disease in Vietnamese children., Methods: We enrolled consecutive children referred for esophagogastroduodenoscopy at two tertiary children's hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, from October 2019 to May 2021. Children treated with proton pump inhibitors during the last two weeks or antibiotics for four weeks, and those having a previous or interventional endoscopy were excluded. H. pylori infection was diagnosed with either a positive culture or positive histopathology combined with a rapid urease test, or with a polymerase chain reaction of the urease gene. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and written informed consent/assent was obtained., Results: Among 336 enrolled children aged 4-16 (mean: 9.1 ± 2.4 years; 55.4% girls), H. pylori infection was positive in 80%. Peptic ulcers were detected in 65 (19%), increasing with age, and 25% with anemia. cagA+ strains were detected at a higher rate in children with ulcers., Conclusions: Prevalence of H. pylori and peptic ulcers is high among symptomatic Vietnamese children. It is crucial to have a program for early detection of H. pylori to reduce ulcer risk and gastric cancer later.

Objectives: The study aimed to identify prevalence of H. pylori infection and associated risk factors among pupils of Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC). Methods: A total of 1,476 pupils aged 6-15 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study using multiple-stage sampling method. Infection status was assessed using stool antigen-test. A questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Logistic regression was performed to assess possible factors related to the infection. Results: Of the 1,409 children included in the analysis, 49.2% were male and 95.8% were of Kinh ethnicity. About 43.5% of parents completed college or university. The overall prevalence of H. pylori was 87.7%. Infrequency of handwashing with soap after toilet, the use of only water to clean after toilet, crowded living areas, larger family size, and younger age were independently contributing to an increased prevalence of H. pylori . Conclusion: H. pylori infection is highly prevalent in HCMC, and is associated with poor hygienic practices, crowded living areas, larger family size, and younger age. These findings highlight the importance of fecal-oral route and the attribution of crowded living conditions to the spreading of H. pylori in HCMC. Therefore, preventive programs should be set up with a focus on education of hygiene practices, and oriented to those living in crowded conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Che, Nguyen, Vu, Nguyen, Hoang, Ngo, Truong, Bontems, Robert and Nguyen.)

Objectives: There is no study on Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection in pupils of Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC), the most overcrowded city in Vietnam. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori and its geographical spread among school-aged children. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1854 pupils across 24 districts of HCMC in 2019. Multiple-stage sampling method was used to enroll pupils. We built a four-points index for geographical division based on population density and employees density to evaluate the link between H. pylori and crowded level. Stool samples were analyzed by monoclonal enzyme-immunoassay stool antigen-test to assess the infection status. Logistic regression was performed to assess possible factors related to H. pylori infection. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori was 87.7%. There was a linear increasing trend in the infection rate ( p < 0.001) across the 4-points index of HCMC and this trend maintained within both age and gender subgroups ( p = 0.02). Conclusion: Prevalence of H. pylori was high and it increased with population density or employees density. Therefore, it is crucial to plan and implement the reduction of H. pylori infection programs by targeting the highly concentrated population areas of HCMC., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Che, Nguyen, Ngo, Nguyen, Vo, Ngo, Truong, Bontems, Robert and Nguyen.)