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The establishment of an international legion by General Georges de Villebois-Mareuil in March 1900 was the most ambitious attempt to coordinate the activities of foreign volunteer units within a single formation during the South African War. On the general’s death (5 April 1900), De Villebois’s Russian deputy and successor, Lieutenant Colonel Yevgeny Maximov, lost control of the legion. As a hierarchical formation, it survived De Villebois by only two weeks. Given Maximov’s ample experience in conventional and unconventional warfare, and the accolades that he later won from the republican political and military leadership, including the rank of general, the legionnaires’ opposition to him appears to be unjustified. Accounting for the discrepancy between historians’ perceptions of Maximov and his lack of success in controlling the legion is based on a premise that legionnaires had compelling reasons to reject his authority. Maximov had come to Africa ostensibly as a journalist. He was yet to earn the respect of his subordinates because he had not seen action in the South African War. In subsequent weeks, having resigned from his post in the legion, he distinguished himself in the engagement at Tobaberg as the leader of the Dutch corps. By then, Maximov had the ‘moral authority’ to command an international unit, but his poor health prevented him from carrying on fighting. Unlike De Villebois, who was supported by like-minded French lieutenants, Maximov could not rely on his compatriots. Instead of endorsing his claim to leadership, the Russian corps refused to join the legion while he was in charge, and intentionally discredited him. In the power vacuum after De Villebois’s death, the legion collapsed, and a chance to transform the emerging alliance of foreign volunteer units into a formidable force was missed.

The paper focuses on diachronic framing analysis of Russias images in British media discourse. The importance of the research is determined by a need to work out adequate linguistic foundations to counteract information war, generated by some foreign media and aimed at distorting Russias history and eroding its spiritual values. Few scholars have drawn on any systematic research into analysis of Russias images in foreign media discourses of different historical spans. The major objective is to compare Russias images and their emotional charge in the British media in chronologically divided periods of war and peace under the influence of changing historical and ideological factors. The authors account for the mechanisms by which Russias images are framed and transformed in the contexts of the largest war of the XX century and the information war of the XXI century. The material comprises 500 samples per period. The data covering two historical spans are investigated through a framing approach. The criteria for diachronic analysis are dominant diagnostic and prognostic frames, constituting the macroframe WAR. The significant difference in Russias images in war- and peacetime consists in their emotive load: Russias contemporary negative images are contrasted to positive images activated in the retrospective period. The findings support the idea that British media discourse focusing on Russia is subject-centered: Russias image is determined by the geopolitical situation, Great Britains political priorities and objectives, and the bilateral relationship between the countries. The results can be used to further develop the linguistic basics of war theory.

In this paper, we propose to reflect Green Tide as an expression of a remarkable moment in the history of the international feminist movement, which took place in Argentina, on December 30, 2020. On this day, with 38 votes in favor, 29 against, and one abstention, the Argentine Senate approved the law that allows the voluntary termination of pregnancy to be carried out legally, safely and free of charge for women until the 14th week of gestation. In proposing a reflection by proposing a reflection based on the analysis of the situation produced about on this moment, we are not only referring to the institutional victory that this represents, as a social right historically claimed, but about its construction as part of a set of political guidelines of a resistance that does not end at that moment, but its victory enhances a political conflict historically fought by women in the Global South. We concluded with this work that the political action carried out by Argentine women reflects on the articulation of the feminist movement in Latin America and the so-called Global South, as an expression of a claim of a conflicting historical character of their resistance.

La expropiación de la industria petrolera extranjera en marzo de 1938 fue un momento clave en la vida del México posrevolucionario. Por su carga simbólica propició la cohesión ideológica en el proceso de formación de una nueva identidad nacional anclada en los postulados de la Revolución y de la Constitución de 1917. En lo económico, echó los cimientos del modelo de desarrollo mexicano que persiste al día de hoy. Y en materia de política internacional, una de sus consecuencias fue intensa y prolongada guerra de propaganda entre México, EUA Inglaterra.

In this paper, we explore Mexican and Central American migrants’ decisions to refuse public benefits in response to the Trump administration’s proposed change in the enforceability priorities of th...

