3,979 results on '"Charles darwin"'
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2. The Experts Tell Their Stories
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Sigmundsson, Hermundur and Sigmundsson, Hermundur
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- 2024
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3. How Deep Is Your Love or, How Thinking as Such Defies the Weight(s) of Imperialism
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Balds, Treena, Morton, Timothy, Bilimoria, Purushottama, Editor-in-Chief, Coseru, Christian, Series Editor, Garfield, Jay, Associate Editor, Bloor, Sherah, Assistant Editor, Rayner, Amy, Assistant Editor, Wong, Peter Yih Jiun, Assistant Editor, Bhogal, Balbinder, Editorial Board Member, Chapple, Christopher, Editorial Board Member, Dalmiya, Vrinda, Editorial Board Member, Flood, Gavin, Editorial Board Member, Frazier, Jessica, Editorial Board Member, Higgins, Kathleen, Editorial Board Member, Hutchings, Patrick, Editorial Board Member, Joy, Morny, Editorial Board Member, Kersten, Carool, Editorial Board Member, King, Richard, Editorial Board Member, Maindair, Arvind-Pal, Editorial Board Member, Nath, Rekha, Editorial Board Member, Patil, Parimal, Editorial Board Member, Patton, Laurie, Editorial Board Member, Phillips, Stephen, Editorial Board Member, Prabhu, Joseph, Editorial Board Member, Rao, Annupama, Editorial Board Member, Vaidya, Anand J., Editorial Board Member, Škof, Lenart, editor, Sashinungla, editor, and Thorgeirsdottir, Sigridur, editor
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- 2024
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4. God’s Not Dead as Philosophy: Trying to Prove God Exists
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Johnson, David Kyle, Kowalski, Dean A., editor, Lay, Chris, editor, S. Engels, Kimberly, editor, and Johnson, David Kyle, Editor-in-Chief
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- 2024
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5. Visions of Flux: Rhoda Broughton’s Not Wisely, but Too Well
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Green, James Aaron and Green, James Aaron
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- 2024
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6. Invasion on So Grand a Scale: Darwin, Lyell, and Invasive Species.
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Anderson, Eric Burns
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BIOLOGICAL evolution , *NATURAL selection , *INTRODUCED species , *WORLDVIEW , *NEGOTIATION - Abstract
The importance of naturalization—the establishment of species introduced into foreign places—to the early development of Darwin's theory of evolution deserves historical attention. Introduced and invasive European species presented Darwin with interpretive challenges during his service as naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Species naturalization and invasive species strained the geologist Charles Lyell's creationist view of the organic world, a view which Darwin adopted during the voyage of the Beagle but came to question afterward. I suggest that these phenomena primed Darwin to question the "stability of species." I then examine the role of introduced and invasive species in Darwin's early theorizing and negotiation with Lyell's ideas, recorded in his post-voyage "transmutation notebooks." Therein, the subject was an inflection point in his contention with Lyell's views and moreover, his theorizing on invasive species occasioned some of his earliest inklings of natural selection. Finally, I examine how naturalization was crucial to Lyell's own eventual conversion to evolutionism. I conclude with brief reflections on the implications of this narrative for our understanding of Darwin's reasoning, his intellectual relationship to Lyell, and the historical context that shaped his theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Speciation by physiological selection of environmentally acquired traits.
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Noble, Denis and Phillips, Daniel
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PHYSIOLOGY , *BIOLOGICAL evolution , *CROSSBREEDING , *GENETIC speciation - Abstract
A chance mutation affecting a single or extremely few individuals in a continuous population will be quickly diluted through interbreeding. Charles Darwin fully appreciated this difficulty with relying on natural selection alone, and suggested an enabling role for geographical isolation in the origin of species. However, Darwin also believed in evolution by the inheritance of acquired traits and in populations of interbreeding animals, both of which would need a different isolating mechanism to overcome dilution and play a role in animal evolution. Historically disputed, the inheritance of acquired characters is now increasingly accepted as a phenomenon, and Charles Darwin himself is acknowledged as closely pre‐empting the type of physiology necessary to mediate it in his hypothesis of 'pangenesis'. In this article, we question how the inheritance of acquired traits might overcome the problem of dilution by interbreeding and contribute to evolution. Specifically, we describe how Darwin's young protégé, George Romanes, developed ideas he discussed with Darwin and extended pangenesis to include a conceivable solution published after Darwin's death: physiological selection of fertility. In light of the 'rediscovery' of pangenesis, here we recount physiological selection as a testable hypothesis to explain how environmentally acquired characteristics could become coupled to the generation of species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Bubbling beyond the barrier: exosomal RNA as a vehicle for soma–germline communication.
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Phillips, Daniel and Noble, Denis
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EXOSOMES , *DNA methylation , *GENETIC regulation , *EXTRACELLULAR enzymes , *PHENOTYPES - Abstract
'Weismann's barrier' has restricted theories of heredity to the transmission of genomic variation for the better part of a century. However, the discovery and elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation such as DNA methylation and histone modifications has renewed interest in studies on the inheritance of acquired traits and given them mechanistic plausibility. Although it is now clear that these mechanisms allow many environmentally acquired traits to be transmitted to the offspring, how phenotypic information is communicated from the body to its gametes has remained a mystery. Here, we discuss recent evidence that such communication is mediated by somatic RNAs that travel inside extracellular vesicles to the gametes where they reprogram the offspring epigenome and phenotype. How gametes learn about bodily changes has implications not only for the clinic, but also for evolutionary theory by bringing together intra‐ and intergenerational mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Charles Darwin: towards a bio-religious and colonial genealogy of evolutionary being.
