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Ordinal predictors are commonly used in regression models. They are often incorrectly treated as either nominal or metric, thus under- or overestimating the contained information. Such practices may lead to worse inference and predictions compared to methods which are specifically designed for this purpose. We propose a new method for modeling ordinal predictors that applies in situations in which it is reasonable to assume their effects to be monotonic. The parameterization of such monotonic effects is realized in terms of a scale parameter $b$ representing the direction and size of the effect and a simplex parameter $\zeta$ modeling the normalized differences between categories. This ensures that predictions increase or decrease monotonically, while changes between adjacent categories may vary across categories. This formulation generalizes to interaction terms as well as multilevel structures. Monotonic effects may not only be applied to ordinal predictors, but also to other discrete variables for which a monotonic relationship is plausible. In simulation studies, we show that the model is well calibrated and, in case of monotonicity, has similar or even better predictive performance than other approaches designed to handle ordinal predictors. Using Stan, we developed a Bayesian estimation method for monotonic effects, which allows to incorporate prior information and to check the assumption of monotonicity. We have implemented this method in the R package brms, so that fitting monotonic effects in a fully Bayesian framework is now straightforward.

MCMC traces (post-warmup). (PDF 2170.88 kb)

Boxplots of study-level parameters distributions against the observed data they model. (PDF 27.2 kb)

Summary of the posterior distribution of all parameters in the model. (PDF 41.3 kb)