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Ante la necesidad de contar con buenas estimaciones de población para áreas administrativas menores en los períodos postcensales, se ha planteado la posibilidad de utilizar variables auxiliares como una alternativa simple para producir estimaciones indirectas. A estas variables se les ha denominado "indicadores sintomáticos" del cambio poblacional. En este artículo se investiga su uso apoyándose en la información del último censo de población y vivienda del año 2000. Se analiza la consistencia de las estimaciones producidas a nivel cantonal con respecto al valor censal. Además se discute la coherencia de estos resultados con los obtenidos en un estudio anterior efectuado para el censo de1984. Los resultados mostraron que la combinación de los indicadores: padrón electoral, nacimientos y matrícula escolar, pueden generar acertadas estimaciones aun en momentos de fuerte inmigración internacional. Para ello se aplicaron cuatro métodos que mostraron ser una buena alternativa para obtener estas estimaciones de población.

The goal of this study was to measure the arm circumferences (AC) and appropriated cuff sizes for children and adolescents and to relate these dimensions to specific age ranges. This is a cross-sectional study, developed in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, with 596 people between 6 and 17 years old. The AC was measured at the midpoint between the olecranon and the acromion. The selected cuff width followed the recommended ratio of 40% the AC. The more suitable cuff sizes were 7x14 cm, 8x16 cm and 9x18 cm, at 19.8%, 26.5% and 25%, respectively. A statistically significant association between AC and age range was found in both genders, as well as between the cuff and the age range, showing that the 7x14 cm (38.9%) and 8x16 cm (29.6%) cuffs were more suitable for children, and 8x16 cm (23.7%) and 9x18 cm (36.1%) cuffs were better for adolescents. Adequate cuffs were concluded to be different from the standard cuffs used for children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented use of high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS MAS) for the fractionation of organic and inorganic sulfur (S) species through monitoring the CS molecule is presented here. Two separate methods for determining organic (CS org ) and inorganic (CS ino ) sulfur were developed to work sequentially. The optimized temperature program for both methodologies has two pyrolysis steps and one vaporization step (1st T pyr : 1800 and 2 nd T pyr : 800 °C, and T vap : 2500 °C). The fractionation was achieved by implementing hydrophobic Pd NPs and Ca as chemical modifiers for the CS org and CS ino methods. Method development was performed by applying different statistical models, allowing the definition of optimal conditions for the chemical modifier mass, and minimizing the S species interconversion, i.e., Doehlert design, and central composite design. The limits of detection (LoD) for CS org and CS ino were 2.4 and 2.1 mg L -1 , respectively. Recovery tests evaluated the method's specificity and accuracy; over 92 % recovery was found for both CS org and CS ino . Thus, the proposed methods offer a reliable alternative for fractionating organic and inorganic S by using HR-CS MAS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study the effect of the direct application of different concentrations of boron in grape bunches on the phytochemical composition of grapes and wine was evaluated. The experiment was carried out by direct application to the grape bunch of different concentrations (0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g/L) of boron solution, in two consecutive vintages, 2018 and 2019. The wines were elaborated by the same microvinification method. Histological analyzes by optical microscopy and phenolic profile by HPLC-DAD were performed on the grapes. The wines were analyzed by HPLC-DAD and ICP-MS for phenolic profile and elemental composition, respectively. Histological analyzes of the grape skin showed an increase in the presence of polyphenols in the cellular tissue of grapes treated with different concentrations of boron when compared to the control samples in both vintages. The addition of boron influenced the phenolic profile of the grapes, resulting in an increase in the content of anthocyanins and flavanols. Regarding to wines, the treatment of grapes by direct application of boron significantly influenced the chemical composition of wines. In 2018, the application of 2 g/L of boron showed a significant increase in the concentration of malvidin and delphinidin in wines. The application of 1 g/L showed the highest concentration of malvidin, delphinidin and peonidin in the 2019 vintage. The boron content increased in the wine samples according to the boron concentrations applied to the grape. Thus, it is possible to produce chemically distinct wines with the direct application of boron to the grapes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The synthesis and characterization of a novel titania/silica hybrid xerogel subsequently modified with 4-methylpyridine (4-Pic), named TiSi4Pic + Cl -  is reported. The physicochemical, structural and thermal properties of TiSi4Pic + Cl - were characterized using several techniques. Anchoring cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoTsPc) in TiSi4Pic + Cl - showed greater electroanalytical sensitivity over other sensors built with these materials. A novel electroanalytical method was developed to quantify the noxious biocide pentachlorophenol (PCP) for environmental monitoring. The peak current intensity increased linearly with the analyte concentration in the range between 0.99 and 4.21 μmol L -1 , based on the oxidation process (at + 0.81 V, vs. Ag/AgCl) of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was 29 nmol L -1 . Recovery tests in environmental samples showed a PCP concentration of 2.05 ± 0.03 μmol L -1 (n = 3). The method was statistically validated by comparing the PCP concentrations with those obtained by molecular absorption spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). At a 95% confidence level, no difference between the results was found, therefore confirming the excellent accuracy of the proposed method., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Lead (Pb) is a potentially toxic element with significant environmental interest. Simple and sensitive analytical methods are necessary to allow determination of this element at trace levels using sample preparation procedures related to green chemistry. For this, calcium alginate beads (CA-beads), a low-cost and environmentally friendly biopolymer, have been proposed for extraction and preconcentration of Pb 2+ in river water samples and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). CA-beads were prepared and applied to extract and preconcentrate Pb 2+ in river water samples, providing an enrichment factor (EF) of 50, enhancement factor (E) of 54, a detection limit of 2 μg L -1 , and a relative standard deviation < 5%. The extraction of Pb 2+ in CA-beads achieved good selectivity, with recoveries from 94.8 to 100.2% in real samples, demonstrating the good accuracy of the proposed method. The results were also compared to those obtained by ICP-MS. The reuse of CA-beads was evaluated for six cycles, and under these conditions, the extraction and preconcentration efficiency of Pb 2+ were not significantly affected. The developed methodology was applied to determine Pb 2+ in water samples from rivers that are part of the hydrographic areas of Tibagi and Pitangui Rivers, in which the Pb 2+ concentration was less than 2 μg L -1 , a concentration lower than that established by Brazilian legislation for class I and II rivers., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Introduction: We analyze the activities carried out by primary care (PC) physicians and nurses with respect to smoking cessation and evaluate their self-reported training, knowledge, and behavior., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 1514 PC physicians and nurses from June 2016 to March 2017, in Spain. The main variable was Good Practice (GP) in attention to smokers. To identify associated factors, a multilevel logistic regression model was used adjusted for sex, age, type of center, contract, years of employment, tobacco consumption, and self-reported training/knowledge., Results: Of the 792 physicians and 722 nurses, 48.6% referred to GP in smoking cessation management. The finding related to: being a non-smoker (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.5) or ex-smoker (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.02-2.1), having a good level of knowledge (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4) and training (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.8-3.2), and, to a lesser extent, being female (OR=1.3; 95% CI: 1.03-1.7), and work experience >10 years (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.03-1.9). The main GP barriers were: lack of time (45.5%), organizational problems (48.4%), and 35.4% lack of training., Conclusions: The GP of PC physicians and nurses regarding smoking cessation management is related to being non-smokers or ex-smokers, and having sufficient training and knowledge. Lack of time and organizational problems were considered to be the main barriers. The promotion of training activities in the Spanish National Health Service with the support of scientific societies is required., Competing Interests: The authors have each completed and submitted an ICMJE form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. The authors declare that they have no competing interests, financial or otherwise, related to the current work., (© 2020 Martin-Cantera C. et al.)

