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The aim of this study was to characterise paediatric emergency department presentations during the 2023 thunderstorm asthma (TA) epidemic, characterised by a sudden surge in wheeze presentations, with analysis of environmental factors.Wheeze presentations totalled 50 (28%) on 12 June and 18 (19%) 13 June. There was no prior asthma in 39 (57%) and no atopic disorders in 30 (44%). There was neither asthma nor atopic disorders in 8 (12%). 44 (65%) were severe or life-threatening. There were no endotracheal intubations and no deaths. High pollen and air pollution warnings were issued.TA poses a significant, sudden health threat, often in children without asthma. A surge strategy is required.

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is a scaffolding protein that plays a pivotal role in orchestrating signaling pathways involved in neurodevelopment, neural migration, and synaptogenesis. Among those, it has recently been reported that the role of DISC1 in the Akt/mTOR pathway can shift from a global translational repressor to a translational activator in response to oxidative stress induced by arsenic. In this study we provide evidence that DISC1 can directly bind arsenic via a C-terminal cysteine motif (C-X-C-X-C). A series of fluorescence-based binding assays were conducted with a truncated C-terminal domain construct of DISC1 and a series of single, double, and triple cysteine mutants. We found that arsenous acid, a trivalent arsenic derivative, specifically binds to the C-terminal cysteine motif of DISC1 with low micromolar affinity. All three cysteines of the motif are required for high-affinity binding. Electron microscopy experiments combined with in silico structural predictions reveal that the C-terminal of DISC1 forms an elongated tetrameric complex. The cysteine motif is consistently predicted to be located within a loop, fully exposed to solvent, providing a simple molecular framework to explain the high-affinity of DISC1 toward arsenous acid. This study sheds light on a novel functional facet of DISC1 as an arsenic binding protein and highlights its potential role as both a sensor and translational modulator within Akt/mTOR pathway.

Climate-smart and sustainable crops are needed for the future. Engineering crops for tolerance of both abiotic and biotic stress is one approach. The accumulation of trehalose, controlled through trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) or OtsA and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) or OtsB genes in microbes, is known to provide protection for many microbial and fungal species against abiotic stress. The effect of trehalose accumulation in plant species is less understood. Here, we studied the heterologous expression of Escherichia coli OtsB in potato (Solanum tuberosum var. ‘Desiree’) with regards to stress tolerance. The performance of transgenic lines was assessed in both growth chambers and greenhouse mesocosms. Overexpressing potato OtsB lines significantly increased resilience to heat, photoperiod, herbivory, and competition when compared with wildtype plants. Most strikingly, when subjected to high temperatures, transgenic lines exhibited a significantly lower reduction in tuber yield ranging from 40% to 77%, while wildtype plants experienced a 95% decrease in tuber yield. When exposed to competitors in a selected StSP3D::OtsB line, tuber yield was 1.6 times higher than wildtype. Furthermore, transgenic lines performed significantly better under low-nutrient regimes: under competition, yield increased by 1.5-fold. Together, these results demonstrate that increased trehalose has the potential to create more resistant and stable crop plants.

Animal ecologists are increasingly limited by constraints in data processing. Here, Tuia and colleagues discuss how collaboration between ecologists and data scientists can harness machine learning to capitalize on the data generated from technological advances and lead to novel modeling approaches.

Nearly three decades have passed since the first commercial cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) crops [...]

Recent advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have led the surge of genomic resources for the improvement legume crops. Advances in high throughput genotyping (HTG) and high throughput phenotyping (HTP) enable legume breeders to improve legume crops more precisely and efficiently. Now, the legume breeder can reshuffle the natural gene combinations of their choice to enhance the genetic potential of crops. These genomic resources are efficiently deployed through molecular breeding approaches for genetic augmentation of important legume crops, such as chickpea, cowpea, pigeonpea, groundnut, common bean, lentil, pea, as well as other underutilized legume crops. In the future, advances in NGS, HTG, and HTP technologies will help in the identification and assembly of superior haplotypes to tailor the legume crop varieties through haplotype-based breeding. This review article focuses on the recent development of genomic resource databases and their deployment in legume molecular breeding programmes to secure global food security.

