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In 1963, Marianne Moore tells an interviewer, "I never 'plan' a stanza. Words cluster like chromosomes, determining the procedure." Six decades earlier, when Moore first learned about chromosomes, the concept was relatively new. Her education at Bryn Mawr from 1905 to 1909 placed her at the forefront of the understanding of heredity for her time, among those who knew that embryos inherited chromosomes equally from each parent. As her early poetry placed embryonic origins in tension with religious, national, and poetic origins, she posed the embryo both as disruptive to Western origin stories—like the Christian story of the fall—and as generative for her poetics, offering a model for a poetics of iterative and continual origination. Heather Cass White has suggested that the future of Moore criticism depends on recognizing how two schools—"the scientific Moore" and "the Protestant Moore"—are ultimately united around "her pursuit of an aesthetically and ethically tenable 'original' poetics." Moore's attention to embryos suggests that she was also performing a study of origin itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the musical interests of Charles Darwin and Florence Nightingale, two prominent figures of nineteenth-century England, through the lens of Generative Anthropology (GA). Darwin, in The Descent of Man (1871), classified animal voices and sounds as music, viewing them as evolutionary tools for communication and survival. Nightingale, in Notes on Nursing (1859, 1860), recognized the therapeutic roles of sound--particularly music--in patient care, emphasizing the importance of sound in the lifepreserving processes of healing. Both Darwin's and Nightingale's musico-philosophical perspectives, when analyzed through GA, reflect deeper ontological tensions within human culture. Eric Gans's concept of the "originary scene" (Signs of Paradox 101), where symbolic communication first emerged to prevent conflict, helps frame their views. For Darwin, music is part of the evolutionary process, a means of creating social bonds essential for species survival. Nightingale's focus on sound in healing aligns with GA's emphasis on the "deferral of violence" (The End of Culture 147) and the preservation of life through shared cultural practices. In both perspectives, music serves as a tool for "deferring conflict" (The End of Culture 129) --whether through evolutionary adaptation or therapeutic care--in line with GA's understanding of how symbolic forms maintain social cohesion. Darwin and Nightingale illustrate how music, as a cultural phenomenon, bridges the creative forces of evolution and the life-sustaining efforts of nursing, embodying GA's focus on the origins of human culture and its role in maintaining social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straddling the fine line between architecture and art, London‐ based architects ritchie*studio have designed an Invisible Bridge and a Ghost Barn on a private, historic and protected estate in Hampshire, Southeast England. These delicate propositions juggle presence and absence informed by the site's history, by poetry, Charles Darwin, local flint and an intelligent and thoughtful client. Ian Ritchie writes about the concepts for these two interventions and their associated inspirational narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of naturalization—the establishment of species introduced into foreign places—to the early development of Darwin's theory of evolution deserves historical attention. Introduced and invasive European species presented Darwin with interpretive challenges during his service as naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Species naturalization and invasive species strained the geologist Charles Lyell's creationist view of the organic world, a view which Darwin adopted during the voyage of the Beagle but came to question afterward. I suggest that these phenomena primed Darwin to question the "stability of species." I then examine the role of introduced and invasive species in Darwin's early theorizing and negotiation with Lyell's ideas, recorded in his post-voyage "transmutation notebooks." Therein, the subject was an inflection point in his contention with Lyell's views and moreover, his theorizing on invasive species occasioned some of his earliest inklings of natural selection. Finally, I examine how naturalization was crucial to Lyell's own eventual conversion to evolutionism. I conclude with brief reflections on the implications of this narrative for our understanding of Darwin's reasoning, his intellectual relationship to Lyell, and the historical context that shaped his theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chance mutation affecting a single or extremely few individuals in a continuous population will be quickly diluted through interbreeding. Charles Darwin fully appreciated this difficulty with relying on natural selection alone, and suggested an enabling role for geographical isolation in the origin of species. However, Darwin also believed in evolution by the inheritance of acquired traits and in populations of interbreeding animals, both of which would need a different isolating mechanism to overcome dilution and play a role in animal evolution. Historically disputed, the inheritance of acquired characters is now increasingly accepted as a