This study proposes a simple and effective method for determination of Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in soil samples, associating ultrasound-assisted extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were optimized using a central composite design. This method required small volumes of HCl, HNO 3 , and HF as an extraction solvent blend to ensure effective analyte extraction. Limits of detection and quantification were determined to assess the minimum accurate concentration of the studied elements that can be detected and quantified in a soil sample. Therefore, the ultrasound-assisted extraction was concluded as a simple and straightforward pretreatment technique to determine Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations in soil samples. Eight sites of agricultural and native forest areas of the city of Ponta Grossa and Guarapuava, State of Paraná, Brazil, were evaluated for metals, and compared with the reference values for trace elements provided by the Brazilian National Environment Council. Environmental assessment of soils from those eight sites was accomplished through I geo , EF, CF, and PLI parameters, which aimed at the evaluation of agricultural sites in comparison with adjacent natural forest sites with no history of anthropogenic mobilization to determine the degree of the contribution of anthropogenic sources to metal concentrations. According to the I geo , EF, and CF parameters, all sites were classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted and none or minor enrichment due to anthropogenic activities were noticed. PLI parameter evaluated the concentration of all studied metals in soils to stipulate an order of contamination, which was concluded as site 8

In this work, different chemometric tools were compared to classify n = 26 conventional (CONV) and n = 19 organic (ORG) coffees from the main Brazilian producing regions based on the chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis separated ORG and CONV coffees but the distinction among the producing regions of Brazilian coffee was not possible. Partial least squares discriminant analysis classified all ORG and CONV coffees in the external validation. Similarly, linear discriminant analysis was able to discriminate 100% and 81% of ORG and CONV coffees in the external validation, respectively, in which total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant activity, and caffeic acid were the main discriminant variables. Overall 100% of samples from Paraná, Minas Gerais, and blended samples were correctly classified, where TPC, flavonoids, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, caffeic acid, pH, and soluble solids were the main discriminant variables. Support vector machines classified 95% ORG and 88% CONV, 100% Coffea arabica, and 88% and 78% coffees produced in São Paulo and Minas Gerais. k-Nearest neighbors was effective in distinguishing 100% CONV, 89% ORG, 100% coffees from São Paulo, and 100% C. arabica coffees. Overall, HPLC data and simple physicochemical parameters allied to chemometrics were effective in authenticating the cultivation system and the botanical origin of Brazilian coffees. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Coffee adulteration is a serious problem in the food chain as some fraudsters replace coffee powder by other cheaper products. In the case of organic coffee, this scenario is even worse as still there is not a universal method to differentiate conventionally grown coffee from its organic counterpart. In addition, Brazilian coffee is produced in different regions and the commercial value varies. Therefore, we analyzed some physicochemical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of Brazilian coffees from distinct origins and classified the samples using chemometrics. Our approach seems to be interesting for quality control purposes., (© 2019 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

The oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in aqueous solution was evaluated using heterogeneous photocatalysis and photolysis. The influence of TiO 2 as catalyst in different crystalline (rutile, anatase) and commercial forms was evaluated in a batch reactor and an insignificant difference was observed between them. The process by photocatalysis reached up to 97% As(III) oxidation and no significant difference was observed comparing to results obtained by photolysis. The photolysis experiments (UV radiation only), also carried out in a batch system, showed a high oxidation rate of As(III) (90% in 20min). The influence of different matrices (well water, river water and public water supply) were evaluated. Additionally, the effect of As(V) concentration, generated during the oxidation process, was studied. Continuous photolysis experiments using only UV radiation were performed, resulting in a high As(III) oxidation rate. Using a flow rate of 5mLmin -1 and an initial concentration of As(III) 200µgL -1 , gave an oxidation percentage of As(III) of up to 72%, showing a simple and economical alternative to the oxidation step of As(III) to As(V) in the treatment of water contaminated with arsenic., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To clinically validate the nursing outcome Mobility in patients with cerebrovascular accidents., Methods: Descriptive study, conducted in July 2011, with 38 outpatients, in northeastern Brazil. Data collection took place by evaluating two pairs of specialist nurses, where one pair used the instrument containing the constitutive and operational definitions of the indicators and magnitudes of the Mobility Outcome and the other pair without such definitions., Results: When analyzing the evaluations among nurses, all indicators showed significant differences by the Friedman test (p <0.05)., Conclusion: The constitutive and operational definitions submitted to the validation process provide greater accuracy in assessing the cerebrovascular accident patient's mobility state.

The biosorption of orange solimax TGL 182% (OS-TGL) textile dye onto new and low cost biossorbent (malt bagasse) in aqueous solutions was investigated. The malt bagasse was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and specific surface area (BET method).Batch biosorption experiments were conducted in order to determine the following parameters: particles size, pH, agitation speed, temperature, contact time, biomass dosage, influence of the ionic strength and, finally, the influence of other textile dye on the OS-TGL biosorption. The optimum conditions for OS-TGL removal were obtained at pH 1.5, agitation speed of 150rpm, contact time of 180min and biomass dosage 2, 8gL(-1). The results show that the kinetics of biosorption followed a pseudo-second-order model and by increasing the temperature from 293 up to 313K, the biosorption capacity was improved. The Langmuir model showed better fit and the estimated biosorption capacity was 23.2mgg(-1). The negative values of Gibbs free energy, ΔG°, and positive value of enthalpy, ΔH°, confirm the spontaneous nature and endothermic character of the biosorption process. The results of the ionic strength effect indicated that the biosorption process under study had a strong tolerance in high salt concentrations. The removal capacity (>95%) was not affected with the presence of other textile dyes., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Vegetable oils used in frying food represent a social problem as its destination. The residual oil can be recycled and returned to the production line, as biodiesel, as soap, or as putty. The state of the residual oil is determined according to their physicochemical characteristics whose values define its economically viable destination. However, the physicochemical analysis requires high costs, time and general cost of transporting. This study presents the use of a capacitive sensor and a quick and inexpensive method to correlate the physicochemical variables to the dielectric constant of the material undergoing oil samples to thermal cycling. The proposed method allows reducing costs in the characterization of residual oil and the reduction in analysis time. In addition, the method allows an assessment of the quality of the vegetable oil during use. The experimental results show the increasing of the dielectric constant with the temperature, which facilitates measurement and classification of the dielectric constant at considerably higher temperatures. The results also confirm a definitive degradation in used oil and a correlation between the dielectric constant of the sample with the results of the physicochemical analysis (iodine value, acid value, viscosity and refractive index).

The concentration of metals in Brazilian soil under no-tillage (NT) and an area under native vegetation (NV) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The applied method was based on microwave-assisted acid digestion using HNO3, HCl, H2O2, and HF. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing two certified reference materials (BCR-142 and RS-3). The relative standard deviation for all target elements was below 8% indicating an adequate precision and the limit of detection ranged from 0.03 μg g(-1) (Cd) to 24.0 μg g(-1) (Fe). The concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn in the different layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm) were determined in two types of soils, located in Paraná State in Brazil. The soil layers analysis revealed a different behavior of metals concentrations in soil samples under NT and NV. The obtained results showed a clear impact of anthropogenic action with respect to specific metals due to many years of uncontrolled application rates of limestone and phosphate fertilizers.

This study aimed a concept analysis of the nursing outcome Mobility in patients with stroke. A literature review was conducted, through the online access to databases: Scopus, Pubmed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Lilacs, using the descriptors: mobility, stroke, nursing and their synonyms in Portuguese and Spanish. 1.521 articles were identified, resulting in 49, after careful selection. Noteworthy are the articles published in Canada (26.7%), on 2001 (95.9%), by physiotherapists (34.6%), and in rehabilitation units (61.5%). The attributes identified for Mobility were: walking, standing, sitting, put the leg side to side, turn around, start and stop walking, stair climbing, motor function, and motor skill transfer. A model case and a contrary case were built, and identified, as antecedents: postural control and balance; and, as consequents: performs tasks inside and outside the house and wanders without difficulty. It was concluded that the concepts of Mobility found in this study need to be validated with experts in the field and in clinical practice.

