Search

The main objective of the study is to discuss the importance of ‘smart villages’ in Nepal considering it would enhance rural and local development. The analytical review literature of both theoretical and empirical data and documents and observation as methods are adopted for the study. The majority of the population in Nepal resides in rural areas. Similarly, rural-urban migration is common. There is a wide gap between rural and urban in terms of infrastructure development and poverty. The rural population stands for 27 % of poverty, which is higher than the urban (15%). Many parts of the local levels face a lack of infrastructure, poor public services, and technologies. The exodus of youth from villages has resulted in decreasing agriculture production. Considering topography, population, limitation of land, and migration trends; the concept of smart villages is rational, and it will have evident implications for rural development. The concept of smart villages will sustainably enhance the rural economy, minimizing the rural-urban economies gap., {"references":["Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Goulder, L., Daily, G., Ehrlich, P., Heal, G., Levin., S., Maler, K., Schneider, S., Starrett, D., and Walker, B. (2004). 'Are we consuming too much?', Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 147– 172","Atkočiūnienė, V. & Vaznonienė, G. (2019). SMART VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES AND DRIVING FORCES: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA. Europ. Countrys, 11(4), 497-516 DOI: 10.2478/euco-2019-0028","Aziiza, A.A. & Susanto, T.D. (2020). The Smart Village Model for Rural Area (Case Study: Banyuwangi Regency). IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 722 012011. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757- 899X/722/1/012011","Bhagat, S.K. (2017). Situation of Land Transportation. Tribhuvan University Journal, 31(1 & 2), 193-206","Boda, R. (2018). Concept of Smart Village and it's Impact on Urbanization. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development. Volume-2. 1948-1950. 10.31142/ijtsrd11123.","CBS. (2011). National Population and Housing Census 2011. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission, Nepal.","Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. USA: Longman Inc. Concept of Smart City, Shrawan 2073(2016): National Planning Commission, Nepal.","Chaudhary, D. (2018). Agricultural Policies and Rural Development in Nepal: An Overview. Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies, 1(2), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v1i2.22425","Chaudhary Deepak, et al. (2021) Socioeconomic Impacts and Opportunities of COVID-19 for Nepal. In: Khosla P.K., Mittal M., Sharma D., Goyal L.M. (eds) Predictive and Preventive Measures for Covid-19 Pandemic. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4236-1_9","CORK 2.0 DECLARATION \"A Better Life in Rural Areas\". (2016). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union","Doloi, H.; Green, R. & Donovan, S. (2018). Planning, Housing and Infrastructure for Smart Villages. London: Rutledge","# Envision 2030: 17 Goals to Transform the World for Persons with Disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision 2030.html (accessed on 12 January 2020).","ENRD (European Network for Rural Development). Smart Villages. Retrieved from https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/smart-and- competitive-ruralareas/smart-villages_en (accessed on 4 May 2018)","Holmes, J. et al. (2017). The Smart Villages Initiative: Findings 2014– 2017. Cambridge: Trinity College. https://nicnepal.org/","ICIMOD. (2016, 02 19). http://www.icimod.org/?q=21589. Retrieved 01 13, 2020, from http://www.icimod.org: http://www.icimod.org/?q=21589.","Jones, B. (2017 09 17). Can \"Smart Villages\" Thrive In Africa And Beyond? Retrieved from http://africapolicyreview.com/2017/09/17/cansmart- villages-thrive-in-africa-and-beyond/.","Mihai, F., & Iatu, C. (2020). Sustainable Rural Development under Agenda 2030. In M. J. Bastante-Ceca, J. L. Fuentes-Bargues, L. Hufnagel, F. Mihai, & C. Iatu (Eds.), Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century. IntechOpen. ttps://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90161","MoALD (Ministry of Agriculture & Livestock Development), (2019).","https://www.moald.gov.np/","MoALD. (2020). Welcome to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Retrieved from https://www.moald.gov.np/. 2020 October 27","Naldi, L.; Nilsson, P.; Westlund, H.; Wixe, S. (2015). What is smart rural development? Journal of Rural Studies, 40, 90–101.","NAPA. (2010). National Adaptation Program of Action. Kathmandu: Ministry of Population & Environment (MoPE).","NDHS (Nepal Demographic Health Survey). (2016). Retrieved from https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr336.pdf","NPC (The Government of Nepal). 