As messengers of a peaceful gospel, the ‘Christian soldiers’ put in charge of expanding the remit of the London Missionary Society to South-east Asia and, eventually, to South China frequently found themselves at war with each other. Based on the personal correspondence of missionaries stationed at Melaka, Batavia and Guangzhou, the present article analyses both the challenges faced by the missionary circle as well as the disagreements which developed. The Protestant missionaries sailed in the wake of the Dutch and British navies after the Napoleonic wars. They thus found themselves both protected and held at ransom by the colonial politics which ensued, resulting in personal decisions which could pit individual missionaries against each other. Not a few missionaries were of continental European origin – for example, Thomsen, Brückner and Gützlaff – accentuating rivalries between the colonial enterprises and between competing missionary societies. Differences in personality, such as Robert Morrison’s proverbial severity or the schoolmastery of William Milne, did little to alleviate such tensions. But arguably the most important reason for the ‘murmurings and disputings’ observed by Robert Morrison was radically different outlooks concerning the objectives of the mission. These related to conversion methods, to the educational paradigm of the Christian missions, and methods of outreach, pitting a highly mobile ‘entrepreneurial’ approach against the stability of the mission stations. Importantly in the polyethnic composition of south-eastern Asia, opinions differed on the utility of the Malayan languages, South Chinese vernaculars or the language used by Chinese officials. Dissension within the Ultra-Ganges Missions arose from the essential bifurcation between life in the ‘here & now’ and a future destiny in China.

Building on the controversial charge of Netflix imperialism made in 2019 by Canadian Broadcasting Corporation president Catherine Tait, this piece attempts to develop a theoretical and technical fr...

This qualitative study seeks to contribute to studies on the gender division of labor by examining how Chinese policewomen cope with the still-socialist or danwei style of human resource management...

Mintegy 30 évvel ezelőtt, Kuvait 1990-es iraki megszállásának idején – dacára a második világháború óta megvívott csaták tapasztalatai alapján kiadott irányelveknek – az amerikai fegyveres erők különböző szintű vezetői és szakértői még mindig azon vitáztak, hogy mi is a légierő szerepe egy összhaderőnemi műveletben. A „szárazföld” berkeiben népszerű elmélet alapján – amit szerintük az 1980-as években kiadott AirLand Battle doktrína is alátámasztott – a légierő kizárólagosan a szárazföldi erők támogatására hivatott. A problémát mélyítette, hogy a légierő egyes vezetői – köztük a Harcászati Légi Parancsnokság (Tactical Air Command, ma Air Combat Command) akkori parancsnoka, Robert D. Russ tábornok – szintén támogatták ezt a nézetet. A légierő doktrínákkal foglalkozó szakértői szerint azonban az AirLand Battle doktrína csak a szárazföldi repülőerőkre (Army Aviation) vonatkozik, és nem a légierőre. A másik oldal egyik jeles képviselője John A. Warden III ezredes – a Pentagon akkori egyik hírhedt/híres elemzője – volt, aki szerint a légierő a többi haderőnem támogatásával akár fő szerepet is játszhat egy összhaderőnemi műveletben. Az elméleticsatározások természetesen nem sok hatással lehettek volna a kuvaiti válságra, ha az annak megoldásával megbízott Központi Parancsnokság (CENTCOM2) parancsnoka, H. Norman Schwarzkopf tábornok mint főparancsnok (JFC3) és Charles A. Horner tábornok, a CENTCOM légierő komponensének parancsnoka (JFACC4) nem jutnak arra a következtetésre, hogy ezt a háborút csak a légierő újszerű alkalmazásával tudják hatékonyan megvívni. A tanulmány szerzője a több mint három évtizeddel ezelőtti események felidézésén és elemzésén túlmenően igyekszik levonni azok máig ható tanulságait is.