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Kolia, Zahir
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SOCIAL Darwinism , *COLONIZATION , *CHRISTIANITY , *THEOLOGY - Abstract
While studies have examined Charles Darwin's wide social and political impact, they have not adequately centred the combined influence of colonial systems of human differentiation and religion within them. To address this, I draw from Sylvia Wynter's critique concerning how religious and colonial discourses contribute to the shifting development of Man within the Western tradition. Specifically, I explore how Darwin focused his evolutionary gaze towards one of the unique foundations of what it meant to be human in his time: religion. Tracing the entangled religious and colonial filiations of Darwin's thought, I show that he established an evolutionary link between human and non-human animals by proposing both Indigenous peoples and dogs held superstitious beliefs. To illustrate this, I show that Darwin transposed Victorian anthropological conceptions of religion - as a quantifiable object of knowledge corresponding to the intellect and associated with phrenology, dream theory and the apparitional soul - into a bio-religious conception of evolution. Furthermore, I argue that Darwin's bio-evolutionism assumes Christianity is most closely associated with abstract reason. Finally, analyzing the role of race in Darwin's thought, I suggest that theology is not what was before modern scientific bio-evolutionary conceptions of race, but at its very core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Richard Dawkins'te Evrim Teorisinin Natüralistik Yorumu.
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BAŞIBÜYÜK, Enes
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After the theory of evolution was put forward by Charles Darwin, it has been interpreted in terms of different philosophical paradigms. The most important of these interpretations stand out as the intelligent designers and the naturalist school, which represent two separate poles. The intelligent design school claims that the process of existence of living things depends on very special and sensitive variables, and that this sensitive process is too complex to be explained by naturalistic reasons, and that the theory of evolution was designed only by a supernatural, transcendent power. The naturalist school, on the other hand, claims that the evolution process can only be explained by natural causes and therefore there will be no need for a transcendental power. Biologist Richard Dawkins, one of the most important representatives of the naturalist school, tries to show how evolution can be explained by natural causes, based on the concept of natural selection introduced with the theory of evolution. In this research, we focused on how Dawkins explained the theory of evolution from a naturalistic perspective and examined the consistency of his conclusion on the axis of the naturalistic school paradigm that Dawkins followed. By presenting Dawkins' theory of evolution from a naturalist perspective, the position of the theory of evolution, which stands out as a scientific theory, on theological and metaphysical phenomena will be understood. At the same time, the way the naturalistic paradigm deals with scientific phenomena will be explained, based on the example of the theory of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
11. An A(i)lien Embassy: AI and Interspecies Communication.
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Witt, Andrew
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ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,LIENS ,ARCHITECTURAL design ,DIPLOMATIC & consular service ,DRAKE equation - Abstract
There is more than just human intelligence out there, and we must now get to grips with the end of human uniqueness. Our accelerating dexterity with biology of all sorts, digital software and hardware, pharmacology and a myriad other interventionist or evolutionary technologies is leading to the design of architectures/bodies/ systems that are fundamentally intelligently entangled. Harvard Graduate School of Design's Andrew Witt explains this ongoing synthesis and its cultural and social ramifications for today and deeper into tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. DARWIN NO BRASIL: A DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA EM QUADRINHOS
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SHEILA ALVES DE ALMEIDA, JOSÉ JOÃO VIEIRA, and PHILIPPE OLIVEIRA DE ALMEIDA
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Charles Darwin ,Brasil ,História em quadrinhos ,Divulgação científica ,Público infantojuvenil ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
RESUMO: O presente artigo analisa a revista em quadrinhos “Darwin: no Brasil”, cujo propósito é mostrar às crianças e adolescentes algumas ideias do naturalista, e sua jornada pelo Brasil do século XIX. Para tanto, procuramos neste trabalho responder à seguinte questão: como o texto verbo-visual dos quadrinhos conduz o leitor a compreender a representação do cientista e de seu trabalho, suas observações sobre a sociedade brasileira, bem como a importância da sua viagem ao Brasil para a construção de sua teoria? Considerando que o gênero de divulgação científica apresenta um conjunto de convenções socialmente assumidas, investigamos o dialogismo depreendido da articulação verbo-visual de uma revista produzida por um quadrinista que não apresenta uma trajetória como divulgador científico. Buscamos evidenciar pontos de convergência e divergência entre o texto verbo-visual, quanto aos aspectos da estrutura e do funcionamento comunicativo da revista como um instrumento de divulgação científica destinado ao público infantojuvenil. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluíram: a descrição do projeto gráfico dos quadrinhos; a análise da seleção dos episódios da história de Darwin no Brasil; os recursos verbo-visuais utilizados pelo autor para emocionar, surpreender e envolver o leitor; a análise dos movimentos dialógicos em relação à esfera didática e midiática. Os resultados indicaram a complexidade de divulgar o conhecimento científico em um formato verbo-visual compacto. O intento de apresentar questões científicas em quadrinhos cumpriu o propósito de veicular parte da história de Darwin no Brasil. Entretanto, o olhar do naturalista para a sociedade brasileira da época não foi problematizado, embora o cotidiano ficcional de Darwin tenha sido apresentado como estratégia de aproximação do leitor. Contudo, as reflexões apresentadas neste trabalho não devem ser vistas como uma rejeição à obra “Darwin no Brasil”, mas como uma precaução para aqueles que disponibilizam o material para as crianças e adolescentes.
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- 2024
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13. James and Evolution
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Pearce, Trevor and Klein, Alexander Mugar, book editor
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- 2024
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14. Plant “intelligence” and the misuse of historical sources as evidence
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Kingsland, Sharon E. and Taiz, Lincoln
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- 2024
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15. On the Logical Argument from Natural Evil: A Response to Moore
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Sterba, James P.
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- 2024
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16. Darwin and the White Shipwrecked Sailor: Beyond Blending Inheritance and the Jenkin Myth.
