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[Bis(N,N′-dimesitylimino)acenaphthene]dibromonickel (1) when activated with diethylaluminium chloride (DEAC) is a very active catalyst for ethylene homopolymerization. The activity (AE) of 1/100 DEAC is twenty times greater than that of 1/100 MAO and of the same order of magnitude as 1/2000 MAO. In the case of homopolymerization of propylene the highest activity (AP) was obtained at a ratio of 25/15 for AlDEAC/Ni. Trialkylaluminium compounds were also found to act as cocatalysts for 1. The PE synthesized with four different cocatalysts was found by 13C NMR to have dissimilar branching distributions. 1/DEAC shows no activity for the polymerization of proximately substituted polar monomers. The introduction of dibutylmagnesium, (DBM) activates the 1/DEAC system to copolymerize ethylene and a number of proximately substituted polar monomers. Compared with the 1/MAO/monomer.AlR3 catalyst system the former is three times more active for copolymerization of 5-hexene-1-ol or 10-undecen-1-oic acid with ethylene. The activity of copolymerization is 1/24, 1/5 and 1/2 as active as homopolymerization, respectively, in the case of methyl vinyl ketone, vinyl acetate and ϵ-caprolactam. In the case of tetrahydrofuran/ethylene, the 1/MAO catalyst produced copolymers using AlR3 pretreated THF whereas the 1/DEAC/DBM catalyst produces homopolyethylene only. No polymerization occurred with an acrylonitrile/ethylene mixture in the presence of 1/DBM/DEAC catalyst. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry

JOBLINKS demonstration projects tested the means of providing transportation services to disadvantaged individuals, particularly welfare recipients trying to make the transition to employment and self-sufficiency. In 1995–1996, 10 demonstration projects were funded in 6 states. After each project an independent assessment yielded the following findings: ( a) Transportation made a difference in enabling disadvantaged people to obtain work. In several demonstration projects, the transportation services provided through JOBLINKS enabled individuals to get a job or to increase work to a full-time basis. ( b) Transportation solutions were most effective in the presence of three key factors: availability of jobs in the local labor market at shift times that could be served by available drivers and vehicles, access to job-ready workers with transportation barriers who would be suited for these jobs, and coordination among transportation providers, human services agencies, and employers. In the absence of these factors, transportation linkages played an important role in getting disadvantaged populations to job preparation services. Many of the JOBLINKS projects concentrated on and were very successful at carrying those who were not job ready to educational institutions, job-training providers, and job club sites. ( c) Transportation is a necessary component in the package of services needed to implement welfare-to-work programs. Welfare-to-work policy emphasizes getting people into work environments. There are serious implications of this policy for both welfare agencies and transportation providers. Future efforts to meet the transportation needs of people who are struggling to become independent of welfare should focus on innovative ways to get them to workplaces.

The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of various metal substituted derivatives of horse cytochrome c have been studied and compared to the spectra of native cytochrome c . The proteins studied were the cobalt(III), copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), manganese(III), nickel(II), and zinc(II) derivatives. Spectra of the diamagnetic cobalt(III), iron(II), and zinc(II) proteins were well-resolved and specific resonance assignments were made. All three proteins possessed a methionine ligand to the metal. The spectrum of cobalt(III) cytochrome c was investigated in some detail as this protein was used as a diagmagnetic control for iron(III) cytochrome c . Comparison of the spectra of cobalt(III) and iron(II) cytochromes c revealed that their conformations were very similar but the following conclusion could be made; the oxidation of cytochrome c is accompanied by a small conformation change.

The Nazi holocaust of a quarter century ago seemed to have as many victims as survivors. Fortunately for the world of psychology, there was, among the latter, a young Viennese psychiatrist of Jewish parentage named Viktor Frankl. In the time that has elapsed since the end of Nazism the name of Frankl has risen to the forefront among those who are attempting to provide us with some guidelines for understanding human behavior. Frankl's work, unlike much of that of his predecessors, leaves open a door for dialogue between the behavioral sciences and theology. This means the opening of some avenues of communication between those whose daily work involves helping people to understand the meaning of their everday behav ior (the psychologist and psychiatrist) and those whose daily work involves helping people to see their everyday behavior in terms of its ultimate signifi cance (the pastor). This communication represents a significant break through in the relation between two major academic disciplines and, in the final analysis, between the practitioners of each discipline. The history of dialogue between the two has been plagued with periods of nondialogue. Practitioners in each area have, more often than not, been reluctant to engage in any significant communication. The zenith periods of Watsonian behaviorism and Adlerian individual psychology seemed to leave little open ground for those in religion to plant any seeds of dialogue. The ostensibly antireligious posture of Freudian psychoanalysis seemed to have served only to widen the gap. However, in the early 1950s, with the publication of Viktor Frankl's works, the climate appeared to be changing. For the first time in decades, in the theories of existential analysis, or more popularly logotherapy, religion ists envisioned an opportunity for meaningful interchange with those who shared with them the distinction of being part of what are traditionally termed the helping professions. Logotherapy did not violate any religious presuppositions. Unlike behaviorism, it did not assume a mechanistic posture on the subject of behavior and motivation. Unlike Adlerian psychology, it did not assume the basic drive in man to be one to power. Unlike the Freudian school, it did not consider religious experience and practice to be a type of neurotic aberration.

