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Comparative glycomics data are compositional data, where measured glycans are parts of a whole, indicated by relative abundances. Applying traditional statistical analyses to these data often results in misleading conclusions, such as spurious "decreases" of glycans when other structures increase in abundance, or high false-positive rates for differential abundance. Our work introduces a compositional data analysis framework, tailored to comparative glycomics, to account for these data dependencies. We employ center log-ratio and additive log-ratio transformations, augmented with a scale uncertainty/information model, to introduce a statistically robust and sensitive data analysis pipeline. Applied to comparative glycomics datasets, including known glycan concentrations in defined mixtures, this approach controls false-positive rates and results in reproducible biological findings. Additionally, we present specialized analysis modalities: alpha- and beta-diversity analyze glycan distributions within and between samples, while cross-class glycan correlations shed light on previously undetected interdependencies. These approaches reveal insights into glycome variations that are critical to understanding roles of glycans in health and disease. Bennett et al. develop a statistical approach for analyzing comparative glycomics data that accounts for inherent data dependencies, yielding robust and sensitive results. This approach can identify how these molecules vary in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the cause of the on‐going global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) that continues to pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. SARS‐CoV‐2 encodes four structural proteins namely membrane, nucleocapsid, spike, and envelope proteins that play essential roles in viral entry, fusion, and attachment to the host cell. Extensively glycosylated spike protein efficiently binds to the host angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 initiating viral entry and pathogenesis. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab is the preferred method of sample collection and viral detection because it is a rapid, specific, and high‐throughput technique. Alternate strategies such as proteomics and glycoproteomics‐based mass spectrometry enable a more detailed and holistic view of the viral proteins and host–pathogen interactions and help in detection of potential disease markers. In this review, we highlight the use of mass spectrometry methods to profile the SARS‐CoV‐2 proteome from clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples. We also highlight the necessity for a comprehensive glycoproteomics mapping of SARS‐CoV‐2 from biological complex matrices to identify potential COVID‐19 markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a period of storm and stress which is marked by many behavioural anomalies, of which thinking and contemplating about suicide is a major source of concern. Many personality variables and inner vulnerabilities may prompt an individual towards the end of extreme negativity. The present study aimed to determine personality profile differences between morbid and morbidity-free groups amongst early and late adolescents. The scores on the General Health Questionnaire 28 were used to segregate the students into "Morbid" and "Morbidity-free" Groups by the method of Median Split. Results revealed that suicidal ideation, happiness and locus of control differed significantly between morbid and morbidity-free groups for the early adolescents. Morbid group had high scores on suicidal ideation, aggressive humor, self-defeating humor and locus of control. On the other hand, Morbidity-free group scored high on another set of variables like reasons for living, affiliative humor, self-enhancing humor and happiness. For the late adolescent group divided into morbid and morbidity-free groups, the psychosocial variables revealed a similar pattern of mean magnitude values. The two groups revealed significant difference on suicidal ideation, affiliative humor, aggressive humor, self-defeating humor, happiness and locus of control. The results indicate the importance of screening individuals for underlying vulnerability in order to predict other behavioural anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every stage of life is marked with both crisis points and phases of success and fulfillment. Adolescence and young adults, both still being in the preparatory stages of a mature orientation goes through many ups and downs of life which shapes their personality attributes. The purpose of the present research paper is to determine the correlation of different psychosocial variables with suicidal ideation. Purposive random sampling has been used for sample selection of 470 individuals. Statistical measure used for treatment of data is Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Positive signification correlation was obtained between suicidal ideation and different aspects of aggression such as state anger, trait anger, angry temperament, angry reaction, anger in, anger out, anger expression, personality types of psychoticism and neuroticism. Negative significant correlation was obtained between suicidal ideation and extraversion, social desirability, achievement motivation and reasons for living. However, negative but not statistically significant correlation was obtained between suicidal ideation and anger control. The findings indicate the association between different psychosocial correlates as maybe contributory to varied types of suicidal behaviour. Prevention and treatment of suicidal behaviour may take into consideration these psychosocial variables during intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life undergoes different changes at different points of time, with both pleasure and displeasure being its integral parts. Adolescence having its own simplicity also imbibes complexities of various kinds. Early adolescents are referred to as 'teens,' and late adolescents as 'youths'. Adolescence is a launching phase of striving for self sufficiency. The purpose is to determine differences in psychosocial correlates of high and low suicidal risk groups in adolescents. Purposive random sampling has been used for selecting 380 individuals. The scores on the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire are used to segregate individuals into 'High' and 'Low' Suicidal Risk Groups by method of Median Split. Statistical measures used are Mean, Standard Deviation, t-test. For early adolescents, two groups differed significantly on psychiatric morbidity, self enhancing humor, aggressive humor, happiness, locus of control. High suicidal risk group scored high on psychiatric morbidity, aggressive humor, self-defeating humor, locus of control. Low suicidal risk group scored high on reasons for living, affiliative humor, self enhancing humor, happiness. For late adolescents, two groups differed significantly on psychiatric morbidity, aggressive humor, self defeating humor, happiness, locus of control. High suicidal risk group scored high on psychiatric morbidity, aggressive humor, self-defeating humor, locus of control. Low suicidal risk group scored high on affiliative humor, self-enhancing humor, happiness. The findings imply the need to give due emphasis on mental health functioning and the utilization of positive resources by adolescents to survive the stresses of this period and not to feel meaningless about their existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently discovered that human neutrophils express immunomodulatory glycoproteins carrying unusual and highly truncated paucimannosidic N -glycans (Man1-3GlcNAc2Fuc0–1), but their biosynthesis remains elusive. Guided by the well-characterized truncation pathway in invertebrates and plants in which the N -acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase (Hex) isoenzymes catalyze paucimannosidic protein (PMP) formation, we here set out to test if the homologous human Hex α and β subunits encoded by HEXA and HEXB drive a similar truncation pathway in human neutrophils. To this end, we performed quantitative glycomics and glycoproteomics of several CRISPR-Cas9-edited Hex-disrupted neutrophil-like HL-60 mutants (HEXA-KO and HEXB-KO) and matching unedited cell lines. Hex disruption was validated using next-generation sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative proteomics and Hex activity assays. Excitingly, all Hex-disrupted mutants displayed significantly reduced levels of paucimannosylation, particularly Man2-3GlcNAc2Fuc1, relative to unedited HL-60 suggesting that both HEXA and HEXB contribute to PMP formation via a hitherto unexplored truncation pathway in neutrophils. Quantitative N -glycomics indeed demonstrated reduced utilization of a putative noncanonical truncation pathway in favor of the canonical elongation pathway in all Hex-disrupted mutants relative to unedited controls. Quantitative glycoproteomics recapitulated the truncation-to-elongation switch in all Hex-disrupted mutants and showed a greater switch for N -glycoproteins cotrafficking with Hex to the azurophilic granules of neutrophils such as myeloperoxidase. Finally, we supported the Hex-PMP relationship by documenting that primary neutrophils isolated from an early-onset Sandhoff disease patient (HEXB −/−) displayed dramatically reduced paucimannosylation relative to neutrophils from an age-matched unaffected donor. We conclude that both human Hex α and β mediate PMP formation via a putative noncanonical truncation pathway in neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]