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The incidence of concussions and potential for long-term health effects has captured the attention of the media, general public, medical professionals, parents, and obviously the athletes themselves. Concussions have been blamed for a variety of mental and physical health issues. The athletic trainer is at the forefront of the concussion management team, as they are typically on the scene when the concussion occurs and are often the first medical personnel to evaluate and, hopefully, remove the athlete from activity. There has been controversy of late regarding the influence of coaches in the care of concussed athletes. Therefore, a move to the “medical model” of sports medicine management can go a long way in resolving conflict of interest issues regarding the care of concussed athletes. A comprehensive concussion team and protocol are also essential to providing the highest level of care. This article takes a closer look at concussion management in the collegiate arena, with a particular focus on Princeton University.

The objectives of this study were to develop competencies for wartime and operations other than war for 46N3 Medical/Surgical Air Force nurses and to validate those competencies among a group of experts in the field. The sample consisted of 109 nurses with mobilization experiences. A Delphi consensus technique was used to validate both the importance of competencies required in a mobilization environment and to determine the level at which those competencies should be practiced. A web-based questionnaire was used to collect responses during three rounds of data collection. At the end of round 3, 83% of the importance statements achieved consensus whereas 67% of the level of practice statements achieved consensus. Those importance items validated were traditional assessment and interventions skills that represented noncontroversial practices. Those items not validated were either controversial or perceived as not pertinent in an austere mobilization environment.

Some finite energy, causal, real-valued signals are frequency analyzed using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). Computer generated additive white noise is combined with time-domain samples, and the analysis is repeated. It is shown that the combination of noise and aliasing can hide information when high frequency noise is folded over an interesting part of the frequency domain. Aliasing cannot be avoided in exploratory physics and engineering experiments and aliased noise can drown out real peaks in the signal frequency spectrum. Time-domain filtering techniques are discussed, but they cannot always recover these lost peaks. A new method is introduced in which the wavelet transform and its inverse are used to suppress high frequency noise prior to Fourier analysis. This method is useful in improving on experimental results when aliasing of high frequency noise presents a problem.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The wavelet transform is used to give a phase-space approach to the study of two-dimensional images. The compression of the Daubechies - 4 (D4) wavelet is studied and a new hybrid wavelet-linear interpolation method is shown to enhance the compression of reconstructions. Computer generated white noise is added and two methods of image enhancement, which are based on the discrete wavelet transform, are used to improve resolution and sensitivity of the noisy images. The frequency scales in phase-space dominate both the 'contrast' and the edge detection behaviors of the images.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An introductory discussion of wavelets is presented for optics. By replacing the normed space of finite energy images with a phase-space (with twice as many variables) and by adding dilation invariance to the translation; a fiducial function called the mother wavelet is obtained, giving an enrichment of Fourier optics. This paradigm, wavelet optics, is discussed and the application to inverse scattering is indicated.

Determination of foot volume by mercury displacement before and after the intraperitoneal administration of dextran to rats demonstrated that pronounced edema occurs one-half to three-fourths of an hour after dextran, reaches a maximum in 1 1/2 hours, and gradually subsides over the next several hours. Inhibiting substances prevent the edema entirely, reduce its severity or delay its appearance. A method was presented for screening compounds for ability to inhibit dextran edema. A dose-response curve developed for chlorpromazine suggests that the technique might also be suitable for quantitative bioassay. It was found that strongly vasoconstrictor adrenergic agents inhibited edema while adrenergic drugs with other predominating activities did not. Atropine, Dibenamine, morphine, reserpine, hydroxyzine and meprobamate were inactive. Chlorpromazine, the antihistaminics and anesthetic doses of phenobarbital were active. Cortisone and phenylbutazine were inactive but the salicylates were moderately active.

