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Background Oral corticosteroids are first-line agents to induce remission in moderately active ulcerative colitis [UC], but are associated with adverse effects. We compared the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and prednisolone for induction of remission in moderately active UC. Methods This was a single-centre, prospective, open-label, randomized, active-controlled pilot study. Eligible patients [aged ≥18 years] had moderately active UC. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either prednisolone [40 mg daily, tapered by 5 mg every week] or tofacitinib [10 mg twice daily] for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was composite remission [defined as total Mayo clinic score ≤2, with endoscopic sub-score of 0 and faecal calprotectin <100 µg/g] at 8 weeks. Results Seventy-eight patients were randomly assigned to either of the treatment groups. At week 8, the proportion of patients achieving composite remission in the tofacitinib [7/43, 16.28%] and prednisolone groups [3/35, 8.57%] were not significantly different (odds ratio [OR] 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–8.70; p  = 0.31). The time to achieve symptomatic remission [normal stool frequency with absence of rectal bleeding] was similar (10 days, interquartile range [IQR 7–18.75] and 10 days [IQR 5–12.5] for tofacitinib and prednisolone, respectively; p  = 0.25) in the two groups. One patient each in the tofacitinib and prednisolone group discontinued treatment due to development of pulmonary tuberculosis and pustular acne, respectively. One patient receiving tofacitinib developed herpes zoster, but did not require cessation of therapy. No serious adverse events or major adverse cardiovascular events were observed. Conclusion In patients with moderately active UC, there was no difference in the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and oral prednisolone for induction of remission at 8 weeks. Trail Registration Clinical Trials Registry of India [CTRI/2021/10/037641] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]