Parent-generated revenue in public schools, in the form of fee-giving or fundraising, is fast developing as a robust source of financial revenue for public schools in OECD countries. In this paper we draw on a comprehensive empirical dataset of parent-generated financial revenue for public schools located in New South Wales, Australia. We draw on a census dataset of all public schools over a five-year period, examining how funding gaps are exacerbated by selective processes and school segregation. The analysis compares parent-generated financial revenue within two types of public schools, namely select-entry public schools and local comprehensive public schools. We find that select-entry public schools consistently generate more than three-times more income across different measures, and over a five-year period. Furthermore, the amount of revenue for select-entry schools annually grows, and the gap increases, suggesting that as market logics intensify, cyclical disadvantage and residualisation of comprehensive public schools increase.

Based on archives long assumed lost, this article tries to provide an insight into the organization of the (Belgian) Congo Museum in Tervuren between 1898 and 1910. Who was in charge of the museum ...

This article deals with the legal regulation of the practices of the police as an entity responsible for preventing and combating corruption. The study shows that corruption is becoming increasingly widespread, creating major obstacles to the comprehensive development of the economy and national security of any state. The objectives of this study were to clarify the problematic aspects of the legal regulation of police practices as an entity responsible for preventing corruption, to identify positive international experience in this area and to clarify its implementability in Ukraine. The corruption perceptions index regression analysis method was applied in 12 different countries around the world for 2018 and 2019. On the basis of the analysis, the authors propose to amend Ukrainian legislation with regard to the definition of the legal status of police practices as an entity responsible for preventing and combating corruption at the level of Ukrainian legislation, detailing the powers of the National Police as a specially authorized entity in the field of preventing and combating corruption in the Ukrainian Law "On the National Police".

Between early 1994 and the end of the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, a team of journalists working for the United Nations peacekeeping mission in former Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR) was in charge...

Chinua Achebe’s animus against the creator of Heart of Darkness did not simply end with the charge of racism but extended to anti-Semitism and xenophobia as well. The term “xenophobia”, which is im...

In the Soviet Union, private entrepreneurship was largely forbidden, and scientists were in charge of prospecting for radioactive minerals. Their work in the early 20th century laid the basis for the Soviet nuclear project.

El artículo expone el complejo proceso de investigación, trabajo y reflexión que el MUHBA (Museu d’Història de Barcelona) está llevando a cabo desde 2016 para la constitución de su sede dedicada a la vivienda de las clases trabajadoras de Barcelona, de próxima apertura, situado en una manzana conservada de la antigua barriada de casas baratas del Bon Pastor, a orillas del río Besós. En este marco general, se presentan en especial el proceso y los criterios desplegados por el equipo multidisciplinario encargado del proyecto de restitución de cuatro viviendas que mostrarán el habitar y los interiores de las clases trabajadoras barcelonesas en el siglo XX, hasta comienzos del XXI. Teniendo presentes los museos de temática similar de algunos países del Norte de Europa, la propuesta del MUHBA aspira a convertirse en un referente en el Sur de Europa, en el marco de un relato centrado en la historia de las mayorías sociales en las grandes ciudades europeas.

Should school boards be in charge of schools? School boards serve as sites for local democracy, but their power has been under siege for over half a century. This study provides results from an ori...

