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We describe how we apply the SAE AS 5506 Architecture and Analysis Design Language (AADL) [4] to reason about contextual and architectural concerns for cyber security. A system’s cyber security certification requires verification that the system’s cyber security mechanisms are correct, non-bypassable, and tamper-resistant. We can verify correctness by examining the mechanism itself, but verifying the other qualities requires us to examine the context in which that mechanism resides. Understanding that context and validating the system’s evolving design against that context is an objective for the Architecture Centric Virtual Integration Process (ACVIP), an AADL-based approach to model and detect system design defects before they become too costly to fix. We describe our work to apply AADL to assess non-bypassability and tamper-resistance. The results of our research - tool plugins for cyber security architectural validation - support system developers today in their ACVIP activities.

Increased political and research interest in extracurricular activities stems, in part, from the claim that these programs especially benefit disadvantaged youth. However, little literature has synthesized studies across types of disadvantage to assess this claim. This article reviews research on disadvantaged youth in extracurricular programs, including differences by gender, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and immigrant status. Our review reveals a promising, if complicated, picture. Although disadvantaged youth are less likely to participate in extracurricular activities, they often experience greater benefits, depending on the risk status and activity type. Evidence clearly supports expanding access to extracurricular programs for disadvantaged youth.

Low mass, main sequence stars like our Sun exhibit a wide variety of rotational and magnetic states. Observational and theoretical advances have led to a renewed emphasis on understanding the rotational and magnetic evolution of sun-like stars has become a pressing problem in stellar physics. We use global 3D convection and convective dynamo simulations in rotating spherical shells and with realistic stellar stratification to explore the behavior of “middle-aged” stars. We show that for stars with slightly less rotational influence than our Sun a transition occurs from solar-like (fast equator, slow poles) to anti-solar (slow equator, fast poles) differential rotation. We investigate this transition using two different treatments for the upper boundary of our simulations and we hypothesize that this transition from solar-like to anti-solar differential rotation may be responsible for observations of anomalously rapid rotation for stars older than our Sun.

This essay examines four books that may offer some insight into the post–No Child Left Behind (NCLB) discussion about educational policy, reform, and performance. Collectively The Allure of Order: High Hopes, Dashed Expectations, and the Troubled Quest to Remake American Schooling, by Jal Mehta, Too Many Children Left Behind: The US Achievement Gap in Comparative Perspective, by Bruce Bradbury, Miles Corak, Jane Waldfogel, and Elizabeth Washbrook, Despite the Best Intentions: How Racial Inequality Thrives in Good Schools, by Amanda E. Lewis and John B. Diamond, and Toxic Schools: High-Poverty Education in New York and Amsterdam, by Bowen Paulle, show that concerns with school accountability are now embedded in broader discussions about the importance of investing in children, families, and schools and how the internal dynamics of schools either support or frustrate those investments. We hope that these works represent a trend toward less ahistorical and reductionist and more empirically grounded t...

After a long period of emphasis on academic skills, researchers have recently shown growing interest in the importance of noncognitive skills as drivers of life outcomes for poor children. “Grit” and “hope” are among the more popular focal points in this research. This article argues terms like these are most useful when they are thought of as a part of a cluster of concepts related to the idea of alienation, in the sense of powerlessness. Framing the “new” concepts that way helps connect our thinking to a wider range of empirical work and helps identify important unresolved issues for future research. We also argue the most profitable approaches will be those which help us understand how individual characteristics interact with structural context, avoiding an exclusive emphasis on either individual characteristics or structural contexts.

In this essay, Charles Payne and Tim Knowles argue that given President Obama's support of charter schools, it is time for educators and policymakers to closely consider both the possibilities and the limitations of these schools in the context of urban school reform. The authors discuss the unique flexibility of charter schools—namely in staffing,time, budgetary autonomy, governance, and protection from district policies—as a significant source of their potential effectiveness. However, they also note the major challenges these schools face, as evidenced by variability in achievement results, sustainability,and quality of instruction. The authors suggest that these strengths and challenges must be considered together, and that the administration must focus on the elements of effective schooling for all children. Drawing upon this kind of evidence,the authors conclude, will lead to a more grounded and less partisan debate about urban education.

Although the term “multicultural education” was first used in the late 1960s or early 1970s, the context and goals for its development have been evolving throughout the world for centuries. The impetus for multicultural education has been and continues to be human rights and liberation. This paper will present how past human struggles have been funneled into multicultural education. In addition, it will offer an explanation for why it was inevitable that the term “multicultural education” would first appear in the United States. This paper also will focus on the development of multicultural education since the 1960s, and finally, it will present a theoretical perspective and framework for viewing the development of multicultural education. Multicultural education ought to be considered the latest embodiment of human liberation.