phenomenon, and Charles Darwin himself is acknowledged as closely pre‐empting the type of physiology necessary to mediate it in his hypothesis of 'pangenesis'. In this article, we question how the inheritance of acquired traits might overcome the problem of dilution by interbreeding and contribute to evolution. Specifically, we describe how Darwin's young protégé, George Romanes, developed ideas he discussed with Darwin and extended pangenesis to include a conceivable solution published after Darwin's death: physiological selection of fertility. In light of the 'rediscovery' of pangenesis, here we recount physiological selection as a testable hypothesis to explain how environmentally acquired characteristics could become coupled to the generation of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Weismann's barrier' has restricted theories of heredity to the transmission of genomic variation for the better part of a century. However, the discovery and elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation such as DNA methylation and histone modifications has renewed interest in studies on the inheritance of acquired traits and given them mechanistic plausibility. Although it is now clear that these mechanisms allow many environmentally acquired traits to be transmitted to the offspring, how phenotypic information is communicated from the body to its gametes has remained a mystery. Here, we discuss recent evidence that such communication is mediated by somatic RNAs that travel inside extracellular vesicles to the gametes where they reprogram the offspring epigenome and phenotype. How gametes learn about bodily changes has implications not only for the clinic, but also for evolutionary theory by bringing together intra‐ and intergenerational mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While studies have examined Charles Darwin's wide social and political impact, they have not adequately centred the combined influence of colonial systems of human differentiation and religion within them. To address this, I draw from Sylvia Wynter's critique concerning how religious and colonial discourses contribute to the shifting development of Man within the Western tradition. Specifically, I explore how Darwin focused his evolutionary gaze towards one of the unique foundations of what it meant to be human in his time: religion. Tracing the entangled religious and colonial filiations of Darwin's thought, I show that he established an evolutionary link between human and non-human animals by proposing both Indigenous peoples and dogs held superstitious beliefs. To illustrate this, I show that Darwin transposed Victorian anthropological conceptions of religion - as a quantifiable object of knowledge corresponding to the intellect and associated with phrenology, dream theory and the apparitional soul - into a bio-religious conception of evolution. Furthermore, I argue that Darwin's bio-evolutionism assumes Christianity is most closely associated with abstract reason. Finally, analyzing the role of race in Darwin's thought, I suggest that theology is not what was before modern scientific bio-evolutionary conceptions of race, but at its very core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the theory of evolution was put forward by Charles Darwin, it has been interpreted in terms of different philosophical paradigms. The most important of these interpretations stand out as the intelligent designers and the naturalist school, which represent two separate poles. The intelligent design school claims that the process of existence of living things depends on very special and sensitive variables, and that this sensitive process is too complex to be explained by naturalistic reasons, and that the theory of evolution was designed only by a supernatural, transcendent power. The naturalist school, on the other hand, claims that the evolution process can only be explained by natural causes and therefore there will be no need for a transcendental power. Biologist Richard Dawkins, one of the most important representatives of the naturalist school, tries to show how evolution can be explained by natural causes, based on the concept of natural selection introduced with the theory of evolution. In this research, we focused on how Dawkins explained the theory of evolution from a naturalistic perspective and examined the consistency of his conclusion on the axis of the naturalistic school paradigm that Dawkins followed. By presenting Dawkins' theory of evolution from a naturalist perspective, the position of the theory of evolution, which stands out as a scientific theory, on theological and metaphysical phenomena will be understood. At the same time, the way the naturalistic paradigm deals with scientific phenomena will be explained, based on the example of the theory of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is more than just human intelligence out there, and we must now get to grips with the end of human uniqueness. Our accelerating dexterity with biology of all sorts, digital software and hardware, pharmacology and a myriad other interventionist or evolutionary technologies is leading to the design of architectures/bodies/ systems that are fundamentally intelligently entangled. Harvard Graduate School of Design's Andrew Witt explains this ongoing synthesis and its cultural and social ramifications for today and deeper into tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO: O presente artigo analisa a revista em quadrinhos “Darwin: no Brasil”, cujo propósito é mostrar às crianças e adolescentes algumas ideias do naturalista, e sua jornada pelo Brasil do século XIX. Para tanto, procuramos neste trabalho responder à seguinte questão: como o texto verbo-visual dos quadrinhos conduz o leitor a compreender a representação do cientista e de seu trabalho, suas observações sobre a sociedade brasileira, bem como a importância da sua viagem ao Brasil para a construção de sua teoria? Considerando que o gênero de divulgação científica apresenta um conjunto de convenções socialmente assumidas, investigamos o dialogismo depreendido da articulação verbo-visual de uma revista produzida por um quadrinista que não apresenta uma trajetória como divulgador científico. Buscamos evidenciar pontos de convergência e divergência entre o texto verbo-visual, quanto aos aspectos da estrutura e do funcionamento comunicativo da revista como um instrumento de divulgação científica destinado ao público infantojuvenil. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram: a descrição do projeto gráfico dos quadrinhos; a análise da seleção dos episódios da história de Darwin no Brasil; os recursos verbo-visuais utilizados pelo autor para emocionar, surpreender e envolver o leitor; a análise dos movimentos dialógicos em relação à esfera didática e midiática. Os resultados indicaram a complexidade de divulgar o conhecimento científico em um formato verbo-visual compacto. O intento de apresentar questões científicas em quadrinhos cumpriu o propósito de veicular parte da história de Darwin no Brasil. Entretanto, o olhar do naturalista para a sociedade brasileira da época não foi problematizado, embora o cotidiano ficcional de Darwin tenha sido apresentado como estratégia de aproximação do leitor. Contudo, as reflexões apresentadas neste trabalho não devem ser vistas como uma rejeição à obra “Darwin no Brasil”, mas como uma precaução para aqueles que disponibilizam o material para as crianças e adolescentes.

This paper revisits Fleeming Jenkin's anonymous review of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, published in the North British Review in June 1867. This review is usually revered for its impact on Darwin's theory of descent with modification. Its classical interpretation states that Jenkin, a Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, made a compelling case against natural selection based on the fact of "blending inheritance" and the "swamping" of advantageous variations. Those themes, however, are strikingly absent from Jenkin's text. They were later read into Jenkin's text by scholars trying to explain how Darwinian selection was reconciled with Mendelian genes and the birth of the Modern Synthesis. While many scholars have tried to measure Jenkin's effect on Darwin, the value of the 1867 review remains unclear. This paper re-examines its content and concludes that Jenkin's "able review" was in fact written by an engineer whose competencies in biology were very low. Focusing on the figure of the shipwrecked white sailor isolated on an island inhabited by Black people, this paper also underlines the racial assumptions behind Jenkin's review. "Blending inheritance" is thus a theme linked to theoretical reworkings on the question of race and skin colors, taking its root in Galton's typology of heredity. Darwin was probably mostly unimpressed by Jenkin's review. The problems raised by the review were not so much "blending inheritance" and "swamping" but a conundrum of problems related to the effects of intercrossing on variation and reversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ludwig Boltzmann's move in his seminal paper of 1877, introducing a statistical understanding of entropy, was a watershed moment in the history of physics. The work not only introduced quantization and provided a new understanding of entropy, it challenged the understanding of what a law of nature could be. Traditionally, nomological necessity, that is, specifying the way in which a system must develop, was considered an essential element of proposed physical laws. Yet, here was a new understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that no longer possessed this property. While it was a new direction in physics, in other important scientific discourses of that time—specifically Huttonian geology and Darwinian evolution, similar approaches were taken in which a system's development followed principles, but did so in a way that both provided a direction of time and allowed for non-deterministic, though rule-based, time evolution. Boltzmann referred to both of these theories, especially the work of Darwin, frequently. The possibility that Darwin influenced Boltzmann's thought in physics can be seen as being supported by Boltzmann's later writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This lesson used the correspondence of Charles Darwin as an exploration of nature of science (NOS) in a historical context. Specifically, we used his original correspondence about his "provisional hypothesis" of pangenesis as a novel way to explore a scientist's social community. Darwin's community of friends and colleagues in the natural sciences at the time of his writing of his 1868 book Variations formed the basis of this lesson. One basic descriptor of NOS, science as a human endeavor, was