The objective of this case report is to review the clinical thinking, decision making, and actions of the authors, from the time of the first patient visit to the final esthetic outcome. Initial uncertainty led the authors to perform procedures that were believed to provide best outcomes or alternatives for further procedures, if necessary. An optimal final esthetic outcome was the goal, and the short-term (one-year) esthetic results are presented.

The study aims to examine nurses' understanding of the principles of the Unified Health System. universality, equity and integrality. This is a descriptive study conducted from August to September, 2008, through semi-structured interviews with 26 nurses of the basic units of Health fom Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil The technique o f content analysis was used toorganize the data. The results show that nurses perceive universality as a universal access for all users of health services; equity as an equal attendance of the population, guaranteeing special attention to the poor; and integrality of care as the provision of services at all three levels of care. The conclusion shows that the practitioners' conception of these principles are similar to those presented in the Federal Constitution. This represents an important element for the implementation and strengthening of the model of health care in Brazil.

Background: The success of cardiac transplantation involves ensuring the survival of patients with heart disease and allowing them to carry out their daily activities. Heart transplant is the first option of treatment for heart failure and it represents an increase in the survival rate and quality of life of transplant patients., Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of patients that had a heart transplant by using a standardized scale (Whoqol-Bref)., Methods: A quantitative descriptive exploratory study, conducted with 55 patients that had a heart transplant, in a period ranging between the third and 103(rd) months, who were monitored at the Transplant and Heart Failure Unit in a benchmark cardiology hospital in the city of Fortaleza, State of Ceará. The data were collected from February 2009 to April 2009, by administering a WHO-standardized questionnaire and by using data contained in medical records., Results: With respect to the physical domain, 62.8% of male patients and 58.3% of female patients are satisfied. In the psychological domain, 65.1% of males are satisfied with the quality of life and, 58.3% of females are satisfied. In terms of social relations, it was observed that 53.5% of males are very satisfied and 100% of females are satisfied. With regard to the environment, 65.1% of male patients and 83.3% of female patients are satisfied., Conclusion: The heart transplant had a lot of influence on the quality of life of transplant patients, because the results have proven to be statistically significant after the transplant.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the percentiles of blood pressure in children and adolescents with familial history of arterial hypertension. This is a longitudinal study developed in a community in Fortaleza. Ceará, Brazil. The blood pressure was evaluated in five home visits from January, 2004 to December, 2006. The group was composed of 141 participants, of which 92 were children and 49 adolescents. Of the children, 67.4% remained with no alterations of the percentiles of blood pressure in all the evaluations; of the adolescents, 65.3% remained in the same condition. Most individuals kept their values and percentiles of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and many that did not initially present alterations started to show some during the follow up. As a result, routine monitoring of blood pressure of children and adolescents proves necessary for the early detection and prevention of complications.

This work presents the determination of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and V in diesel and biodiesel samples by ETV-ICP MS using emulsion sample preparation. The emulsion composition was: 1.0 g of the diesel or biodiesel sample, 2.0 mL of a 5% m/v Triton X-100 solution, 0.5 mL of HNO3 and deionized water to a 10 mL final volume. The optimized parameters were mass of carrier/modifier (1.0 microg Pd), RF power (1100 W), carrier gas flow rate (0.95 L min(-1)) and inner ETV gas flow rate (0.15 L min(-1)). The determinations were performed against aqueous solutions using 10 microg L(-1) Rh as internal standard. The accuracy of the method was verified through the analysis of the NIST 1634c reference residual fuel oil, recovery tests and comparison of the results with those obtained by GF AAS. The results were in agreement according to the t-test at a 95% confidence level. The RSD values were lower than 20%, the recoveries were between 80 and 120% and the LOD values were in the order of ng g(-1), showing the good accuracy and sensitivity of the method.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk indicators for high blood pressure in children and teenagers. A cross-sectional study developed with 342 individuals of 6-18 years of age in a school of Fortaleza city. The most individuals were male (51.5%). The age mean was 11.7 years (+/-3.19). It was frequent the scholars with overweight/obesity (16.8%) and blood pressure above of the 90th percentile (44.7%). Sedentarism, smoking and drinking were present in 51.5%, 38% and 15.5% of the sample. The systolic blood pressure was correlated with the variable age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, subscapular skinfold thickness and body mass index. There was correlation of the diastolic blood pressure with age, weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences. It was confirm the influence of risk factors on the blood pressure values of children and teenagers. The systolic blood pressure was especially influenced by anthropometric indicators.

This study was aimed at verifying the clarity in the organization of the social systems in the Theory of Goal Attainment. It is a theoretical-reflexive study that uses as referential for analysis a Model of Analysis of Theories. One thesis and two dissertations were analyzed in the months of April, May and June of 2005. Regarding the operational definition of the concepts, all three defined adequately the concepts pointed out in the Conceptual Model, making use of them in the situations of the studies. In what refers to the validity of content and construct there were gaps identified. In one of the studies, for example, the work groups to which the individuals belonged were not consonant with the Theory's social system concept. Thus the studies still require attention as to the use they make of concepts presented in theories or in theoretical models.