The trans form of octahydro-1-methyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazine 2,2-dioxide, in which a six-membered sultam unit is trans-fused to cyclohexane, has been synthesized. The single-crystal X-ray structure shows the molecule to have the N-methyl group in the axial orientation. The generalized anomeric effect believed to be responsible for the axial preference is estimated at =>2 kcal mol-1.Key words: generalized anomeric effect, negative hyperconjugation, sulfonamides, sultams, X-ray crystallography.

An increasing number of military systems are being developed using service orientation. Some of the features that make service orientation appealing, like loose coupling, dynamism and composition-oriented system construction, make securing service-based systems more complicated. We have been developing technologies for Advanced Protected Services (APS) to improve the resilience and survival of services under cyber attack. These technologies introduce a layer to absorb, contain, and adapt to cyber attacks before attacks reach critical services. This paper describes an evaluation of these advanced protection technologies using cooperative red teaming. In cooperative red teaming, an independent red team launches attacks on a protected enclave in order to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of the protection technologies, but the red team is provided full knowledge of the system under test and its protections, and is given escalating levels of access to the system. The red team also operates within agreed upon rules of engagement designed to focus their effort on useful evaluation results. Apart from presenting the evaluation results, we also discuss cooperative red teaming as an effective means of evaluating cyber security.

The process control system (PCS) owner can no longer rely on a physical air gap and custom hardware to protect her network from attack. Demand for greater visibility into PCS operations, coupled with greater use of commodity hardware, now exposes the PCS network to the same threats facing other networks. To address these threats, we argue for the deployment of prevention-based, host-resident, network layer devices, coupled with scalable, service-based management, that will not only protect PCS communications but will also support higher level reasoning about PCS trustworthiness. We explain why the modern PCS network is particularly well-suited for this approach, and we highlight where our own research supports this claim.

The insider threat has assumed increasing importance as our dependence on critical cyber information infrastructure has increased. In this paper we describe an approach for thwarting and attributing insider attacks. The Sense, Prepare, Detect, and React (SPDR) approach utilizes both a highly intelligent software reasoning system to anticipate, recognize, respond to, and attribute attacks as well as a widely distributed set of hardware-based sensor-effectors to provide alerts used by the reasoning system and to implement responses as directed by it. Using hardware sensor-effectors greatly reduces the risk that a savvy malicious insider can bypass or cripple the system’s monitoring and control capabilities. In this paper we describe the prototype SPDR system and the results of its successful evaluation by an independent, DARPA-sponsored Red Team. We conclude with thoughts on possible SPDR enhancements and further research.

An analysis of twopublic reform efforts: the Comer intervention by mutual cooperation and political mobilization in Chicago.

The paper argues that Napoleon, a flexible, role-based access control (RBAC) modeling environment, is also a practical solution for enforcing business process control, or workflow policies. Napoleon provides two important benefits for workflow: simplified policy management and support for heterogeneous, distributed systems. We discuss our strategy for modeling workflow in Napoleon, and we present an architecture that incorporates Napoleon into a workflow management system.

This document is the final technical report for the Composability for Secure Systems (CSS) program whose objective was to develop and demonstrate a composable methodology for building highly-assured, fault tolerant distributed systems and networks, and to design an automated development environment to support the methodology. The CCS program studied composition and refinement as unifying concepts that support analysis of functional correctness, fault tolerance and security form a single specification. A mathematical framework was developed for specifying and analyzing systems. This report provides an overview of all the technical conducted in pursuit of these goals. It described significant accomplishments and obstacles encountered during these tasks and lessons learned while carrying out the program. Finally, it provides suggestions for future effort which build upon the success of the program or addresses deficiencies.

The events, both legal and illegal, that have led to the miseducation of American groups, particularly minorities of visible distinction, have been many and span centuries. Some of these occurrences were carried out in conjunction with a doctrine that had as its basis a premise of racial superiority. Consequently, our schools of today, whether by design or due to a lack of awareness on the part of many educators, are a product of this doctrine of racial superiority. The purpose of this paper is to review how racism, expressed through attitudes and court decisions, has come to demand the antidote of multicultural education, and to offer suggestions as to how multicultural education can be invaluable in

Ella Jo Baker died in 1986. Her entire adult life was devoted to building organizations that worked for social change by encouraging individual growth and individual empowerment. Nonetheless, even among those generally knowledgeable about the modern history of the Afro-American struggle, neither her name nor her sense of how we make change are widely known. She worked during a time when few Americans were capable of taking a Black woman seriously as a political figure. Yet, Ella Baker was a central figure in Afro-American activism as an organizer and as an advocate of developing the extraordinary potential of ordinary people. Few activists can claim a depth and breadth of political experience comparable to Ella Baker's half-century of struggle. She was associated with whatever organization in the Black community was on the cutting edge of the era-the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in the forties, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in the fifties, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the sixties. Miss Baker's activism-and she was always pointedly Miss Baker to the people she worked with, a mark of respect'-was

(1981). The Civil Rights Movement as History. Equity & Excellence in Education: Vol. 19, No. 3-6, pp. 54-60.