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Hoquet, Thierry
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BLACK people , *BIOLOGICAL evolution , *NATURAL selection , *HUMAN skin color , *SAILORS , *RACE relations - Abstract
This paper revisits Fleeming Jenkin's anonymous review of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, published in the North British Review in June 1867. This review is usually revered for its impact on Darwin's theory of descent with modification. Its classical interpretation states that Jenkin, a Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, made a compelling case against natural selection based on the fact of "blending inheritance" and the "swamping" of advantageous variations. Those themes, however, are strikingly absent from Jenkin's text. They were later read into Jenkin's text by scholars trying to explain how Darwinian selection was reconciled with Mendelian genes and the birth of the Modern Synthesis. While many scholars have tried to measure Jenkin's effect on Darwin, the value of the 1867 review remains unclear. This paper re-examines its content and concludes that Jenkin's "able review" was in fact written by an engineer whose competencies in biology were very low. Focusing on the figure of the shipwrecked white sailor isolated on an island inhabited by Black people, this paper also underlines the racial assumptions behind Jenkin's review. "Blending inheritance" is thus a theme linked to theoretical reworkings on the question of race and skin colors, taking its root in Galton's typology of heredity. Darwin was probably mostly unimpressed by Jenkin's review. The problems raised by the review were not so much "blending inheritance" and "swamping" but a conundrum of problems related to the effects of intercrossing on variation and reversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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17. It Ain't Necessarily So: Ludwig Boltzmann's Darwinian Notion of Entropy.
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Gimbel, Steven
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SECOND law of thermodynamics , *HISTORY of physics , *PHYSICAL laws , *TOPOLOGICAL entropy - Abstract
Ludwig Boltzmann's move in his seminal paper of 1877, introducing a statistical understanding of entropy, was a watershed moment in the history of physics. The work not only introduced quantization and provided a new understanding of entropy, it challenged the understanding of what a law of nature could be. Traditionally, nomological necessity, that is, specifying the way in which a system must develop, was considered an essential element of proposed physical laws. Yet, here was a new understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that no longer possessed this property. While it was a new direction in physics, in other important scientific discourses of that time—specifically Huttonian geology and Darwinian evolution, similar approaches were taken in which a system's development followed principles, but did so in a way that both provided a direction of time and allowed for non-deterministic, though rule-based, time evolution. Boltzmann referred to both of these theories, especially the work of Darwin, frequently. The possibility that Darwin influenced Boltzmann's thought in physics can be seen as being supported by Boltzmann's later writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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18. Using Darwin's Pangenesis Correspondences to Examine Science as a Human Endeavor.
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Lorsbach, Anthony and Antink Meyer, Allison
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ANTHROPOSOPHY , *ELEMENTARY education , *COMMUNITIES of practice , *EDUCATION students , *SOCIAL scientists - Abstract
This lesson used the correspondence of Charles Darwin as an exploration of nature of science (NOS) in a historical context. Specifically, we used his original correspondence about his "provisional hypothesis" of pangenesis as a novel way to explore a scientist's social community. Darwin's community of friends and colleagues in the natural sciences at the time of his writing of his 1868 book Variations formed the basis of this lesson. One basic descriptor of NOS, science as a human endeavor, was used to drive explicit reflection. These letters were rich in detail regarding the idea of science as a community of practice. Our elementary education students' responses indicate the letters surprised them in how personal the correspondents were with one another and how reliant Darwin was on his friends and colleagues for input on his work. Darwin became human as students imagined Darwin's mental state and how he wrestled with his idea and made it public. Students learned that despite Darwin's fame, his idea of pangenesis lacked empirical evidence and thus received little support. They discovered an eminent scientist who was insecure and nervous and who worked hard to develop, study, and publicize his novel idea. This contrasts with popular views of major scientific figures as natural geniuses rather than their success resulting from labor and perseverance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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19. «EN MEDIO DE ESA SOMBRÍA DESOLACIÓN, BULLE ALLÍ LA VIDA». APROXIMACIONES A LA TIERRA MALDITA DE LIBORIO JUSTO.
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Cimadevilla, Pilar
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DESERTS , *ARGUMENT , *NARRATIVES , *AUTHORS , *HUMAN voice - Abstract
After numerous trips through the Patagonian region, the Argentinian writer Liborio Justo (1901-2002) wrote and published in 1932 the volume entitled La tierra maldita. Throughout the twelve stories that make up the book, Justo proposes a singular way of seeing the region that dialogues with the tradition of the trip to Patagonia. The purpose of this article is to investigate how La tierra maldita can be thought of as a text that continues the Darwinian view of the trip to the extreme south, while incorporating other voices and arguments to reinvent the narrative about Patagonia after the so-called «Conquest of the desert». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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20. "Trains of Thought Long Associated with Action": Charles Darwin's Theory of Emotion.