Wheelchair-related physical restraints, lap belts, and other alternatives are intended to provide safe and adequate seating and mobility for individuals using wheelchairs. Physical restraints and lap belts are also helpful for positioning people in their wheelchairs to reduce the risk of injury during wheelchair tips and falls. However, when used improperly or in ways other than intended, injury or even death can result. Although widely prescribed, little evidence is available to direct professionals on the appropriate use of these restraints and lap belts and for whom these restraints are indicated. The purpose of this study was to conduct a review of available literature from 1966-2006 to identify the risks and benefits associated with lap belts while seated in wheelchairs. Twenty-five studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Nine studies reported the frequency of asphyxial deaths caused by physical restraints, nine studies reported the long-term complication and indirect adverse effects of physical restraints and lap-belt use, and seven studies reported the benefits of physical restraints and lap belts with individuals using wheelchairs. Despite the weak evidence, the results suggest a considerable number of deaths from asphyxia caused by the use of physical restraints occurred each year in the U.S. The majority of the deaths occurred in nursing homes, followed by hospitals, and then the home of the person. Most deaths occurred while persons were restrained in wheelchairs or beds. Based on that, caution needs to be exercised when using restraints or positioning belts. In addition, other seating and environment alternatives should be explored prior to using restraints or positioning belts, such as power wheelchair seating options. Positioning belts may reduce risk of falls from wheelchairs and should be given careful consideration, but caution should be exercised if the individual cannot open the latch independently. Also, the duration of use of the physical restraint should be limited. Therefore, several factors should be considered when devising a better quality of physical-restraint services provided by health care professionals. These efforts can lead to improved safety and quality of life for individuals who use wheelchairs.

The evaluation of blood pressure and anthropometric measurements is important for evaluating the health of children and teenagers, since cardiovascular abnormalities are becoming more and more common in this population. The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between anthropometric measurements and arterial pressure taking gender, age and the practice of physical activities into consideration. A cross sectional study was carried out in a school in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, in a sample of 122 students of 6-18 years of age. Data was collected on a specific form and included sociodemographic data, anthropometric evaluation, measurement of arterial pressure and the practice of physical activity. Three measurements were taken of each anthropometric variable and arterial pressure, and the respective means were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using the SPSS software program, version 13.0. Significance was established at 5% (p < 0.05). A correlation was identified between arterial pressure and tricipital skinfold thickness. No statistically significant differences were found between the mean anthropometric measurements and the presence of high blood pressure. A correlation was found between body mass index and abdominal and subscapular skinfold thickness and between body mass index and waist and hip circumference. Physical activity had no effect on anthropometric measurements. Females had a higher mean tricipital and abdominal skinfold thickness than males. This study confirms the influence of the variables of gender and age on the anthropometric measurements evaluated. In particular, tricipital skinfold thickness was correlated with systolic arterial pressure.

It is of great importance to acknowledge health education strategies nurses use on patients with high blood pressure, seeing how they respond and if the method is eficient for for them. The aim was to analise researches which focused on strategies to develop health education for adults with high blood pressure. This is a bibliography study which used data basis from MEDLINE. The abstracts found showed the folowing themes: high blood pressure, education and nursing. After the analisis two articles in english fitted in the established criteria. It was noticed that organized programes improve health conditions in factors such as high blood pressure risks and approval to the treatment given, being noticed a change of behavior and adherence to the drug treatment.

Objective: To investigate factors related to the wheelchair, impairment, and environment that affect perception of participation of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) in activities performed in 3 settings: in the home, in the community, and during transportation., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Research centers and a specialized assistive technology (AT) clinic in Pittsburgh (Pitt). Research centers and community-based rehabilitation technology suppliers in Saint Louis (SL)., Participants: Seventy wheelchair users with SCI., Interventions: Subjects from Pitt and SL completed a written survey of AT usage in daily activities., Main Outcome Measures: Subjects were asked 5 questions within each setting (home, community, transportation) related to their perceived reason for functional limitations., Results: The wheelchair was the most commonly cited factor limiting participation, followed by physical impairment and physical environment. Twenty-one percent of subjects with paraplegia reported pain as a limiting factor for their transportation use, significantly more (P=.047) than subjects with tetraplegia (3%). A trend (P=.099) was seen toward a higher percentage of subjects with tetraplegia (tetraplegia, 7%; paraplegia, 3%) reporting lack of equipment as a limiting factor for use of transportation. Differences were also seen across sites., Conclusions: The wheelchair was the most commonly cited limiting factor, followed by physical impairment and physical environment. The wheelchair is the most important mobility device used by persons with SCI and the one that users most associate with barriers.