Discussion and summaryThe d (dexoxadrol and the l (levoxadrol) isomers of the lower melting racemic modification of 2,2-diphenyl-4- (2-piperidyl) −1,3-dioxolane HCl have surprisingly different pharmacologic properties.Dexoxadrol, but not levoxadrol, produces “hyperalgesia'or “hyperacuity'as evidenced by shortening of the reaction time of mice to a thermal stimulus and increasing the number of writhes following the intraperitoneal administration of phenylquinone. Tachyphylaxis does not occur to the “hyperalgesia'produced by dexoxadrol.Dexoxadrol, but not levoxadrol, antagonizes the analgesic activity of morphine in mice subjected to a thermal stimulus. Both are ineffective in those administered phenyl-quinone. This difference is possibly related to differences between visceral and somatic pain.Both isomers antagonize the effects of reserpine as measured by the reversal of the reserpine induced prolongation of hexobarbital hypnosis and the reserpine induced prolongation of the reaction time of mice exposed ...

MER-25, l-(p-2-Diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-l-phenyl-2-p-methoxyphenyl ethanol, blocks the response of estrogen target organs to the stimulating action of estrogens. The estrogen antagonism activity of MER-25 has been demonstrated in intact and castrate rats, mice and monkeys and in chicks and rabbits. The estrogen target organs employed for the measurement of the estrogen antagonism activity of MER-25 were the uterus, vagina and pituitaries in the mammals, and the oviduct in chicks. An additional endpoint employed was the chick plasma phospholipids. This drug antagonizes the activity of both endogenous and exogenous estrogens and steroidal and non-steroidal estrogens. The pituitaries of rats administered MER-25 were smaller than those of control animals and it prevented estrogen and castration induced pituitary hypertrophy. Weak gonadotrophin inhibition was evident in the treated male rat and in parabiotic female rats. MER-25 interfered with normal pregnancy in the rat. Male offspring of animals administere...

SummaryThe pharmacology of Tace (tri-p-anisylchloroethylene), a new compound with estrogenic activity, differs in important respects from that of hexestrol which is typical of the natural and better known synthetic estrogens: (1) Tace does not cause and hexestrol does cause pituitary enlargement in rats; (2) Tace has a lesser but similar effect to hexestrol on organs in which the action of the two compounds is mediated through the pituitary; (3) fat storage resulting in long activity occurs following oral administration of large doses of Tace, while there is no fat storage and action is short following hexestrol administration; (4) estrogenic material equivalent in biologic potency to more than the administered dose of Tace is eliminated with the feces, while only small amounts of estrogenic material are eliminated following hexestrol administration.

19-Nortestosterone-17-benzoate, a new ester of 19-nortestostcrone, has been ompared with testosterone propionate for several biological activities. Testosterone propionate and 19-nortestosterone-17-bcnzoate are myotrophic and suppress production or release of pituitary gonadotrophins. Unlike testosterone propionate, the 19-nortestosterone derivative elicits these responses in doses which do not stimulate growth of seminal vesicles and ventral prostate in rats. The uterotrophic, anti-estrogenic and progestational potenciesof the 2 androgens are similar. 19-Nortestosterone-17-benzoate is devoid of estrogenic ativity. A 6- week study in intact and castrate male and female rats demonstrate that the biologic properties of 19-nortestosterone-17-benzoate are typical of those of an androgen. This steroid was orally inactive at the dose tested.

Decapryn Succinate, a new histamine antagonist, was well tolerated by dogs, rats, and monkeys when administered several times daily over a period of approximately two months. No accumulation occurred with repeated doses, and results in rats indicated repeated doses do not produce signs of toxicity unless doses employed approach acutely lethal ones.