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Glazer, Trip
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It is sometimes said that Charles Darwin has a theory of emotional expression, but not a theory of emotion. This paper argues that Darwin does have a theory of emotion. Inspired by David Hartley and Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin claims that an emotion is a train of feelings, thoughts, and actions, linked by associations. Whereas Hartley and Erasmus insist that these associations are learned, Charles proposes that some of these associations are inherited. He develops this theory in his private notebooks from 1838–1839 and then assumes it in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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21. Love and Evolution
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Ruse, Michael, Grau, Christopher, book editor, and Smuts, Aaron, book editor
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- 2024
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22. Adaptations of the beautiful : natural theological aesthetics from Paley to Darwin
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Stowell, John and Jones, Ewan
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Charles Darwin ,History of Aesthetics ,History of Biology ,History of Evolutionary Theory ,Scientific Theories of Beauty ,Sexual Selection ,Natural Theology ,Aesthetic Sense Theory ,Aesthetic Teleology ,William Paley ,William Whewell ,John Macculloch ,Richard Owen ,Charles Kingsley ,Thomas Huxley ,Henry Homes, Lord Kames ,Hugh Miller ,Thomas Chalmers ,George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll - Abstract
The goal of this thesis is to reassess our understanding of Charles Darwin's theory of beauty by tracing the history of a distinctive aesthetic philosophy within the British natural theological tradition. I propose two new critical concepts as a way of characterising the common features of this aesthetics: "correspondency" and the "conceptual regime of the ontology of enjoyment" [CROE]. Correspondency is a term borrowed from the work of William Whewell, and aims to capture a universalised logic of adaptation as it was developed within the design argument and subsequently used to describe the aesthetic relationship between the sensorium (subject) and aesthetic object. CROE encapsulates how the sui generis pleasures of aesthetic experience were granted a distinctive ontological reality by this relational or adaptive model. On this foundation, I will argue that natural theological aesthetics offered a way of understanding beauty in terms of a non-Kantian teleological model - a purposeless purpose of design (or, in Darwinian sexual selection, evolution). In the first chapter I trace this theory from William Paley, through to the Bridgewater Treatises and several further authors in the 1830s, exploring how the theory of beauty in these texts might be understood as a transformation of the aesthetic sense theory of the eighteenth century (a tradition exemplified by Francis Hutcheson). In the second chapter I explore how this theory was developed through the 1840s and 50s, a period that marked the increasing ascendancy of anatomical idealism within both natural theological and natural philosophical disciplines. I chart how the teleological implications of natural theological aesthetic theory allow us to rethink the relationship between the functional teleology of Paley or Cuvier, and the idealism of figures such as Richard Owen or the young Huxley. I will argue that figures associated with morphological thought utilised the same aesthetic theory and arguments as the natural theological adaptationists they critiqued, and so CROE remained a durable structure of thought across apparently contradictory paradigms. Indeed, this durability provides leverage to reassess the way in which this entire division has been historically narrated. The second part of my thesis concerns the work of Charles Darwin, and how the public theory of beauty he developed between 1859 (the first edition of the Origin) and 1868 (the first edition of Variation Under Domestication) might be understood as a response to - and transformation of - this natural theological aesthetic theory. First, I explore Darwin's early response to the teleological ramifications of beauty, and then turn to the polemical context of the Argyll dispute as it forced Darwin to develop a more coherent aesthetic theory. I will show how Darwin's developing account of beauty took up the structure of CROE in order to naturalise the teleological challenge of intrinsic aesthetic purposiveness. Sexual selection provided a way to explain the aesthetic correlation between subject and object, with animals selecting for the conspecifics they found beautiful, and so materialising the ideal of their faculty of taste within the world itself. I will, however, argue that sexual selection was not the totality of Darwin's aesthetics, and analyse how Darwin offered a classification of different kinds of beauty based on the teleological implications of various natural forms. Alongside the real aesthetic purposiveness produced by sexual selection, Darwin offered an ontologically deflationary account of extrinsic or accidental attributions of beauty, securing his argument from contemporary critique as it continued to read Darwin's works in terms of a natural theological tradition of aesthetic theory.
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- 2022
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23. A "Mean Quarrelsome Spirit:" Controversy in British Systematics, 1822–1836.
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Mursinna, Jordan Thomas
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SOCIAL accounting , *ZOOLOGISTS , *SPIRITS - Abstract
British systematics was distinctly marked by a raft of vituperative controversies around the turn of the 1830s. After the local collapse of broad consensus in the Linnaean system by 1820, the emergence of new schemes of classification—most notably, the "quinarian" system of William Sharp Macleay—brought with it an unprecedented register of public debate among zoologists in Britain, one which a young Charles Darwin would bitterly describe to his friend John Stevens Henslow in October 1836 as possessing a "mean quarrelsome spirit," conducted in "a manner anything but like that of gentlemen." This article aims to provide a social and conceptual account of the remarkable tenor of zoological discourse in Britain in the late 1820s and early 1830s, with joint attention to the philosophical and interpersonal commitments at play. In doing so, it analyzes the three of the period's most striking public controversies, each of which counted key advocates of the quinarian system as central participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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24. Darwin's dark matter: utter extinction.
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Winsor, Mary Pickard
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DARK matter , *PHYSICAL cosmology , *MEGATHERIUM , *BIOLOGICAL classification - Abstract
Species that died without leaving descendants Darwin called 'utterly extinct'. They far outnumber the ancestors of all living things, so they resemble the dark matter of modern cosmology, which far outweighs visible matter. He realized in 1837 that their absence is what creates the groups in a natural classification. In his Notebook B he combined the idea that species multiply with the idea that ancestors' relatives must mostly be extinct. The fossil Megatherium was utterly extinct. The iconic branching 'I think' diagram shows extinction causing the origin of genera by eliminating intermediate species. Darwin's concept of taxonomic ranks, starting with the genus, was informed by his interaction with taxonomists. Based on his familiarity with demography, Darwin reasoned that the survival of transitional forms was unlikely, which helped him decide to focus at the species level. When drafting his theory in the 1840s, he left out these speculative ideas, but they emerged again in the 1850s when he realized his theory needed a cause for branches to diverge. His ecological answer worked at the species level, but his Principle of Divergence was unconvincing at higher taxonomic levels. In the Origin, Darwin repeatedly insisted on the importance of utter extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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25. René-Edouard Claparède (1832–1871), Genevan naturalist and early adopter of Darwin's theory of evolution.