This article discusses research to determine the efficacy of a prototype integrated power toothbrush and toothpaste dispensing system, the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest, in the removal of extrinsic stain. The prototype integrated system and a positive control, the Sonicare Elite with conventional toothpaste, were evaluated in 2 randomized, single-blinded, parallel 4-week controlled clinical trials. There was a low dropout rate, with 28 subjects of the 31 randomized in study 1 completing the study (10% loss to follow-up) and 26 subjects of the 28 randomized in study 2 completing the study (7% loss to follow-up). Lobene stain scores were used to assess the extent and intensity of stain for all teeth meeting the criteria for inclusion in the studies. Lobene stain scores were assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks in both studies. A survey also was conducted at the conclusion of each study to determine user attitude toward the integrated system. The prototype integrated system was found to significantly reduce overall extrinsic stain over time, performing not significantly differently from the positive control. Overall, the prototype integrated system reduced the composite measure of stain that encompasses both the extent and intensity of stain by 60%. This research demonstrates that the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest is highly effective in reducing extrinsic stain.

The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy of four mouthrinses in clinical outcomes of changes in oral malodor measurements in a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, longitudinal clinical trial in adults. The four rinses were coded as Products 1, 2, 3, and 4 so that neither the examiners nor subjects had the knowledge of treatment. Of the four mouthrinses, two were commercially available mouthrinses with essential oils (EO) or chlorine dioxide plus zinc (CD/Zn) as active ingredients (Products 1 and 4), one mouthrinse was a formulation containing cetylpyridinium chloride (Product 2), and one was a placebo (Product 3). A total of 99 subjects who met the study criteria were assigned randomly to one of the four groups. At three separate visits (0, 2, and 4 weeks), subjects received an examination of the oral soft tissues and were assessed for baseline oral malodor by two organoleptic judges and a laboratory instrument that measures oral malodor. Subjects were instructed to use the assigned rinse, and the measurements were performed again after 2 and 4 hours. Throughout the 4-week study period, each subject was asked to use the assigned rinse twice daily per the manufacturer's recommended directions. The results showed that the four mouthrinses reduced oral malodor within 4 hours after a single usage, with Product 2 being the most effective and the placebo being the least effective. Daily use of EO, CD/Zn, and placebo rinses for up to 4 weeks did not reduce oral malodor from week 0 baseline values, and the effects on oral malodor were comparable among these three mouthrinses. Product 2 was the only mouthrinse that reduced oral malodor from baseline values after 2 and 4 weeks of daily use.

Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of two oscillating-rotating power toothbrushes, the rechargeable Braun Oral-B D8 and the battery-powered Colgate Actibrush., Materials and Methods: This was a randomized, examiner-blind, parallel-group study, carried out over 3 months of product use, involving a total of 113 healthy subjects with a plaque score of > or = 1.5 and a gingivitis score of > or = 1.1. Subjects were given written and verbal instructions in the use of their respective power brushes and were told to brush twice per day. At baseline, hard and soft tissues were examined, and plaque scores and gingival scores were recorded after 12-18 hrs of no oral hygiene. Subjects returned after 3 months, at which time soft and hard tissues were re-examined and plaque and gingivitis scores were recorded., Results: No evidence was found of soft or hard tissue trauma and both brushes were considered to be safe when used according to the manufacturers' instructions. After 3 months, whole mouth plaque scores had decreased by 7% in the D8 group but had increased by 4.3% in the Actibrush group. The decrease from baseline in the D8 group was statistically significant, but the increase in the Actibrush group was not. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant both for the whole mouth and all individual sites. Whole mouth gingivitis scores were also reduced significantly from baseline in both groups, by 22.5% in the D8 group and by 17.5% in the Actibrush group. For whole mouth scores and all individual sites (interproximal, buccal and lingual), the D8 was significantly more effective than the Actibrush.

Background, Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of bacterial antigens for Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients after periodontal treatment was associated with progressive alveolar bone loss., Method: 39 (39) subjects in good general health previously diagnosed with adult periodontitis within the last 2 years, and still presenting with probing depth >5 mm in 2 to 6 teeth, were studied. All subjects were treated with scaling and root planing. Half of the subjects were randomly assigned to receive adjunctive systemic doxycycline (200 mg the 1st day, then 100 mg per day for 21 days). Subgingival plaque samples were taken at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months after therapy. A modified ELISA test (Evalusite, Periodontal Test Kit, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY) was used to test for plaque antigens associated with P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Progressive alveolar bone loss was determined using digital subtraction radiography with standardized radiographs taken at baseline and 6 months after treatment., Results: The presence of P. gingivalis in plaque after treatment was significantly associated with progressive bone loss (positive predictive value 84%, negative predictive value 85%, odds ratio 31.9, p<0.0001). In contrast, the presence of P. intermedia in plaque after treatment was not indicative of progressive loss (positive predictive value 39%, negative predictive value 82%). Too few sites had evidence of A. actinomycetemcomitans to be amenable to statistical analysis. No significant difference in bone loss was attributable to the systemic antibiotic therapy., Conclusion: These data indicated that, in this population, the presence of P. gingivalis in plaque after treatment might be indicative of progressive alveolar bone loss.

