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European law specifies limit values (and test methods) for pollutant emissions from light duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulates, which are considered dangerous to human health. The internal combustion engines nowadays have strict regulation for emissions that resulted in the growth of demands for measuring methods and the measuring technology. WLTC is a new procedure that replaced the existing New European Diving Cycle (NEDC) to make the emissions become more effective when do the test in laboratory or in real traffic driving. The aim of this research is to investigate suitability of the sensor principle for HC measurement based on tests and their evaluations. The hydrocarbon sensor used to detect the HC by thermal ionization, which produces an ion current as the output voltage of the sensor. The results obtained by the ion measurement concept show that the optimization of the combustion process can be developed through simple mean.

Hydrocarbon emission is very bad for human health. Many efforts were made to reduce the pollution of hydrocarbon sensor especially in vehicle. For that, the development of hydrocarbon sensor for emission testing on the road is one of the great approaches to compare the results from laboratory test and in real driving test. This work focused on numerical investigation and optimization of hydrocarbon sensor prototype that is using glow plug as the heat source. Heat is important in facilitating ionization process for ion current measurement. Therefore, numerical optimization of inlet design and simulation using AVL Fire was done and reported in the following work to obtain the maximized performance of hydrocarbon sensor. We found that the optimum conditions for heating gas inside the chamber is when the inlet create a swirl flow and at low velocity.

Topology features such as interconnectivity, pore shape and size, porosity, struts thickness, and used materials play the key roles for mechanical and biological properties of meta-biomaterials structures. However, the influences of morphological geometries on the mechanical and biological properties are not certainly intuitive. This paper develops parametric model that use to visualize the morphological geometries of unit cell of meta-biomaterials on design space that governing the manufacturing limitation, mechanical and biological requirements. The selected samples within design spaces tested to determine manufacturing accuracy and effective elastic modulus by finite element analysis. The geometries discrepancies between designed models and manufactured samples obtained percentage of average errors of 13% for diamonds structures and 21% for square structures. The proposed technique yielded average error reduced to 74.4% for diamond structures and 44.4% for square structures of effective elastic modulus from theoretical calculation. The approach and the implications of the results discussed in the context of mechanical and biological criteria with highlight of advantages and limitations of meta-biomaterials manufactured by additive manufacturing for orthopaedic implants.

In Asia, Agarwood oil is obtained by conventional extraction methods which consume significant energy, amount of solvents, and process time. One of the conventional extraction methods is traditional hydrodistillation using stainless steel distiller covered by concrete. This study evaluates the heat loss during agarwood during agarwood hydro-distillation process with the aim at optimizing it using insulation techniques. Six insulation materials namely, Polyurethane, Aluminum Silicate, Glass Wool, Mineral Wool and Nitrile Rubber have been investigated experimentally and numerically using software Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to determine their effectiveness in reducing the heat loss from the boiler. Interestingly, higher heat loss recorded by the boiler surrounded by the concrete than when the boiler was heated barely. The best insulations with more than 18% efficiency of bare distiller demonstrated by glass wool and polyurethane whilst the worst efficiency was Aluminum Silicate. This finding is significant to help designers to choose the insulation material for improving engineering economics of hydro-distillation process.