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The majority of university curricula for health professionals does not incorporate courses on human nutrition and its links with human and planetary health. This primarily applies to medical and pharmacy students, who have important counselling roles and are at the forefront of public health. To address this important issue, EIT Food recently launched an online course on nutrition, health, and sustainability. Learners were able to provide feedback on the course through an end-of-course survey and social interaction on the FutureLearn platform. The course was very well attended worldwide and received positive feedback from learners. A total of 3,858 students enrolled in the program, from >20 countries. Learners reported inadequate training on nutrition in their own curriculum and indicated they would use key insights from the course to inform their own practice. This report provides insights from the course, which could be used as guidance for future initiatives., This EIT Food activity has received funding from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, under Horizon Europe, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation.

Background: Most comparisons of arterial stiffness\ud between ethnic groups focus on pulse wave velocity. This\ud study used the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in\ud European compared to Japanese individuals to investigate\ud how cardiovascular risk factors affect arterial aging across\ud geographic regions.\ud Methods: Four hundred and ninety-four European and\ud 1044 Japanese individuals underwent measurements of\ud CAVI, blood pressure and information on cardiovascular\ud risk factors. Both datasets included individuals with 0–5\ud cardiovascular risk factors.\ud Results: Average CAVI was higher in the Japanese than\ud the European group in every age category, with significant\ud differences up to 75 years for males and 85 for females.\ud The correlation of CAVI with age, controlled for\ud cardiovascular risk factors, was slightly higher in Japanese\ud females (r¼0.594 vs. Europeans r¼0.542) but much\ud higher in European males (r¼0.710 vs. Japanese\ud r¼0.511). There was a significant correlation between\ud CAVI and total cardiovascular risk factors in the Japanese\ud (r¼0.141, P

This study examines undergraduate law students’ perceptions of tutorials delivered by PhD tutors. Enrolment in UK law schools has increased in recent decades and PhD tutors are playing an ever-expa...

The 24-week extension of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 359, a study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected, indinavir-experienced patients, was designed to study the durability of “salvage” treatment regimens. Patients received saquinavir in combination with either ritonavir or nelfinavir and, in addition, delavirdine, adefovir, or both. Patients who demonstrated a virologic response at weeks 12‐16 were eligible to continue therapy in the extension through week 48. Of the 105 eligible subjects who were enrolled in the extension, 86 (82%) completed 48 weeks, and 49 (57%) of those 86 had HIV RNA levels 500 copies/ mL at week 48. For these 86 subjects who completed 48 weeks, the median change in CD4 cell count from baseline was +72 cells/mm 3 . Greater body weight, higher CD4 cell count, and greater degree of phenotypic susceptibility to indinavir and saquinavir at baseline were significantly associated with durable virologic suppression. These results show that some patients who experience treatment failure can demonstrate durable virologic and immunologic responses with salvage antiretroviral regimens. Current treatment guidelines recommend starting therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with 2 nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in combination with 1 or 2 protease inhibitors or a nonnucleoside analogue reversetranscriptase inhibitor [1, 2]. However, 20%‐63% of patients from clinical cohorts experience virologic treatment failure while receiving combination antiretroviral therapy [3‐7]. Recent prospective studies have attempted to identify strategies for treatment of the treatment-experienced patient [8‐13], but these studies have focused primarily on 8‐24-week virologic responses to treatment. The durability of virologic and immunologic re

This study compared antiretroviral activity among 6 salvage therapy regimens. The study was a prospective, randomized, 2 × 3 factorial, multicenter study of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. The study enrolled 277 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients naive to nonnucleoside analogues who had taken indinavir >6 months. The patients had 2000-200,000 HIV RNA copies/mL. Patients received saquinavir with ritonavir or nelfinavir together with delavirdine andlor adefovir and were followed for safety and antiretroviral response between baseline and week 16. At week 16, 30% (77/254) of patients had ≤500 HIV RNA copies/mL. Virologic response did not differ significantly between pooled ritonavir and nelfinavir groups (28% vs. 33%; P =.50) or between pooled delavirdine and delavirdine/adefovir groups (40% vs. 33%; P =.42). Pooled delavirdine groups had a greater virologic response rate than did adefovir groups (40% vs. 18%; P =.002). Overall, one-third of patients who experienced virologic failure on an indinavir-containing regimen suppressed virus load levels while they were taking a new salvage regimen.