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Hollier, John and Hollier, Anita
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BIOLOGICAL evolution , *NATURALISTS , *NATURAL selection , *COMPARATIVE anatomy , *EARLY death , *EMBRYOLOGY - Abstract
René-Edouard Claparède was a ground-breaking Swiss naturalist specializing primarily in invertebrate embryology and the study of Protista and Annelida. While a student in Berlin he was encouraged by Christian Ehrenberg to use the latest microscopes and became renowned as a skilful observer and illustrator of the smallest organisms then known and of tiny anatomical details. A popular lecturer in zoology and comparative anatomy in his home town of Geneva, he nonetheless encountered difficulties in that city, still considered the "Protestant Rome", due to his strong support for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. His involvement in the first French translation of On the origin of species (Darwin 1862) proved problematic too, although his remark, "It is better to be an improved ape than a degenerate Adam," became a catchphrase in discussions of this contentious debate. Premature death meant that Claparède's work was quickly surpassed in many areas, but the diversity of his many publications, given here in the most complete bibliography compiled to date, is a testament to a widely respected, although overshadowed, naturalist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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26. History of the crested turkey, a rare variant of the domesticated turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo).
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Goddeeris, Bruno M. and Goddeeris, Boudewijn R.
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WILD turkey , *TURKEYS , *CHICKEN breeds , *POULTRY breeding - Abstract
In 1919, the famous Dutch poultry judge Cornelis van Gink (1890–1968) was aware of the existence of crested turkeys. Was this bird a natural rarity, variation or mutation? A search through historical records and published works yielded very few references to crested turkeys. From the financial accounts of the Great Condé in 1679 to pictures in books and journals of the eighteenth and nineteenth century in England and America, from a mounted specimen in Parma to a first photograph in 1938 in Newsweek, the beauty and rareness of this bird is evident. Attempts to breed crested turkeys were unsuccessful. In the nineteenth century William Bernhardt Tegetmeier (1816–1912), editor of The Field, had a major interest in these turkeys and together with Charles Darwin (1809–1882) studied and described skull deformations associated with well-known and common crested breeds of chickens. Deformation of the skull was also observed in the mounted specimen of the crested turkey preserved in Parma, Italy. Genetic analyses of crested poultry indicate that a mutation (autosomal incompletely dominant) in the crest gene is responsible for this phenotype. The mutation for crest formation with additional skull deformation might be responsible for some in ovo lethality or poor hatching which could explain the failure or difficulty in breeding this phenotype. In conclusion, all data indicate that the crested turkey is a mutation of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo and does not justify a new species or subspecies name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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27. Darwinian Beauty.
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GINNOBILI, SANTIAGO
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SEXUAL selection ,PERSONAL beauty ,NATURAL history ,REVOLUTIONS ,NATURALISTS - Abstract
It is not always considered that the discussion about the objective or subjective nature of beauty occurred partly in natural history, within the framework of the Darwinian revolution. The approaches of many pre-Darwinian naturalists assumed the existence of absolute standards of beauty. This idea was a presupposition in some versions of the great chain of being and in the idea that beauty was an objective characteristic of creation that could explain the possession of many traits of organisms. In this paper I will show how Darwin explicitly confronted both views throughout his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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28. «En medio de esa sombría desolación, bulle allí la vida». Aproximaciones a La tierra maldita de Liborio Justo
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Pilar Cimadevilla
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viaje ,Patagonia ,Liborio Justo ,Charles Darwin ,Fine Arts ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 ,French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature ,PQ1-3999 - Abstract
Luego de numerosos viajes por la región patagónica, el escritor argentino Liborio Justo (1901-2002) escribe y publica en 1932 el volumen titulado La tierra maldita. A lo largo de los doce relatos que componen el libro, Justo propone un modo singular de ver la región que dialoga con la tradición del viaje a la Patagonia. La propuesta de este artículo consiste en indagar de qué manera La tierra maldita puede ser pensado como un texto que continúa la mirada darwiniana sobre el viaje al extremo sur, al mismo tiempo que incorpora otras voces y argumentos para reinventar la narrativa sobre la Patagonia después de la llamada «Conquista del desierto».
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- 2024
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29. The Descent of Milman: A Darwinian Reading of Parry on the Homeric Formula
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R. Drew Griffith
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Milman Parry ,Homer ,Homeric formula ,Charles Darwin ,theory of evolution ,Structuralism ,History of the Greco-Roman World ,DE1-100 - Abstract
The opposition of synchrony to diachrony represents a false dichotomy for understanding Parry’s work, for, like Darwin before him, he sought to reconstruct from the present state of the evidence historical developments (in his case the oral, formulaic style). Since no pre-Homeric Greek was known to him, he used the noun-epithet formulae he found in Homer’s finished text and later that of South Slavic oral song. Many aspects of his work echo what Darwin’s Origin of Species has to say about evolution.
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- 2024
30. Antisemitischer und rassistischer Diskurs: Degradierungs- und Abgrenzungsstrategien
- Author
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Swiderski, Carla, Bischoff, Doerte, Series Editor, Bannasch, Bettina, Advisory Editor, Evelein, Johannes, Advisory Editor, Kliems, Alfrun, Advisory Editor, Körte, Mona, Advisory Editor, Kucher, Primus-Heinz, Advisory Editor, Lützeler, Paul Michael, Advisory Editor, and Swiderski, Carla
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- 2023
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31. Darwin’s Ideas as Epitomes of Abductive Reasoning in the Teaching of School Scientific Explanation and Argumentation
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Adúriz-Bravo, Agustín, González Galli, Leonardo, Sans Pinillos, Alger, Section editor, and Magnani, Lorenzo, editor
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- 2023
- Full Text
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32. The 'Struggle for Existence', or, What’s in a Metaphor?