2020. 15th Plan (Fiscal years of 21019/20 – 2023/24). Kathmandu: National Planning Commission (NPC).","NPC & UN-Habitat. 2013. Compact Rural Settlements Development Strategy for Nepal: A Policy Brief. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission(NPC). Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Compact%20Rural%20Settlements%20 _%20final%20correction%20change%20one. pdf.","NPC. 2017. Nepal's Sustainable Development Goals Baseline Report. Kathmandu: Nepal Planning Commission (NPC)","NRB. (2018). Nepal Rastriya Bank Monetary Policy 2018/19. Kathmandu: Nepal Rashtriya Bank.","Orbàn, A. (2017). Building Smart Communities in the Hungarian Social Economy. Community Dev. J. 53, 668-684","Subedi, P. K. (2012). The Politics of Human Reproduction in Rural Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.","Pathak, R. S., and Lamichhane, K. (2014). Population size, Growth and Distribution. In Population monograph of Nepal, Vol 1(Population Dynamic) (pp. 15-36). Kathmandu: CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics).","Adamowicz, M., & Zwolińska-Ligaj, M. (2020). The \"Smart Village\" as a Way to Achieve Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of Poland. Sustainability, 12(16), 6503. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166503","PPEO (Poor people's energy outlook). (2018). UK: Practical Action Publishing Ltd. Retrieved from https://policy.practicalaction.org/resources/publications/ite m/poorpeople-s-energy-outlook-2018-achieving-inclusive- energy-access-atscale.","Regmi, M.C. (1999). A Study in Nepali Economic History 1768- 1846. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.","Singh, K. (1999).2nd edt. Rural Development, Principle, Policies and Management. New Delhi: Sage Publication.","Smart Villages 2015. Smart Villages in Nepal: Kathmandu Workshop Report. Templeton World Charity Foundation.","Somwanshi, R.; Shindepatil, U.; Tule, D.; Mankar, A. & Ingle, N. (2016). Study and development of the village as a smart village. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 7(6), pp. 395-408.","Srivatsa, P. (2015). Rural Urban Migration: Disturbing the Equilibrium between Smart Cities and Smart Villages. FIIB Bus. Rev., 3, 3–10.","Suwal, B. R. (2014). Internal Migration in Nepal. In Population monograph of Nepal, Vol 1(Population Dynamic) (pp. 241- 276).","Kathmandu: CBS (Central Bureau of Statistics). The Kathmandu Post. 2020 01 13. Govt to set up climate-smart villages. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com/national/2016/09/15/govt-to- set-upclimate-smart-villages","The Kathmandu Post. (2019 10 24). Nepal among countries with slowest mobile internet. Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com/money/2019/09/24/nepal- amongcountries- with-slowest-mobile-internet. Print Version.","Todaro, M.P. (1980). Internal Migration in Developing Countries: A Survey. Population and Economic Change in Developing Countries, Richard A. Easterlin(ed.), 361-402, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.","WB. (2013). Managing Nepal's Urban Transition. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/0 1/managing-nepals-urban-transition.","WB data. 2020. Rural Population (% of total population). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS","Zavratnik, Veronika & Kos, Andrej & Stojmenova, Emilija. (2018). Smart Villages: Comprehensive Review of Initiatives and Practices. Sustainability. 10. 2559. 10.3390/su10072559."]}

Along with the publication of this Journal’, a journey for sustainable development and peace begins. ‘Journey for sustainable development and peace journal’ (JSDPJ) primarily focuses on ‘sustainable development approaches to contemporary issues through scientific lenses. This journal expects research articles, reviews, case studies, and interviews related to all developmental issues with innovative and creative ideas. Both theoretical and empirical write-ups are welcomed, but they must be new and creative. This multidisciplinary journal is peer-reviewed and it covers the field of environment and climate change, social science, health, nutrition and sanitation, education, sociology, agriculture, artificial intelligence, population, etc. We would give special importance to empirical-based articles/research and analysis focused on the problems faced in the field of development sectors. We also encourage newcomers with new and innovative ideas and knowledge. Preference will be given to the author's written language. The article should be in a simple but clearly understood language. We are very sensitive and committed to its quality. This journal is the result of the high diligence and service spirit of me and my team. It has no funding. At last, we would thank all contributors and supportive hands. We expect new innovative ideas and experiences and dreams in the future.