The article deals with the main periods of biography and activity of Baron Fedir von Schteingel whose life and work was closely connected with Volyn region. Fedir (Theodore Rudolf) von Schteingel was born on November 26, 1870 in Saint Petersburg into the family of Baltic German engineer and railroad builder Rudolf von Schteingel. Fedir’s father bought an estate in the village of Horodok not far from Rivne in Volyn province in1879. Fedir Schteingel spent most of his life there. He was interested in the history of Volyn from his student years. One of Schteingel’s activities was the research in the field of natural sciences. He was a member of several scientific societies. F. Schteingel and famous Ukrainian archeologist M. Bilyashivsky founded the first countryside historical museum in Ukraine in 1896. There were five sections with unique collections of exhibits, books, manuscripts and folklore materials there. Fedir Schteingel was engaged in charity work during all his life. He built and supported the two-grade vocational school in Horodok in which education was free of charge. He built a hospital with free treatment, a reading room, a mill, a bathhouse and supported a village fire brigade. Baron helped those who lost their possessions in a fire, paid pensions to invalids and poor people. He also provided financial assistance in building churches, hospitals, and orphanages in Zhytomyr, Kyiv and Warsaw. Fedir Schteingel was a famous public and political figure. He was a head and a member of governing bodies of different financial, legal, and educational institutions in Rivne and Kyiv for many years. He was a Head of Committee of South West Front of All-Russia Union of Cities in 1915-1917. He was elected Head of Executive Committee of Kyiv City Duma in March 1917. Schteingel began his political activity in 1906. He joined the Cadets Party and was elected Deputy of the First State Duma from Kyiv. He was a member of Cadets Party fraction and Ukrainian Duma community. He participated in masonic movement. He had been taking part in Ukrainian public and political life since 1908. He worked in Ukrainian Central Rada and Presidium of All-Ukrainian National Congress in 1917. He left the Cadets Party in June 1917 and joined the Ukrainian Party of Socialists and Federalists. Fedir Schteingel became the ambassador of Ukraine in Germany in 1918. He organized the first official visit of Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadsky to Germany at the beginning of September 1918. Fedir Schteingel came back to Volyn in 1924 and continued his charity work. He represented the interests of Volyn and Ukrainian peasants to Polish authorities. He and his family secretly immigrated to Germany in autumn 1939. He spent the rest of his life in Radeberg near Dresden. He died on February 11, 1946.

In July 1974, Bill Shankly, the charismatic manager of Liverpool FC, surprised the football world by announcing his retirement. During fifteen years in charge, Shankly revolutionised LFC, transform...

El artículo se enmarca en el dinámico debate sobre la esclavitud y la economía del rescate de cautivos en el Mediterráneo de la época moderna, y analiza la actividad redentora protagonizada por los frailes de la Orden de Nuestra Señora de la Merced, su labor de rescate de cautivos y la financiación y desarrollo de las misiones de redención en la larga duración (un siglo y medio aproximadamente). El ensayo se centra, en particular, en el estudio de cuatro misiones de redenciones (1575, 1612, 1678 y 1723) a través del análisis de los respectivos libros de cuentas, donde un notario real registraba todo movimiento de dinero, tanto de ingresos como de gastos, con el fin de permitir la trazabilidad y de tener bajo control la contabilidad de la actividad de rescate llevada a cabo por los religiosos. Como se verá, era la propia Monarquía hispánica que decidía a quiénes rescatar prioritariamente, y cuánto dinero emplear en ello, lo que limitaba mucho la libertad de acción de los religiosos redentores.

Gothic architecture can be viewed from several perspectives, including stylistic aspects, architectural theory, and structural analysis.As Gothic architecture is a skeletal construction, it is essential to achieve an equilibrium with the multiple loads and forces. Medieval master masons' architectural knowledge was firmly based on empirical learning, which stimulated the dynamic development of structural innovations.This paper emphasises and describes a particular type of vault springer, one of the most complicated and sensitive parts of Gothic construction. Known as tas-de-charge, it became especially characteristic of high Gothic architecture. According to its principle, the springer's lower courses contain the merged vault nerves and are carved from one single stone block in each course. The beds of these courses are not radial as those of the average voussoirs, but horizontal. Without the concept of tas-de-charge, the development of late Gothic vaults could not be imaginable. This particular solution made possible the creation of elegantly narrow imposts supporting the vault ribs, the double arch and the formerets. So far, tas-de-charge has not been a focus of interest in the historiography of Hungarian medieval architecture; however, it appears that it was commonly applied in our late Romanesque and early Gothic monuments.

The United Nation (UN) was established after World War II on 24 October 1945 to preserve international peace and security, developing friendly relations between nations fostering respect for human rights. All UN Member country have decided, furthermore adopting their decisions that United Nations Security Council (UNSC) should implement its duties independently. And promoting mutual cooperation in the peaceful resolution of international problems. The UN operates with the help of the six principal organs. One of them is a fifteen-member UNSC. Only recommendations can be made by the other UN bodies. For states. Nevertheless, the UN Member States have mutually agreed in the case of UNSC that UNSC must implement its duties independently. This is the only UN body that can pass a legally binding resolution on the member states. The United Nations have played a significant role in resolving disputes among the different countries over many decades, with the aid of the UNSC (the main body that is in charge of sustaining peace and security). An important implication of this study is that responsibility practices are normative and constrictive in their effect as they organize both our practices and our interpretation on the world in distinctive and contingent ways, which is of central relevance to political decisions about the design of social institutions generally