used to drive explicit reflection. These letters were rich in detail regarding the idea of science as a community of practice. Our elementary education students' responses indicate the letters surprised them in how personal the correspondents were with one another and how reliant Darwin was on his friends and colleagues for input on his work. Darwin became human as students imagined Darwin's mental state and how he wrestled with his idea and made it public. Students learned that despite Darwin's fame, his idea of pangenesis lacked empirical evidence and thus received little support. They discovered an eminent scientist who was insecure and nervous and who worked hard to develop, study, and publicize his novel idea. This contrasts with popular views of major scientific figures as natural geniuses rather than their success resulting from labor and perseverance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After numerous trips through the Patagonian region, the Argentinian writer Liborio Justo (1901-2002) wrote and published in 1932 the volume entitled La tierra maldita. Throughout the twelve stories that make up the book, Justo proposes a singular way of seeing the region that dialogues with the tradition of the trip to Patagonia. The purpose of this article is to investigate how La tierra maldita can be thought of as a text that continues the Darwinian view of the trip to the extreme south, while incorporating other voices and arguments to reinvent the narrative about Patagonia after the so-called «Conquest of the desert». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is sometimes said that Charles Darwin has a theory of emotional expression, but not a theory of emotion. This paper argues that Darwin does have a theory of emotion. Inspired by David Hartley and Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin claims that an emotion is a train of feelings, thoughts, and actions, linked by associations. Whereas Hartley and Erasmus insist that these associations are learned, Charles proposes that some of these associations are inherited. He develops this theory in his private notebooks from 1838–1839 and then assumes it in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luego de numerosos viajes por la región patagónica, el escritor argentino Liborio Justo (1901-2002) escribe y publica en 1932 el volumen titulado La tierra maldita. A lo largo de los doce relatos que componen el libro, Justo propone un modo singular de ver la región que dialoga con la tradición del viaje a la Patagonia. La propuesta de este artículo consiste en indagar de qué manera La tierra maldita puede ser pensado como un texto que continúa la mirada darwiniana sobre el viaje al extremo sur, al mismo tiempo que incorpora otras voces y argumentos para reinventar la narrativa sobre la Patagonia después de la llamada «Conquista del desierto».

The opposition of synchrony to diachrony represents a false dichotomy for understanding Parry’s work, for, like Darwin before him, he sought to re­construct from the present state of the evidence historical developments (in his case the oral, formulaic style). Since no pre-Homeric Greek was known to him, he used the noun-epithet formulae he found in Homer’s finished text and later that of South Slavic oral song. Many aspects of his work echo what Darwin’s Origin of Species has to say about evolution.

British systematics was distinctly marked by a raft of vituperative controversies around the turn of the 1830s. After the local collapse of broad consensus in the Linnaean system by 1820, the emergence of new schemes of classification—most notably, the "quinarian" system of William Sharp Macleay—brought with it an unprecedented register of public debate among zoologists in Britain, one which a young Charles Darwin would bitterly describe to his friend John Stevens Henslow in October 1836 as possessing a "mean quarrelsome spirit," conducted in "a manner anything but like that of gentlemen." This article aims to provide a social and conceptual account of the remarkable tenor of zoological discourse in Britain in the late 1820s and early 1830s, with joint attention to the philosophical and interpersonal commitments at play. In doing so, it analyzes the three of the period's most striking public controversies, each of which counted key advocates of the quinarian system as central participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species that died without leaving descendants Darwin called 'utterly extinct'. They far outnumber the ancestors of all living things, so they resemble the dark matter of modern cosmology, which far outweighs visible matter. He realized in 1837 that their absence is what creates the groups in a natural classification. In his Notebook B he combined the idea that species multiply with the idea that ancestors' relatives must mostly be extinct. The fossil Megatherium was utterly extinct. The iconic branching 'I think' diagram shows extinction causing the origin of genera by eliminating intermediate species. Darwin's concept of taxonomic ranks, starting with the genus, was informed by his interaction with taxonomists. Based on his familiarity with demography, Darwin reasoned that the survival of transitional forms was unlikely, which helped him decide to focus at the species level. When drafting his theory in the 1840s, he left out these speculative ideas, but they emerged again in the 1850s when he realized his theory needed a cause for branches to diverge. His ecological answer worked at the species level, but his Principle of Divergence was unconvincing at higher taxonomic levels. In the Origin, Darwin repeatedly insisted on the importance of utter extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