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La Vergata, Antonello, Bellon, Richard, Editorial Board Member, Delisle, Richard G., Series Editor, Brooks, Daniel R., Editorial Board Member, Cain, Joe, Editorial Board Member, Ceccarelli, David, Editorial Board Member, Dickins, Thomas E., Editorial Board Member, Diogo, Rui, Editorial Board Member, Esposito, Maurizio, Editorial Board Member, Kutschera, Ulrich, Editorial Board Member, Levit, Georgy S., Editorial Board Member, Loison, Laurent, Editorial Board Member, Schwartz, Jeffrey H., Editorial Board Member, Tattersall, Ian, Editorial Board Member, Turner, Derek D., Editorial Board Member, van den Meer, Jitse M., Editorial Board Member, and La Vergata, Antonello
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. 'New Places in the Economy of Nature'
- Author
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La Vergata, Antonello, Bellon, Richard, Editorial Board Member, Delisle, Richard G., Series Editor, Brooks, Daniel R., Editorial Board Member, Cain, Joe, Editorial Board Member, Ceccarelli, David, Editorial Board Member, Dickins, Thomas E., Editorial Board Member, Diogo, Rui, Editorial Board Member, Esposito, Maurizio, Editorial Board Member, Kutschera, Ulrich, Editorial Board Member, Levit, Georgy S., Editorial Board Member, Loison, Laurent, Editorial Board Member, Schwartz, Jeffrey H., Editorial Board Member, Tattersall, Ian, Editorial Board Member, Turner, Derek D., Editorial Board Member, van den Meer, Jitse M., Editorial Board Member, and La Vergata, Antonello
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. 'Survival of the Fittest' and 'Cosmic Evolution'
- Author
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La Vergata, Antonello, Bellon, Richard, Editorial Board Member, Delisle, Richard G., Series Editor, Brooks, Daniel R., Editorial Board Member, Cain, Joe, Editorial Board Member, Ceccarelli, David, Editorial Board Member, Dickins, Thomas E., Editorial Board Member, Diogo, Rui, Editorial Board Member, Esposito, Maurizio, Editorial Board Member, Kutschera, Ulrich, Editorial Board Member, Levit, Georgy S., Editorial Board Member, Loison, Laurent, Editorial Board Member, Schwartz, Jeffrey H., Editorial Board Member, Tattersall, Ian, Editorial Board Member, Turner, Derek D., Editorial Board Member, van den Meer, Jitse M., Editorial Board Member, and La Vergata, Antonello
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Dissecting Darwin’s Drama: Understanding the Politicization of Evolutionary Psychology Within the Academy
- Author
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Mackiel, Alexander, Link, Jennifer K., Geher, Glenn, Frisby, Craig L., editor, Redding, Richard E., editor, O'Donohue, William T., editor, and Lilienfeld, Scott O., editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A controvérsia sobre as estradas paralelas de Glen Roy: uma justificação dos procedimentos de Darwin
- Author
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Marcos Rodrigues da Silva
- Subjects
estradas paralelas de glen roy ,controvérsias científicas ,história da biologia ,charles darwin ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Epistemology. Theory of knowledge ,BD143-237 - Abstract
Uma importante categoria filosófica conceitual para a compreensão de uma produção científica é a noção de autoridade cognitiva; autoridades atuam como agentes causais de certas produções científicas. A historiografia costuma dar muita atenção a influências que redundam em casos de sucesso científico. No entanto, há um caso na história da biologia em que o uso de autoridades cognitivas resultou em um fracasso teórico: a derrota de Charles Darwin (1809-1882) para o geólogo suíço Louis Agassiz, (1807-1873) na controvérsia sobre as “estradas paralelas de Glen Roy”, um fenômeno geológico natural que se tornou um problema científico. Darwin, em suas investigações, empregou diversas autoridades cognitivas como por exemplo, William Whewell (1794-1866) e Charles Lyell (1797-1875) e considerou várias hipóteses, mas não a de Agassiz, já disponível na literatura, fazendo uso do “princípio da exclusão”. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que Darwin estava justificado em proceder como procedeu, devido exatamente às suas fontes, autoridades impecáveis em ciência.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. O Brasil de Darwin nas aquarelas de Augustus Earle e Conrad Martens
- Author
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Marcos Ferreira Josephino
- Subjects
charles darwin ,viagem do beagle ,viajantes europeus no brasil ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Epistemology. Theory of knowledge ,BD143-237 - Abstract
Este artigo tem como objetivo resgatar o Brasil de Darwin por meio das obras dos pintores viajantes Augustus Earle (1793-1838) e Conrad Martens (1801-1878). Os locais por onde passou, a beleza da floresta tropical, os horrores do sistema escravista narrados por Darwin em seu diário, estão presentes nas aquarelas desses dois artistas, cujo papel a bordo do Beagle foi o de relatar, através da arte visual, as experiências vividas durante o levantamento geográfico da Terra do fogo e da costa sul da América do Sul, sob o comando do capitão Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865).
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A hierarquia de geografias promotoras de especiação na Origem das Espécies de Charles Darwin
- Author
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Carlos Francisco Gerencsez Geraldino
- Subjects
Biogeografia ,Epistemologia ,Especiação ,Charles Darwin ,Teoria dos Refúgios ,Human ecology. Anthropogeography ,GF1-900 ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Este artigo trata da hierarquização feita por Charles Darwin, em A Origem das Espécies, das melhores condições geográficas para a ocorrência de especiação, indo da pior condição, uma área pequena e isolada, para uma de melhor condição, caracterizada por ser grande, continua e que já passou por fragmentação. A partir disso, procuramos demonstrar que o processo de especiação em aves passeriformes nas ilhas Galápagos seria, na visão de Darwin, o pior cenário geográfico para a ocorrência de tal fenômeno. E também, que tal hierarquia de geografias promotoras de especiação se encontra nas bases de uma das mais importantes teorias biogeográficas vigentes, a Teoria dos Refúgios.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Claude Bernard's non reception of Darwinism.