Recent discussion on the ethics of killer robots has focused on the supposed lack of respect their deployment would show to combatants targeted, thereby causing their undignified deaths. I present two rebuttals of this argument. The weak rebuttal maintains that while deploying killer robots is an affront to the dignity of combatants, their use should nevertheless be thought of as a pro tanto wrong, making deployment permissible if the affront is outweighed by some right-making feature. This rebuttal is, however, vulnerable (but not insurmountably so) to the charge that killer robots would cause unnecessary suffering. The strong rebuttal, in contrast, argues that the use of killer robots would not disrespect the dignity of combatants, for reasons discussed. I also argue that, irrespective of whether killer robots disrespect the dignity of combatants, they would not necessarily bring about their undignified deaths: for one can maintain dignity in the face of indignity.

This article outlines the history of the administration in charge of the regulation and control of public opinion during the French Empire. The context of this regulation is delineated by examining how Napoleon intended, as early as the Consulate, to merge the Ancien Regime traditions with the new values of the Revolution. This project acknowledges innovative developments in public opinion management, in the shaping of political legitimacy after 1789. I will examine three unpublished manuscripts produced by this administration in order to illustrate the administrative and political implications of the imperial control of public opinion. In addition, I will analyze the historical issues at stake determined by different figures who played a role in this administration.

The full analysis of the text of a contract, asiento, between Philip II of Spain and a Genoese merchant–banker details how in this pre-modern composite state, merchant–bankers acted as agents of the Crown who gathered many scattered sources of income to the Crown and transformed them into large and regular cash flows, mesadas, for the army. Because of the uncertain availability of these sources, the contract provided flexibility to both parties and legal assistance to the banker who reported to accountants for audit and, if necessary, the charge of an interest at about 1 percent per month.

En este artículo hacemos un análisis sobre el Imperio de Brasil del año de 1823; más específicamente, de la presencia de la América española y sus impactos en la Asamblea General Constituyente y Legislativa, encargada de elaborar la primera constitución brasileña. Mostramos cómo a lo largo de los trabajos de los diputados, una experiencia hispanoamericana incidió de forma instructiva en los debates constituyentes (de manera más puntual, también en la prensa), y con eso buscamos entender aspectos fundamentales de la formación del Estado y de la nación en Brasil después de su independencia de Portugal.

As a profession with social justice as an ethical mandate, social work is well positioned to lead systems towards anti-racist practice and equity through consciousness-raising efforts. At a time of...

The paper focuses on the artistic work of Moses Levy (Tunis, 1885 - Viareggio, 1968), painter and printmaker active in Italy, Tunisia and Paris. A peculiar figure of cosmopolitan painter, whose father was British and the mother Italian, and whose art eludes attempts at univocal classification. On the contrary, it remains emblematic of the fruitfulness made possible by the encounter between different artistic traditions, as well as the reciprocal enrichment offered by the plurality of cultures. Deeply linked by birth to the Jewish community in Tunis, he moved to Italy at a very young age, where he came into contact with the major exponents of the Tuscan school of painting around the turn of the century, starting with Giovanni Fattori. Constantly commuting between the two shores of the Mediterranean, he became an example of dialogue between different worlds, between his African roots, his Tuscan upbringing, his French-speaking culture and his stays in Paris, where he met Chagall and Picasso and could not fail to find a natural identification with Matisse’s pure rhythms and solar charge. A regular exhibitor at the Salons Tunisiens, in 1936 he was a co-founder of the Le Quatre group and later one of the promoters of the École de Tunis. Thus, the local artists saw in Levy the master who had been able to promote the birth of a modern art that was representative of Tunisian culture and people, but free from any easy Orientalist stereotype or folkloric flavour.