Background: Various procedures have been proposed to treat gingival recession, but few studies compare these procedures to each other. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a clinical comparison of subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with a collagen membrane in the treatment of gingival recessions in humans., Methods: Twenty-four defects were treated in 12 patients who presented canine or pre-molar Miller Class I and/or II bilateral gingival recessions. Both treatments were performed in all patients, and clinical measurements were obtained at baseline and 18 months after surgery. These clinical measurements included gingival recession height (GR), root coverage (RC), probing depth (PD), keratinized tissue width (KT), and final esthetic result., Results: Both SCTG and GTR with a bioabsorbable membrane and bone graft demonstrated significant clinical and esthetic improvement for gingival recession coverage. The SCTG group was statistically significantly better than GTR for height of GR (SCTG = 0.2 mm, GTR = 1.12 mm, P= 0.02) and KT (SCTG = 4.58 mm, GTR = 2.5 mm, P<0.0001). However, PD was statistically significantly better for GTR than SCTG treatment (GTR = 1.66 mm, SCTG = 1.00, P= 0.01). The 2 procedures were statistically similar in root coverage (SCTG = 95.6%, GTR = 84.2%, P= 0.073). The esthetic condition after both treatments was satisfactory (P= 0.024)., Conclusions: It was concluded that the gingival recessions treated with the SCTG group were superior for GR, RC, and KT clinical parameters, while GTR demonstrated better PD reduction. The final esthetic results were similar using both techniques.

A random sample of sixty-two 11-15-year-old adolescents from 17 different locations in Guatemala were selected for this study. Pocket depth, Plaque Index, and bleeding upon probing were recorded from 6 randomly selected sites in each subject (a total of 372 sites). Subgingival plaque samples were subsequently collected from these sites and processed by several assays. For cost reasons, in each pair of sites different assays were performed as follows: sites #1, #2--BANA test for T. denticola, P. gingivalis, B. forsythus and screening of plaque samples with polyclonal antibodies (ELISA system) for A. actinomycetemcomitans; sites #3, #4--detection of yeasts by SAB agar; sites #5, #6--detection of Entamoeba gingivalis by the Heidenhain iron hematoxylin modified technique. A total of 66% of the children had at least one site that bled upon probing, 42% exhibited at least one site with pocket depth > 3 mm, and 79% exhibited a high Plaque Index, with the percent of sites affected being 30%, 12% and 41%, respectively. In sites #1, #2 (N = 124), the BANA test assay and A. actinomycetemcomitans tested positive in 77% and 47% of the children accounting for 59% and 31% of the sites, respectively. In sites #3, #4 (N = 124), yeasts were detected in 43% of the children and 29% of the sites. In sites #5, #6 (N = 124), Entamoeba gingivalis was detected in 21% of the children and in 11% of the sites. The risk for severe gingival inflammation and/or increased probing depth was 1.5 and 5.2 times higher if a positive BANA test or A. actinomycetemcomitans test was found in a particular site. No associations could be found for yeasts and Entamoeba gingivalis.

This study evaluated the use of a bioresorbable membrane (Guidor USA) for treatment of periodontal angular bone defects in eight periodontitis patients. Presurgical measurements consisted of probing depth, clinical attachment levels, and digital radiographic imaging evaluation. Full-thickness buccal and lingual flaps were elevated allowing for soft tissue debridement, scaling, and root planing. Bioresorbable membranes were placed in at least one of the periodontal defects, and controls were left without barrier placement. Clinical and radiographic results 6 months after the surgical procedure showed clinical and radiographic improvement for control and test lesions. However, sites treated with bioresorbable membranes presented a significant gain in clinical attachment and bone mass when compared to sites that had received flap surgery alone.