Solar space heating and cooling systems normally require some form of back-up to take account of protracted periods of cloudy weather. With relatively low utilization, capital costs are likely to be the most crucial aspect in choosing such back-up systems and the tendency will be to choose systems running on electricity or natural gas. Widespread adoption of solar power could have a profound effect on utility demand patterns. The authors examine here the possible effects, pointing out that the cost-effectiveness of solar power can be crucially dependent on the rate structure chosen and on whether the system is considered from the point of view of the customer or the utility. In the appendix they also provide details of current R&D on solar space heating in the USA.

The Proetz method of visualization of the accessory sinuses was first brought forward by Proetz in 1926. 1 Since then, he has fully discussed the advantages of this method and has given the procedure in detail in a number of articles 2 and in a recent book. 3 Several papers on this method have been written by others. Amano 4 expressed the belief that it gives additional information about drainage of the posterior ethmoid and of the sphenoid sinuses, but is of little use in studying the rest of the sinuses. The size of the turbinate bones and the presence of polyps were important factors in causing the failure of cells to fill. Goodyear 5 stated that the technical difficulties are so great that they discourage workers. Lobell 6 considered the Proetz method suited only to visualization of the posterior ethmoid sinuses. Frazee 7 found that, "In no instance has

1. A method is described of rapidly evaporating to dryness bacterial emulsions contained in tarred flasks and from the increase of weight determining the strength of the emulsion.The same apparatus can be used for a variety of purposes, e.g. drying serum, estimating solids in water, milk etc.2. A very rapid method of drying bacteria smeared on a tarred piece of platinum foil, and from the dried residue preparing a vaccine is described.3. A correlation between the number and weight of bacteria in vaccines made from agar cultures of the B. typhosus, B. coli, B. pyocyaneus, Meningococcus (Weichselbaum), Pseudo-Gonococcus, Micrococcus melitensis, B. pneumoniae Friedlander, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus has been established.4. The advantages of the gravimetric method are:(a) That with a sensitive balance constant results are obtained.(b) It is more rapid, and involves no strain ou the eyes.(c) It can be applied to cultures of all bacteria growing on solid media, whether these form uniform emulsions or not, e.g. vaccines of Streptococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, Diphtheroid organisms, B. tuberculosis, Streptothrices can be accurately standardised. Even small clumps in the vaccine considerably vitiate the results in Wright's method. The chief precaution to take in the gravimetric method is to remove the growth carefully, without breaking the surface of the medium and avoiding the condensation water.(d) It brings into line the dosage of bacterio-proteins with that of other medical remedies.

IN APRIL 1941 Turnbull 1 described the favorable use of sodium sulfathiazole sesquihydrate in 45 out of 47 cases of infection of the nose and throat. After his article had been published, a number of other writers, using either powdered sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole or sodium sulfathiazole in solution, reported good results (Marks, 2 Ebert, 3 Connell and Trowbridge, 4 Silcox and Schenck, 5 Brown, 6 Merica, 7 Fenton 8 and Ballenger 9 ). During this time Fletcher 10 described a case in which repeated washing with sodium sulfathiazole destroyed the mucosa of the antrum. In experimental work on this problem, Futch, Rosenvold and Stewart 11 found that 5 per cent sodium sulfathiazole destroyed the mucosa of rabbits in which it was used for two to ten days. Gundrum, 12 working with 4.7 per cent sodium sulfathiazole, 4.7 per cent sodium sulfadiazine and 4.7 per cent butanoylsulfanilamide, reported that all three drugs produced a sloughing of the mucosa of rabbits in which it was