In November 1876, two Oneida Indians, Abram Elm and Lewis Doxtator, were arrested for voting illegally in the twenty-third congressional district election in New York. Their trial was held the next year in a federal court in the Northern District of New York, the same venue where Susan B. Anthony had been tried and convicted on a similar charge four years earlier. This essay focuses on the significance of the historically neglected United States v. Elm case, its origins, why the decision was rendered, and its short-term and long-term impact. Importantly, United States v. Elm has cast a long shadow over Supreme Court decisions—from the time of Elk v. Wilkins in 1884 right up to City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation in New York in 2005. In going to the polls, the two Native Americans were not trying to deny their Oneida identity; they saw themselves as dual citizens advocating a different course of resistance.

The only person against whom a charge of murder was proved in regard to the Lockerbie bombing case in 1988 had an appeal against conviction refused. A subsequent referral of the case back for further consideration by appellate judges was abandoned by the appellant. He was released on the statutory ground of compassion due to his imminent death. The appeal was revived after further investigation and fresh evidence and referred to the criminal appeal court for Scotland.

This research investigates whether the National 13th Five-Year Plan of China and economic-political uncertainty affects Chinese private firms on bank loan spreads. First, we find that banks charge ...

En el siglo xvii hubo una oleada de aperturas de universidades en la América hispana a cargo de jesuitas y dominicos. En la historiografía aún falta mucho por saber del papel que estas universidades, en manos de religiosos, desempeñaron en las sociedades. El presente artículo pone como ejemplo a la Universidad de Mérida de Yucatán, a cargo de la Compañía de Jesús, la cual abrió sus puertas en 1624. Por una parte, analiza la importancia de las cátedras y los grados de la universidad jesuita en la formación y el ascenso eclesiástico del clero secular del obispado. Y por la otra, explica el gran interés que tuvo el obispado de Yucatán en la buena marcha de esa universidad, al ser el principal semillero de la clerecía y parte de un proyecto más amplio para secularizar las doctrinas franciscanas en beneficio de la Iglesia diocesana.

The Treason Clause creates an individual right at a criminal trial that could have logically been placed within the Fifth Amendment rather than Article III: “No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.” It has effectively prevented expansive uses of the charge at the federal level. But states may also charge citizens with treason against state governments, and many such prosecutions have played important roles in American history. This article reviews the parallel histories of state and federal treason prosecutions. It then analyzes contemporary state treason laws, showing that many, but not all, states have analogues to the Treason Clause in their own constitutions. The article focuses on those states that provide fewer protections for defendants accused of treason, or define treason more broadly than the federal Constitution, asking whether the Treason Clause should be incorporated against the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. While the doctrine of incorporation is normally applied to the Bill of Rights, I argue that the Treason Clause creates an individual right that is “fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty” and “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition.” Its similarities to the Bill of Rights with respect to its structure and purpose argue in favor of incorporation. I also consider whether treason remains relevant in the modern context, given the lack of recent significant treason prosecutions, concluding that it does.

The article describes the results of a judicial practice analysis of cases on application of the special procedure for adoption of a court decision upon the consent of the accused with the charge brought against him. Special attention is paid to the prosecutors’ role in the choice between a special or general judicial procedure by court.

Archival sources, but also self-narratives, newspapers, and periodicals, have been im- portant sources for political and military historians of the last two decennia of the Ot- toman Empire in general and the First World War in particular. In recent years, an increasing number of historians have become interested in more than the political and military history of the period. The field has been broadened to include social history. Conventional sources have been reread to get a better understanding of the effects of the War on the social domains and everyday life. Self-narratives have proven to be in- valuable sources for social historians working on the period. These self-narratives were not only produced by the men in charge, but by people from all walks of life: soldiers and civilians, men and women noted down their wartime experiences in their diaries or letters home and in memoirs and autobiographies. In most cases, the self-narratives used by historians were, however, those written by men in which women were objecti- fied. In this paper, the self-narratives of women living in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War are preliminarily explored to give them a voice and turn them into subjects rather than objects.