Although gingivitis is initiated by plaque and plaque removal controls gingivitis, gingival irrigation with water has been shown to reduce gingivitis without reducing plaque. This study attempted to explore possible mechanisms involved in the treatment of gingivitis by water irrigation. Patients (n = 125) with more than 20 teeth, less than 4 sites with probing depth (PD) deeper than 6 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP) frequency of 30% or higher, and no systemic disease were randomized to one of four treatment groups: toothbrushing alone (brush), toothbrushing plus chlorhexidine 0.12% rinse 2x/day (CHX), toothbrushing plus water irrigation 1x/day (irr+H2O), or toothbrushing plus chlorhexidine 0.04% irrigation 1x/day (irr+CHX). Six sites/tooth were examined at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months for BOP and PD using an automated probe, and for gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) by standard means. A prophylaxis and oral hygiene instructions were provided after baseline and 6 month measurements. Subgingival microbial samples and crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected from 2 teeth/subject at each time point. Microbial samples were processed for anaerobic culture and the predominant cultivable flora was determined. CHX and irr+CHX had a 30 to 35% decrease in mean PI, while brush and irr+H2O had only a 12 to 16% decrease. BOP was reduced by 14% in the brush group and 23 to 24% in the other groups. GI was significantly correlated with PI in the brush, CHX, and irr+CHX groups, but not in the irr+H2O group. Prevotella intermedia was significantly reduced in both irrigation groups, but not CHX or brush groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bleeding on probing (BOP) and the gingival index have been used to clinically characterize the degree of gingival inflammation. It is, however, unclear to what extent these parameters correlate to each other and to probing pocket depth (PD). The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the association between BOP and GI bleeding (scores of 2 and 3), as well as the relationship of these variables to PD, in a group of patients presenting with naturally-occurring gingivitis. Based on screening examinations of 125 subjects with at least 20 teeth, no more than 4 sites with PD over 6 mm, a BOP frequency of 30% or greater, and no systemic condition that would influence the inflammatory response, were selected. 2 weeks after screening they were examined at 6 sites per tooth for plaque index, GI, PD and BOP. A standardized pressure sensitive probe (Florida Probe) with 20 g probing force was used for BOP and PD measurements. In this population, means of 40.9% (S.E. = 1.36) BOP sites and 35.3% (S.E. = 1.81) GI bleeding sites per patient were found. A total of 20,008 sites ranging in PD up to 5.9 mm were evaluated; however, the majority of sites (19,723, 98.6%) presented with < 4 mm PD. When sites were evaluated, BOP demonstrated a positive correlation with PD, whereas GI bleeding correlated with PD. For sites characterized by the absence of BOP as well as the absence of GI bleeding (scores 0 and 1), the highest % of agreement between the 2 indices (77.7%) was found in shallow sites (0.1-2 mm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bisphosphonates have been shown to increase bone mass in estrogen-deficient patients by inhibiting osteoclast activity. The purpose of this study was to measure clinical and radiographic effects of a bisphosphonate on periodontitis development in monkeys. Twenty-seven (27) adult cynomolgus monkeys were studied. After quarantine, baseline data were obtained including plaque index, gingival index, clinical probing depth measurements, and intraoral radiographs. Standardized radiographs were analyzed for quantitative changes in bone density using a computer assisted densitometric (CADIA) system. Animals were divided into 3 groups to receive 1 of the 3 treatment agents; these agents consisted of two levels of the test drug (alendronate) and a saline placebo. Agents were injected in the saphenous vein of the lower leg every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. One week after the initiation of treatment agent injections, mandibular right molars and premolars were ligated with 3-0 silk sutures to induce periodontitis. Ligated teeth were also inoculated with Porphyromonas gingivalis to insure a significant etiologic challenge. Nonligated homologous teeth served as controls. Clinical measurements and radiographs were repeated at 8 and 16 weeks after ligation. The bisphosphonate at a concentration of 0.05 mg/kg significantly retarded the progression of periodontitis as measured by bone density changes. The higher level dose of the test drug did not differ from placebo with respect to loss of bone density. Clinical indices were not affected significantly by the test drugs. Drugs that alter bone metabolism may offer a new approach to the treatment of periodontal disease.

The purpose of this study was to test the diagnostic discrimination of bleeding on probing in a group of 71 patients who have been treated for periodontitis. They have been maintained over 5 years receiving prophylaxis every 3 months and clinical evaluation once a year. 1,746 teeth were used and extracted and retreated teeth were not included. The presence or absence of bleeding on probing was recorded for each tooth over the five yearly examinations. After recording the site variations between the 1st and the 5th year maintenance values, the highest value of attachment loss per tooth was selected. Teeth were considered diseased when they presented at least one site with 4 mm of probing pocket depth at the baseline (year 1) and 2 mm of attachment loss after 5 years (Criterion 1), or showed 3 mm of attachment loss after 5 years (Criterion 2). The prevalence of disease was 8.19% (143 teeth) for Criterion 1 and 19.7% (344 teeth) for Criterion 2. Bleeding on probing 2 times presented the highest sensitivity (86% Criterion 1 and 64.5% Criterion 2) and the lowest predictability (11.9% Criterion 1 and 21.4% Criterion 2). Bleeding on probing frequency = 5 times showed the highest specificity (93.6% Criterion 1 and 93.4% Criterion 2) and predictability (93.4% Criterion 1 and 81.5% Criterion 2). These results demonstrated that bleeding on probing may not be substituted for clinical attachment levels when evaluating the periodontal attachment loss over time. However, the high specificity and predictability of these tests as a negative one suggests that absence of bleeding after probing may be a good indicator of maintenance of periodontal attachment levels over time.

This study evaluated the effects of citric acid demineralization and autologous fibronectin application in association with a modified Widman flap in the treatment of periodontitis. The study population comprised 29 patients under treatment for moderate to advanced periodontitis who reached the one-year posttherapy evaluation. After thorough scaling and root planing, a split mouth design was used in which two quadrants were treated by modified Widman flap alone, and the other two randomly assigned quadrants were treated by modified Widman flap combined with citric acid demineralization and autologous fibronectin application. Fibronectin, which had previously been isolated from the patient's own plasma, was applied with a tuberculin syringe on the citric acid demineralized root surfaces and the inner aspect of the flap. After suturing provided good flap adaptation, additional fibronectin was again applied under the flap and external pressure was applied. Patients were clinically evaluated at baseline and at one year. Statistical evaluation of the data using paired t test and Chi-square analysis indicated that both approaches, modified Widman flap alone or in combination with citric acid and fibronectin, significantly reduced probing pocket depth and increased clinical attachment. However, the changes achieved with citric acid and fibronectin were statistically greater than those obtained with the flap alone. Furthermore, the number of sites gaining 2 mm or more of clinical attachment were significantly increased. The results suggest that the use of citric acid and fibronectin holds promise in promoting reattachment after periodontal therapy.