Following intrathecal administration into the spinal subarachnoid space, baclofen produced dose related increases in tail flick latency. L-Baclofen was twice as potent as the DL-racemate and 100 times more potent than D-baclofen. When D-baclofen was injected intrathecally 15 min prior to L-baclofen, the subsequent effect of L-baclofen was markedly reduced. This reduction was dose-related for D-baclofen in doses at least 20 times the L-baclofen dose. D-baclofen administered concomitantly with L-baclofen only slightly increased the effect of L-baclofen. Pretreatment with D-baclofen (up to 10 times the dose of L-baclofen) did not inhibit the effect of L-baclofen when drugs were injected intraperitoneally. These results indicate that D-baclofen can antagonize the antinociceptive effect of L-baclofen following intrathecal administration. D-Baclofen should prove to be a useful tool for investigation of the role of stereoselective baclofen receptors in a variety of pharmacological processes.

International audience; Exciting times for the field of renal autoimmune diseases have begun. In 2021, for the first time, two new drugs belimumab (1) and voclosporin ( 2) are approved for the treatment of lupus nephritis (LN) (1, 2). Other novel targeted therapies demonstrate clinical efficacy in large, randomized trials, such as avacopan for ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) (3), imlifidase for Goodpasture’s disease and iptacopan for IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Pathogenic molecules are specifically targeted by new drugs that help to uncover novel aspects of disease mechanisms leading to glomerulonephritis. Simultaneously, the field is boosted by novel big data technologies on the single cell levels such as high-sensitive multi-color flow cytometry, single-cell genomics (single-cell RNA sequencing - scRNAseq), single cell metabolomics and proteomics. The novel treatment options in renal autoimmune diseases almost simultaneously require new immunomonitoring tools. ‘Immunomonitoring’includes the wide range of approaches to monitoring immune responses by the cellular immune system (e.g. T-cells, B-cells, plasma cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils etc.), or by the humoral immune system (e.g. cytokines, (auto-)antibodies, urinary markers, etc.). Monitoring relevant immune responses in patients with renal autoimmune diseases helps us to better understand a) the underpinning immunological pathophysiology of these diseases; b) the beneficial effects of novel treatments on autoimmunity; and c) can potentially help doctors and patients guide a personalized treatment strategy, adding information on immunological (non-)response to a clinical (non-) response treatment and on disease prognosis. In the present Research Topic, we have been able to collect for you a vast amount of research addressing novel ways and the roleof immunomonitoring in the broad range of renal autoimmune disease including LN, AAV, IgAN, idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) and complement-mediated disease (CMD).

The global prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, leading to an obvious need for effective treatment strategies. Whole organ pancreas or isolated islet transplantation is currently offered to a small proportion of the diabetic population, based upon selective indications and fitness for the procedure. The use of both treatment modalities is in part limited due to the potential complications associated with transplantation and imperfect long-term outcomes. Ischaemia reperfusion injury affects both islet and pancreas transplantation and impacts upon the effectiveness and longevity of the graft. Activation of the coagulation cascade has been described as a common mediator of ischaemia reperfusion injury, in both islet and pancreas transplantation. Cytotopic anticoagulant peptides have been proposed as a treatment strategy in other solid organ transplants as an alternative to systemic anticoagulation. This approach offers a cell-binding therapy, reducing coagulation-associated injury whilst avoiding bleeding risks associated with systemic anticoagulation. The aims of my project were to examine the efficacy of cytotopic anticoagulation in the context of islet and pancreas transplantation and to design a model for examination of reperfusion injury in the human pancreas. I have explored the expression of Tissue Factor in donor pancreas grafts and shown an upregulation of TF expression in isolated human islets exposed to hypoxic, ischaemic conditions. Using a specialised coagulation assay I have confirmed the efficacy of the cytotopic anticoagulant in reducing Tissue Factor initiated coagulation. I have shown an improvement in endothelial viability and function using cytotopic anticoagulation in in vitro models of ischaemia reperfusion. My project also investigated the use of cytotopic anticoagulation in human islet reperfusion models. I demonstrated a reduction in the expression of Tissue Factor and activation of the coagulation cascade in islets treated with the cytotopic anticoagulation, I also explored the impact upon activation of associated mechanisms of injury in islet reperfusion. Finally, I have successfully developed a new model of ex vivo organ reperfusion for the examination of ischaemia reperfusion injury in the pancreas and other organs in the future. Open Access