The wide dispersion of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist: synonym Erigeron canadensis L.) biotypes has been reported in agricultural fields in many states. GR traits may be transferred through seeds or pollen from fields with existing GR horseweed prevalence to surrounding fields. Understanding seed production and movement is essential when characterizing and predicting the spread of GR horseweed, yet a literature review indicates that there are no experimental data on dynamic (hourly) seed production and horizontal dispersion and deposition from horseweed. To obtain the dynamic data, two field experiments were performed, one in Illinois and one in Tennessee, USA in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Seed concentration and deposition along with atmospheric conditions were measured with samplers in the Illinois (184 m × 46 m, natural plants, density = 9.5 plants/m2) and Tennessee (6 m × 6 m, cultivated plants, density = 4 plants/m2) experimental fields and their surrounding areas along the downwind direction up to 1 km horizontally and 100 m vertically in the Illinois field and up to 32 m horizontally and 5 m vertically in the Tennessee field. The dynamic seed source strengths (emission rates) measured during two entire seed-shedding seasons were reported, ranging from 0 to 0.41 grains/plant/s for Illinois and ranging from 0 to 0.56 grains/plant/s for Tennessee. The average total seed production was an estimated 122,178 grains/plant for the duration of the Illinois experiment and 94,146 grains/plant for Tennessee. Seeds trapped by Rotorod samplers attached beneath two balloons in the Illinois field experiment were observed at heights of 80 to 100 m, indicating the possibility of long-distance transport. Normalized (by source data) seed deposition with distance followed a negative power exponential function. Seed emission and transport were affected mainly by wind speed. This study is the first to investigate dynamic horseweed seed emission, dispersion, and deposition for an entire seed-shedding season. The results will aid in the management of GR horseweed. The potential for regional effects of horseweed invasion may require all farmers to control horseweed in their individual fields.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a lignocellulosic perennial grass with great potential in bioenergy field. Lignocellulosic bioenergy crops are mostly resistant to cell wall deconstruction, and therefore yield suboptimal levels of biofuel. The one-carbon pathway (also known as C1 metabolism) is critical for polymer methylation, including that of lignin and hemicelluloses in cell walls. Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes a biochemical reaction that leads to the formation of folylpolyglutamate, an important cofactor for many enzymes in the C1 pathway. In this study, the putatively novel switchgrass PvFPGS1 gene was identified and its functional role in cell wall composition and biofuel production was examined by RNAi knockdown analysis. The PvFPGS1-downregulated plants were analyzed in the field over three growing seasons. Transgenic plants with the highest reduction in PvFPGS1 expression grew slower and produced lower end-of-season biomass. Transgenic plants with low-to-moderate reduction in PvFPGS1 transcript levels produced equivalent biomass as controls. There were no significant differences observed for lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio in the low-to-moderately reduced PvFPGS1 transgenic lines compared with the controls. Similarly, sugar release efficiency was also not significantly different in these transgenic lines compared with the control lines. However, transgenic plants produced up to 18% more ethanol while maintaining congruent growth and biomass as non-transgenic controls. Severity of rust disease among transgenic and control lines were not different during the time course of the field experiments. Altogether, the unchanged lignin content and composition in the low-to-moderate PvFPGS1-downregulated lines may suggest that partial downregulation of PvFPGS1 expression did not impact lignin biosynthesis in switchgrass. In conclusion, the manipulation of PvFPGS1 expression in bioenergy crops may be useful to increase biofuel potential with no growth penalty or increased susceptibility to rust in feedstock.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an intermediate scale of spatial and spectral data collection that yields increased accuracy and consistency in data collection for morphological and physiological traits than satellites and expanded flexibility and high-throughput compared to ground-based data collection. In this study, we used UAV-based remote sensing for automated phenotyping of field-grown switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a leading bioenergy feedstock. Using vegetation indices calculated from a UAV-based multispectral camera, statistical models were developed for rust disease caused by Puccinia novopanici, leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, and lignin contents. For the first time, UAV remote sensing technology was used to explore the potentials for multiple traits associated with sustainable production of switchgrass, and one statistical model was developed for each individual trait based on the statistical correlation between vegetation indices and the corresponding trait. Also, for the first time, lignin content was estimated in switchgrass shoots via UAV-based multispectral image analysis and statistical analysis. The UAV-based models were verified by ground-truthing via correlation analysis between the traits measured manually on the ground-based with UAV-based data. The normalized difference red edge (NDRE) vegetation index outperformed the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for rust disease and nitrogen content, while NDVI performed better than NDRE for chlorophyll and lignin content. Overall, linear models were sufficient for rust disease and chlorophyll analysis, but for nitrogen and lignin contents, nonlinear models achieved better results. As the first comprehensive study to model switchgrass sustainability traits from UAV-based remote sensing, these results suggest that this methodology can be utilized for switchgrass high-throughput phenotyping in the field.

Abstract The control of flowering in perennial grasses is an important trait, especially among biofuel feedstocks. Lignocellulosic biomass may be increased commensurate with decreased or delayed flowering as the plant allocates energy for stems and leaves harvested for bioenergy at the end of the growing season. For transgenic feedstocks, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in its geographic center of distribution, it is foreseeable that regulators may require greatly decreased gene flow frequencies to enable commercialization. Transgenic switchgrass with various overexpression levels of a rice microRNA gene, miR156, when grown in field conditions, holds promise for decreased flowering, yielding high biomass, and altered cell wall traits, which renders it as a potential crossing partner for further breeding with switchgrass lines for decreased recalcitrance. In the current research, we simulated a latitudinal cline in controlled growth chamber experiments for various individual sites from the tropics to cool‐temperate conditions which included weekly average high and low temperatures and day lengths over the switchgrass growing season for each simulated site: Guayaquil, Ecuador; Laredo, Texas, USA; and Brattleboro, Vermont, USA. Flowering and reproduction among transgenic lines with low (T‐14 and T‐35)‐to‐moderate (T‐27 and T‐37) overexpression of miR156 were assessed. Lower simulated latitudes (higher temperatures with low‐variant day length) and long growing seasons promoted flowering of the miR156 transgenic switchgrass lines. Tropical conditions rescued the flowering phenotype in all transgenic lines except T‐27. Higher numbers of plants in lines T‐35 and T‐37 and the controls produced panicles, which also occurred earlier in the study as temperatures increased and day length decreased. Line T‐14 was the exception as more clonal replicates flowered in the cool‐temperate (Vermont) conditions. Increased biomass was found in transgenic lines T‐35 and T‐37 in tropical conditions. No difference in biomass was found in subtropical (Texas) chambers, and two lines (T‐14 and T‐35) produced less biomass than the control in cool‐temperate conditions. Our findings suggest that switchgrass plants engineered to overexpress miR156 for delayed flowering to promote bioconfinement and biomass production may be used for plant breeding at tropical sites.