The authors studied 2 tasks that placed differing demands on detecting relevant visual information and generating appropriate gaze shifts in adults and children with and without autism. In Experiment 1, participants fixated a cross and needed to make large gaze shifts, but researchers provided explicit instructions about shifting. Children with autism were indistinguishable from comparison groups in this top-down task. In Experiment 2 (bottom-up), a fixation cross remained or was removed prior to the presentation of a peripheral target of low visual salience. In this gap-effect experiment, children with autism showed lengthened reaction times overall but no specific deficit in overlap trials. The results show evidence of a general deficit in manual responses to visual stimuli of low salience and no evidence of a deficit in top-down attention shifting. Older children with autism appeared able to generate appropriate motor responses, but stimulus-driven visual attention seemed impaired.

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate long-term changes in lipids and to assess other coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in highly experienced AIDS patients with immune reconstitution, and to examine their association with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods We evaluated 433 AIDS patients with prior severe immunosuppression and ART-based immune reconstitution, followed in a multicentre prospective observational study between 2000 and 2006. We estimated the prevalence at entry of hypercholesterolaemia and metabolic syndrome, and 10-year CHD risks. Trends in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were evaluated over time, and use of specific ART drugs at each study visit was assessed using mixed effect models, adjusting for CHD risk factors and use of lipid-lowering agents. Results At entry to observational follow-up, 28% of the 433 subjects had hypercholesterolaemia and 15% had a predicted 10-year CHD risk above 20%. Average TC and fasting TG levels declined over the follow-up period (median=5.8 years), and these declines were associated with increased use of physician-prescribed lipid-lowering agents and changes in ART regimens. After adjustment for CHD risk factors, TC and TG levels were significantly higher for those on ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors and those on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), particularly efavirenz, than for other patients. Conclusions Abnormalities in serum lipids were common at baseline but became less so over time, and this improvement was associated with increased use of lipid-lowering agents and selection of ART agents with less deleterious effects on lipids.

Objective To evaluate the steady state concentrations of saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, delavirdine, and adefovir in six different three- and four-drug combination regimens. Design Randomized, partially double-blinded, multicenter study in a population of indinavir-experienced subjects with virologic failure. The first seven subjects enrolled in each of the six treatment arms from 10 participating sites were entered into this pharmacokinetic evaluation. Setting Multicenter study of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Patients HIV-infected subjects. Interventions A 12-hour pharmacokinetic study was conducted after 2 weeks of drug administration. Main outcome measures Area under the concentration-time curve with statistical comparisons to evaluate the effect of the second protease inhibitor and the effect of the non-protease inhibitors. Results There was no difference in saquinavir concentrations according to whether the second protease inhibitor was ritonavir or nelfinavir. Saquinavir concentrations in the groups receiving the combination of delavirdine plus adefovir dipivoxil were reduced by approximately 50% compared with those receiving delavirdine. Delavirdine concentrations were reduced by approximately 50%, in the delavirdine plus adefovir dipivoxil arms compared with the delavirdine arms. Conclusions Saquinavir concentrations were significantly lower in the arms containing the combination of delavirdine and adefovir dipivoxil compared with the arms containing delavirdine. Delavirdine concentrations were significantly lower when coadministered with adefovir dipivoxil. These drug-drug interactions were not expected, the mechanism(s) is (are) not clear, and additional studies are warranted. This study illustrates the need to understand more fully the pharmacokinetic characteristics of complex combination antiretroviral regimens prior to use in patient management.