Animal breed classification using deep learning algorithms is required in presentation arenas. In this paper, a dataset of 70 dog breeds was considered for training and testing of transfer deep learning algorithms. The used dataset is a statistically stable dataset including approximately 100 images under each category of dog breeds. Then collected dataset was trained and tested using different deep learning algorithms like Convolutional Neural Network, VGG16, ResNet, DenseNet, InceptionNet, InceptionResNet, etc, were implemented. The outcome results were compared during algorithm training and testing based on parameters like accuracy, precision, recall, and area under curve. Further, one of the best algorithms was optimized by tuning through optimization algorithms or learning rate configurations. In the future, the proposed modules will be added along with implementations in events to fulfill the requirement of real-time dog breed recognition.

Background: The possible advantages of laparoscopic (LPR) and laparotomy (LPT) have not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to systematically review the comparative efficacy between LPR and LPT to treatment cervical cancer, based on perioperative outcomes, complications and long-term outcomes. Materials and methods: Our research was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library database. All the original studies comparing LPR with LPT were included in the critical assessment. Software Revman 5.3 was used for meta-analysis. Average difference and standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), ratio (ORs), 95% CI and aggregate risk ratio (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to estimate the association strength between laparoscopic and laparotomy patients. Results: A total of nine studies that compared LPR (n = 487) with LPT (n = 510) in patients with cervical cancer fulfilled quality criteria were selected for review and meta-analysis. LPR compared with LPT was associated with a significant reduction of intra operative blood loss (weighted mean difference =313.29 ml, 95% CI: -113.69 to 740.28; p=0.15). The mean blood loss was (555.8 ± 304.4) ml in LPT group compared with (180.34 ± 213.9) ml in LPR group. A reduced risk of postoperative complications was seen in LPR (9.72% LPR vs. 13.6% LPT; OR = 1.34; 95 % CI 0.83–2.15; p=0.23); wound infection rate (1.03% LPR vs 4.07% LPT, p = 0.009); fever morbidity (1.29% LPR vs 4.9% LPT, p = 0.004); wound dehiscence (1.55% LPR vs. 5.8% LPT, p = 0.003); The rates of wound infection, febrile morbidity and wound dehiscence were found in the patients of both groups and the results showed that the rate of LPT was higher in all the three complications as compared to the rates of LPR and the difference was statistically significant. The hospital stay was shorter (4.8 ± 2 days) in LPR group compare to LPT group (13.77 ± 4 days; 95% CI: 1.09 to 16.28; p=0.03). The mean operative time for the laparoscopic technique was (247.83 ± 200.45) min which was shorter thanthe laparotomy group (233.72 ± 139 min). The rate of intra operative complications was similar between two groups(LPR 8.97% versus LPT 6.12%; OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.38-1.11; p= 0.12); Bladder injury occurred in 4.076% of LPR patients and 1.28% of LPT patients (p = 0.03); Patients with LPT showed less bladder injuries as compared to patients with LPR. The incidence of urethral injury was 2.4% in LPR group and 0.5% in LPT group (p = 0.06); Urethral injuries were also observed to be more in patients with LPR and less in patients with LPT. Vascular injury occurred in 1.63% of patients with LPR and 0.5% of patients with LPT (p = 0.16); vascular injury occurred more in patients with LPR as compared to patients with LPT. There were not significant differences in 5-year OS (hazard ratio [HR]=1.02; 95% CI:0. 60 to 1.70; p=0.95) and progression free survival (hazard ratio [HR]=1.17; 95% CI: 0.64 to 2.14; p=0.61) between two groups. Neither have higher risks of recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–1.83; p=0.50] in LPR vs. LPT.Conclusions: LPR treatment for early invasive cervical cancer showed less blood loss and shorter hospital stay than patients receiving LPT. The incidence of intra operative complications was similar between the two groups, but the character was quiet different. There was no significant difference in the 5-year OS, PFS and recurrent risk between the two groups.