René-Edouard Claparède was a ground-breaking Swiss naturalist specializing primarily in invertebrate embryology and the study of Protista and Annelida. While a student in Berlin he was encouraged by Christian Ehrenberg to use the latest microscopes and became renowned as a skilful observer and illustrator of the smallest organisms then known and of tiny anatomical details. A popular lecturer in zoology and comparative anatomy in his home town of Geneva, he nonetheless encountered difficulties in that city, still considered the "Protestant Rome", due to his strong support for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. His involvement in the first French translation of On the origin of species (Darwin 1862) proved problematic too, although his remark, "It is better to be an improved ape than a degenerate Adam," became a catchphrase in discussions of this contentious debate. Premature death meant that Claparède's work was quickly surpassed in many areas, but the diversity of his many publications, given here in the most complete bibliography compiled to date, is a testament to a widely respected, although overshadowed, naturalist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1919, the famous Dutch poultry judge Cornelis van Gink (1890–1968) was aware of the existence of crested turkeys. Was this bird a natural rarity, variation or mutation? A search through historical records and published works yielded very few references to crested turkeys. From the financial accounts of the Great Condé in 1679 to pictures in books and journals of the eighteenth and nineteenth century in England and America, from a mounted specimen in Parma to a first photograph in 1938 in Newsweek, the beauty and rareness of this bird is evident. Attempts to breed crested turkeys were unsuccessful. In the nineteenth century William Bernhardt Tegetmeier (1816–1912), editor of The Field, had a major interest in these turkeys and together with Charles Darwin (1809–1882) studied and described skull deformations associated with well-known and common crested breeds of chickens. Deformation of the skull was also observed in the mounted specimen of the crested turkey preserved in Parma, Italy. Genetic analyses of crested poultry indicate that a mutation (autosomal incompletely dominant) in the crest gene is responsible for this phenotype. The mutation for crest formation with additional skull deformation might be responsible for some in ovo lethality or poor hatching which could explain the failure or difficulty in breeding this phenotype. In conclusion, all data indicate that the crested turkey is a mutation of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo and does not justify a new species or subspecies name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not always considered that the discussion about the objective or subjective nature of beauty occurred partly in natural history, within the framework of the Darwinian revolution. The approaches of many pre-Darwinian naturalists assumed the existence of absolute standards of beauty. This idea was a presupposition in some versions of the great chain of being and in the idea that beauty was an objective characteristic of creation that could explain the possession of many traits of organisms. In this paper I will show how Darwin explicitly confronted both views throughout his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uma importante categoria filosófica conceitual para a compreensão de uma produção científica é a noção de autoridade cognitiva; autoridades atuam como agentes causais de certas produções científicas. A historiografia costuma dar muita atenção a influências que redundam em casos de sucesso científico. No entanto, há um caso na história da biologia em que o uso de autoridades cognitivas resultou em um fracasso teórico: a derrota de Charles Darwin (1809-1882) para o geólogo suíço Louis Agassiz, (1807-1873) na controvérsia sobre as “estradas paralelas de Glen Roy”, um fenômeno geológico natural que se tornou um problema científico. Darwin, em suas investigações, empregou diversas autoridades cognitivas como por exemplo, William Whewell (1794-1866) e Charles Lyell (1797-1875) e considerou várias hipóteses, mas não a de Agassiz, já disponível na literatura, fazendo uso do “princípio da exclusão”. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que Darwin estava justificado em proceder como procedeu, devido exatamente às suas fontes, autoridades impecáveis em ciência.

Este artigo tem como objetivo resgatar o Brasil de Darwin por meio das obras dos pintores viajantes Augustus Earle (1793-1838) e Conrad Martens (1801-1878). Os locais por onde passou, a beleza da floresta tropical, os horrores do sistema escravista narrados por Darwin em seu diário, estão presentes nas aquarelas desses dois artistas, cujo papel a bordo do Beagle foi o de relatar, através da arte visual, as experiências vividas durante o levantamento geográfico da Terra do fogo e da costa sul da América do Sul, sob o comando do capitão Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865).