Plasmids carrying cloned segments of the frd operon of Escherichia coli have been used in genetic complementation studies to identify two independent mutants defective in the frdD gene, which encodes the hydrophobic FrdD polypeptide of the fumarate reductase complex. Mutations in the frdA and frdB genes have also been mapped by this technique. One of the FrdD peptide mutants, DW109 (frdD-109), showed that fumarate reductase was not as tightly bound to the membrane in this mutant. In addition, the mutation in the FrdD peptide caused an almost total loss of the ability of the enzyme to oxidize either menaquinol-6, a physiological donor for fumarate reduction, or reduced benzyl viologen. However, the mutation did not impair the ability of the membrane-bound fumarate reductase complex to function with succinate as substrate, as evidenced by unchanged turnover numbers for phenazine methosulfate and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone (a quinone analogue) reductase activities. These data establish the essential role of the FrdD polypeptide both in the interaction of the enzyme with reduced menaquinone and thus in anaerobic respiration with fumarate as electron acceptor, and in binding the enzyme to the membrane.

A recent retrospective mortality study, based on proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs), has shown that blue-collar automotive workers have an excess of approximately 30% in lung cancer deaths over a comparable representation of the general population. This study compares the cigarette smoking habits of automotive workers with those of the general population and assesses the extent to which any smoking habit differences might account for the excess in lung cancer deaths among automotive workers. The results show that when smoking differences are considered, the lung cancer PMR for white male automotive workers declines from 1.3 to approximately 1.1. These findings suggest that smoking habits of a studied population can affect mortality ratios for lung cancer when the smoking habits of the studied population differ significantly from those of the general population.

SummaryThe subcutaneous administration of estrogen for 10 days increased perineal muscle weight in mice, but not in rats. Stilbestrol treatment appeared to produce a myotrophic effect on mouse perineal muscles since the nitrogen content was increased and the water content was unchanged. The results indicated that the estrogen acted directly on the perineal muscles, rather than via the adrenal or pituitary glands. It was suggested that the response of the perineal muscles in mice to estrogen might have some correlation with the anabolic effect of estrogens in domestic animals.

SummaryThe repeated oral administration of TACE to human subjects results in storage of considerable amounts of estrogenic material in the body fat. This material remains in the fat for prolonged periods following cessation of TACE therapy. Results of studies in a limited number of cases suggest that both duration of therapy and the size of the doses are contributing factors governing the level of estrogenic material in the fat.

Dogs were conditioned to an anxiety response characterized by an increase in heart rate upon presentation of a musical tone. Meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam effectively prevented the cardiac conditioned response. Phenobarbital and chlorpromazine were less effective. Amphetamine, 1.5 mg kg orally, also blocked the cardiac conditioned response. Atropine, meperidine, caffeine, imipramine and α-methyl-dopa had no effect on the cardiac conditioned response. Morphine and methyl phenidate were clearly active only in doses producing marked side effects. Ethanol in relatively small doses was mildly effective.

A new compound, Bentyl hydrochloride (β-diethylaminoethyl 1-cyclohexylcyclo-hexanecarboxylate hydrochloride), has been demonstrated to possess parasympathetic depressant properties. It has a marked relaxing action in vivo on normal and barium-stimulated intestine, and it strongly antagonizes the intestinal effects of acetylcholine. The bulk of Bentyl administered to animals appears to be destroyed in the body, and the substance has low toxicity following single and repeated administration to animals.

The anti-inflammatory activity of a new series of amidines and the expanded pharmacology of the prototype of this series, 1-1-bis-( p -anisyl)-2-( p -guanylphenyl)-ethylene (MER-13), is reported. The anti-inflammatory activity of MER-13 resembles that of cortisone acetate and differs from that of the gold salts and the salicylates. The only difference observed between the anti-inflammatory activity of MER-13 and cortisone acetate was a dose-response relationship for cortisone acetate in inhibiting granuloma formation and the lack of a dose-response relationship for MER-13 and the low order of oral potency possessed by MER-13. MER-13 is devoid of the other endocrine activities of the glucocorticoids. Acute and subacute toxicity studies are reported for MER-13.

A method is described for evaluating the emetic activity of quinacrine and quinacrine derivatives following oral administration of the compounds to pigeons. The assay method was designed to detect large differences and the data were not treated statistically. Results, however, which indicated a fair degree of sensitivity are presented.