- Author
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Bolduc, Ghyslain and Angleraux, Caroline
- Subjects
- *
BIOLOGICAL evolution , *ORIGIN of life - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain why, while Charles Darwin was well recognized as a scientific leader of his time, Claude Bernard never really regarded Darwinism as a scientific theory. The lukewarm reception of Darwin at the Académie des Sciences of Paris and his nomination to a chair only after 8 years contrasts with his prominence, and Bernard's attitude towards Darwin's theory of species evolution belongs to this French context. Yet we argue that Bernard rejects the scientific value of Darwinian principles mainly for epistemological reasons. Like Darwin, Bernard was interested in hereditary processes, and planned to conduct experiments on these processes that could lead to species transformation. But the potential creation of new forms of life would not vindicate Darwinism since biologists can only explain the origin of morphotypes and morphological laws by the means of untestable analogies. Because it can be the object neither of experiments nor of any empirical observation, phylogeny remains out of science's scope. Around 1878 Bernard foresaw a new general physiology based on the study of protoplasm, which he saw as the agent of all basic living phenomena. We will analyze why Bernard regarded Darwinism as part of metaphysics, yet still referred to Darwinians in his latter works in 1878. Basically, the absence of a scientific reception of Darwinism in Bernard's work should not obscure its philosophical reception, which highlights the main principles of Bernard's epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A HIERARQUIA DE GEOGRAFIAS PROMOTORAS DE ESPECIAÇÃO NA ORIGEM DAS ESPÉCIES DE CHARLES DARWIN.
- Author
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Geraldino, Carlos
- Subjects
- *
BIOGEOGRAPHY , *GENETIC speciation , *THEORY of knowledge - Abstract
This article deals with the hierarchy made by Charles Darwin, in The Origin of Species, of the best geographical conditions for the occurrence of speciation, going from the worst condition, a small and isolated area, to one of better condition, characterized by being large, continuous and which has already gone through fragmentation. And also, that such hierarchy of geographies that promote speciation is at the base of one of the most important biogeographic theories in force, the Refuge Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Neo‐Fluxus: Multimedia Performance Art and Architecture.
- Author
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Emmett, Mathew
- Abstract
Space Interface is a collaboration between artist‐architect Mathew Emmett and the legendary Eberhard Kranemann, a German neo‐Fluxus artist and founding member of electronic music pioneers Kraftwerk. Here, Emmett describes how, through mixed‐reality performance and audiovisual installation, their work transforms architectural settings by using video and electronic improvisation to evoke extended levels of architectural reality. They consider buildings as psychological prostheses, and their experiments attempt to invert and extend what might constitute architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Darwinian Beauty
- Author
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Santiago Ginnobili
- Subjects
Charles Darwin ,Beauty ,chain of being ,functional biology ,sexual selection ,Logic ,BC1-199 ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Abstract It is not always considered that the discussion about the objective or subjective nature of beauty occurred partly in natural history, within the framework of the Darwinian revolution. The approaches of many pre-Darwinian naturalists assumed the existence of absolute standards of beauty. This idea was a presupposition in some versions of the great chain of being and in the idea that beauty was an objective characteristic of creation that could explain the possession of many traits of organisms. In this paper I will show how Darwin explicitly confronted both views throughout his work.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Sexual Selection and the Brotherhood of Humans: Does the argument of The Descent of Man confirm The sacred cause thesis?
- Author
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Santiago Ginnobili
- Subjects
Charles Darwin ,Race ,Sexual selection ,Descent of Man ,Adrian Desmond ,James Moore ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Desmond and Moore point out that the key to understanding Darwin’s The Descent of Man is his abolitionist motivation and his advocacy that races constitute subspecies. Roberta Millstein raises some doubts about the importance of this motivation. She points out that the inclusion of the extensive section devoted to non-human animals is not justified by Darwin’s treatment of humans per se, because his explanation of the origin of races is peculiar. In this sense, she argues that Darwin’s specific explanation of the origin of races does not confirm the central importance that Desmond and Moore give to Darwin’s abolitionism. In this paper I have two different aims. On the one hand, to show that the human case actually is based on the treatment of nonhuman animals, and consequently, Darwin’s argument is not as poor as Millstein believes. My second goal, taking Millstein’s challenge seriously, is to show that Darwin’s explanation of the origin of races does confirm the Desmond and Moore thesis in a deeper sense than the one they propose themselves. For the anti-slavery motivation could not only explain the fact that Darwin sees all humans as forming the same species, but the specific explanation he gives for the origin of races.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. It Ain’t Necessarily So: Ludwig Boltzmann’s Darwinian Notion of Entropy
- Author
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Steven Gimbel
- Subjects
Ludwig Boltzmann ,entropy ,Charles Darwin ,evolution ,model ,Science ,Astrophysics ,QB460-466 ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Ludwig Boltzmann’s move in his seminal paper of 1877, introducing a statistical understanding of entropy, was a watershed moment in the history of physics. The work not only introduced quantization and provided a new understanding of entropy, it challenged the understanding of what a law of nature could be. Traditionally, nomological necessity, that is, specifying the way in which a system must develop, was considered an essential element of proposed physical laws. Yet, here was a new understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that no longer possessed this property. While it was a new direction in physics, in other important scientific discourses of that time—specifically Huttonian geology and Darwinian evolution, similar approaches were taken in which a system’s development followed principles, but did so in a way that both provided a direction of time and allowed for non-deterministic, though rule-based, time evolution. Boltzmann referred to both of these theories, especially the work of Darwin, frequently. The possibility that Darwin influenced Boltzmann’s thought in physics can be seen as being supported by Boltzmann’s later writings.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Gewalt im Tierreich