Este artigo trata da hierarquização feita por Charles Darwin, em A Origem das Espécies, das melhores condições geográficas para a ocorrência de especiação, indo da pior condição, uma área pequena e isolada, para uma de melhor condição, caracterizada por ser grande, continua e que já passou por fragmentação. A partir disso, procuramos demonstrar que o processo de especiação em aves passeriformes nas ilhas Galápagos seria, na visão de Darwin, o pior cenário geográfico para a ocorrência de tal fenômeno. E também, que tal hierarquia de geografias promotoras de especiação se encontra nas bases de uma das mais importantes teorias biogeográficas vigentes, a Teoria dos Refúgios.

Abstract It is not always considered that the discussion about the objective or subjective nature of beauty occurred partly in natural history, within the framework of the Darwinian revolution. The approaches of many pre-Darwinian naturalists assumed the existence of absolute standards of beauty. This idea was a presupposition in some versions of the great chain of being and in the idea that beauty was an objective characteristic of creation that could explain the possession of many traits of organisms. In this paper I will show how Darwin explicitly confronted both views throughout his work.

Desmond and Moore point out that the key to understanding Darwin’s The Descent of Man is his abolitionist motivation and his advocacy that races constitute subspecies. Roberta Millstein raises some doubts about the importance of this motivation. She points out that the inclusion of the extensive section devoted to non-human animals is not justified by Darwin’s treatment of humans per se, because his explanation of the origin of races is peculiar. In this sense, she argues that Darwin’s specific explanation of the origin of races does not confirm the central importance that Desmond and Moore give to Darwin’s abolitionism. In this paper I have two different aims. On the one hand, to show that the human case actually is based on the treatment of nonhuman animals, and consequently, Darwin’s argument is not as poor as Millstein believes. My second goal, taking Millstein’s challenge seriously, is to show that Darwin’s explanation of the origin of races does confirm the Desmond and Moore thesis in a deeper sense than the one they propose themselves. For the anti-slavery motivation could not only explain the fact that Darwin sees all humans as forming the same species, but the specific explanation he gives for the origin of races.

The aim of this paper is to explain why, while Charles Darwin was well recognized as a scientific leader of his time, Claude Bernard never really regarded Darwinism as a scientific theory. The lukewarm reception of Darwin at the Académie des Sciences of Paris and his nomination to a chair only after 8 years contrasts with his prominence, and Bernard's attitude towards Darwin's theory of species evolution belongs to this French context. Yet we argue that Bernard rejects the scientific value of Darwinian principles mainly for epistemological reasons. Like Darwin, Bernard was interested in hereditary processes, and planned to conduct experiments on these processes that could lead to species transformation. But the potential creation of new forms of life would not vindicate Darwinism since biologists can only explain the origin of morphotypes and morphological laws by the means of untestable analogies. Because it can be the object neither of experiments nor of any empirical observation, phylogeny remains out of science's scope. Around 1878 Bernard foresaw a new general physiology based on the study of protoplasm, which he saw as the agent of all basic living phenomena. We will analyze why Bernard regarded Darwinism as part of metaphysics, yet still referred to Darwinians in his latter works in 1878. Basically, the absence of a scientific reception of Darwinism in Bernard's work should not obscure its philosophical reception, which highlights the main principles of Bernard's epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the hierarchy made by Charles Darwin, in The Origin of Species, of the best geographical conditions for the occurrence of speciation, going from the worst condition, a small and isolated area, to one of better condition, characterized by being large, continuous and which has already gone through fragmentation. And also, that such hierarchy of geographies that promote speciation is at the base of one of the most important biogeographic theories in force, the Refuge Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space Interface is a collaboration between artist‐architect Mathew Emmett and the legendary Eberhard Kranemann, a German neo‐Fluxus artist and founding member of electronic music pioneers Kraftwerk. Here, Emmett describes how, through mixed‐reality performance and audiovisual installation, their work transforms architectural settings by using video and electronic improvisation to evoke extended levels of architectural reality. They consider buildings as psychological prostheses, and their experiments attempt to invert and extend what might constitute architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]