- Author
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Michael Wink
- Subjects
Gewalt ,Aggression ,Tiere ,Charles Darwin ,Carnivoren ,Wettbewerb ,General Works - Abstract
Gewalt ist im Tierreich weit verbreitet und tritt in der Auseinandersetzung zwischen unterschiedlichen Arten, vor allem aber intraspezifisch, also innerhalb derselben Art auf. Die Knappheit von Ressourcen (Nahrung, Reviere, Paarungspartner) ist häufig ein Auslöser von Gewalt. Bei Ressourcenmangel setzt häufig ein Wettbewerb ein, der sich in ritualisierten Kämpfen, aber auch in Vernichtungskämpfen äußert. Gewalt manifestiert sich auch im Kindesmord (Infantizid) und im Geschwistermord (Siblizid), die unter besonderen Umständen bei einigen Tierarten regelmäßig auftreten. Auch eine erzwungene Paarung (Vergewaltigung) ist im Tierreich nicht unbekannt. Gewalt ist ein Merkmal, dass durch die Natürliche Selektion ausgelesen wurde, und weil es offenbar vorteilhaft für das Überleben ist, wurde es bis heute bei vielen Tierarten beibehalten. Wir Menschen gehören zu den Primaten, unter denen es viele gewalttätige und aggressive Arten gibt. Wir teilen uns einen gemeinsamen Vorfahren mit Gorillas und Schimpansen, die als besonders gewaltig gelten. Es ist daher anzunehmen, dass Gewalt zum evolutionären Erbe bei uns Menschen zählt. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Mord und Totschlag mit der Sesshaftwerdung und Zivilisierung vor rund 10.000 Jahren deutlich zurückgegangen sind. Demnach ist der moderne Mensch verglichen zu seinen Vorfahren eine ausgesprochen friedfertige Art, auch wenn die vielen Meldungen von Gewalt in den Medien uns das Gegenteil suggerieren. Es wird postuliert, dass beim Menschen eine Art Selbstdomestikation zu größerer Friedfertigkeit erfolgte: Es waren vermutlich die Frauen, die über viele Generationen hinweg durch Damenwahl Männer als Väter für ihren Nachwuchs selektierten, die weniger gewalttätig, dafür aber friedfertig, hilfsbereit und kooperativ waren.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Reading the Book of Nature: How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age
- Author
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Topham, Jonathan R., author and Topham, Jonathan R.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Examining Charles Darwin's (Mis)representation within science and history curricula.
- Author
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Bickford, John H.
- Subjects
- *
TEACHING , *GALVANIZING , *BIOLOGY , *RACISM - Abstract
Teaching and learning are grounded on age-appropriate, credible curricular resources, which can be formal (i.e. textbooks) and informal (i.e. trade-books). As Charles Darwin's ideas galvanized biology and racism, this study examined his historical representation within trade-books (e.g. biography, narrative non-fiction, expository, etc.), textbooks (student editions, teacher editions, etc.), and curricular supplements (teacher-facing assessments and lessons; student-facing tests and tasks) published in United States. Through content analysis, I contrasted historians' understandings of Darwin with history-based trade-books' (n = 111) and biology-oriented texts' (n = 132) depictions of Darwin. Misrepresentations abounded. History-based books concealed Darwin's colonialist past and disregarded—or repeated without qualification and context—the racist ideas within his writing. Biology-based texts largely omitted problematic aspects of Darwin's past. These 20th- and 21st-century history trade-books and science texts mirrored the patterns of 19th-century American social studies textbooks' Lost Cause logic and 20th-century science American textbooks' anti-evolution casuistry. Reviewed texts obscured the racist ideas within Darwin's words, actions, and inactions, through both omission and commission. Concerns are raised about who determines how historical and scientific content are included, detailed, and omitted within curricular resources published in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. موقف مصطفى صبري من نظرية دارون.
- Author
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AL BAYATI, AHMED TEIK
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Near East University Islamic Research Center / Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İslam Tetkikleri Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Journal of Near East University Islamic Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Darwin translated into Turkish with a Marxist agenda: a sociological inquiry into the agents of translation.
- Author
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Conker, Nesrin
- Subjects
ACTION theory (Psychology) ,SOCIAL dynamics ,BIOLOGICAL evolution ,SOCIAL influence - Abstract
This paper studies the agents of translation who introduced Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) into Turkish more than one hundred years after their original publication in England. Elaborating on the agents' motives for translating and publishing Darwin's works in the Turkish (leftist) publication field, the study considers translator Öner Ünalan (1935-2011) and publisher Muzaffer İlhan Erdost (1932-2020), within the framework of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of action. The findings of the study epitomize the 'two-way relationship' between the habituses of the agents of translation and the social dynamics of the field(s) in which they operate. The article demonstrates that Ünalan and Erdost's translatorial interest in Darwin's works was closely linked to the strong influence of Marxism on their social dispositions and to the dynamics of the Turkish publication field between the 1960s and 1980s. As a result, Ünalan and Erdost's Darwin translations contributed to an increase in the scientific and social distinction of both the Marxist movement and the Turkish leftist publication field during a period of growing tension between right - and leftwing ideologies in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The Pursuit of Meaning: Placing Biodiversity and Biography at the Center of Biology.
- Author
-
Cohen, Joel I.
- Subjects
- *
LIFE sciences , *LIFE science education , *BIODIVERSITY , *BIOLOGY , *BIOGRAPHY (Literary form) - Abstract
Naturalists enrich our scientific understanding of biodiversity. However, just as countries have fallen behind on commitments to provide biodiversity conservation funding, so has the focus of life science stayed arm's length. The purpose of this article is to consider why biodiversity should be the center of life sciences education and how biographies of Charles Darwin and the incorporation of female scientists allow important findings, paintings, and journaling as part of standard teachings. The addition of female naturalists will provide role models for diverse, underrepresented student populations. This article suggests that biodiversity and biography become central to hteaching life sciences while supplemented by other practices. Such reallocations provide students an opportunity to learn not only what these scientists discovered but how these individuals "developed" into scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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