Stylistics relative to interpreting literature shows how an author created the literary piece. It identifies the ways a writer chooses the language in weaving the text. Further, it works on the premise that without language, there can be no literature. The stylistics analysis of “The Charge of the Light Brigade” provided a deeper understanding of the specific messages of the poem and broader knowledge of the language in general. It identified the usage patterns used by Alfred Lord Tennyson in writing the poem which resulted to a more competent appreciation of the literary work. The analysis revealed how cleverly he weaved each line on the poem that changing the arrangement would ruin the beauty of the poem.

This festschrift is a truly celebratory publication, a feast of critical, cutting-edge scholarship as well as a party for Martha Macintyre’s life as an academic and a generous, lovely person. Its s...

Summary The focus of this scoping review was to understand the overall state of research activity related to pro-arrest, pro-charge, and pro-prosecution policies in Canada. The review identified 295 articles, academic (47.5%) and gray literature (52.5%) published between 1983 and 2018 that reported on these policies as a response to domestic violence in Canada. Findings The findings acknowledged growing concerns over the ineffectiveness of these policies as a response to domestic violence. In fact, over half of the articles (57.6%) either failed to support these policies or recommended significant revisions; only a small number of articles (1.0%) favored these policies in their current form. Themes related to the effectiveness of these policies included criminalization and public awareness, survivor satisfaction, standardized police response, removal of burden from survivor to charge, and better than nothing. Themes related to the ineffectiveness included disconnect between policy and practice, revictimizes survivors, one-size fits all approach, have not adequately reduced domestic violence in Canada, lack of understanding training and education for all, failure to address structural and systemic factors, lack of trust in the criminal justice system, and success has been difficult to measure. Applications The deconstruction of these policies in this review points to the need for future research to address identified gaps in the literature and to explore alternatives that serve their intended emancipatory effect.

Durante las últimas décadas han surgido diversas agrupaciones y movimientos encargados de defender los derechos de la mujer, los cuales desde mediados del siglo xix han estado en constante lucha, buscando la eliminación de los efectos del “patriarcado”, así como la igualdad de género, en cuanto prerrogativas se refiere. En el caso específico de México, la lucha por los derechos de las mujeres comenzó desde inicios de siglo pasado; sin embargo, pareciera ser que los principales resultados políticos y normativos de esa constante lucha, comenzarán a verse reflejados durante la década de los 50´s, periodo del tiempo en el cual por primera vez fuera reconocido el derecho al voto en la mujer. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo principal recopilar y analizar información acerca de cuáles han sido los principales derechos políticos adquiridos por las mujeres, como resultado de la lucha feminista entre los años de 1950 y 1990, dentro del territorio mexicano. Para llevar a cabo lo anterior se realizó una investigación de tipo documental, por medio del estudio de diferentes fuentes de información —primarias y secundarias— relacionadas con el tema, para su posterior organización cronológica. En el presente trabajo se analizan y describen algunos acontecimientos, de la historia de México en el siglo xx, tales como: el reconocimiento del derecho al sufragio en la mujer; el establecimiento de la igualdad de género a nivel constitucional; la formación de la coalición de las mujeres en 1976; el surgimiento de la ONG´s que se encargan de velar por los derechos de las mujeres; y la creación de organismos gubernamentales tales como la Secretaria de la Mujer en algunas entidades federativas.

In the early centuries CE, the Roman state attempted to monitor, tax and protect traders and travelers crossing the Eastern Desert (against the potentially dangerous barbaroi). These traders were operating from sites like Berenike and Myos Hormos, key ports for the Red Sea branch of the Indian Ocean trade. Conversely, during the course of the third century, this situation changed. The praesidia (small forts) lining these routes were abandoned, Myos Hormos ceased to operate, and activity at Berenike reached a low ebb. In the Late Antique period, there was a revival of activity, with more northerly ports like Clysma and Aila coming into prominence. Berenike also saw a revival, but who controlled this site remains less clear. Three possible scenarios are examined in this article. The first is that the Roman state was (in)directly in charge, perhaps through Christianized Saracen foederati. The second is that (a certain faction of) the Blemmyes were employed as foederati. The third is that the Blemmyes largely controlled Berenike and that traders were permitted to operate at the port under their sufferance. It is argued here that the latter two possibilities are now the most likely in light of recent archaeological and epigraphic discoveries.

Four years ago, I spent close to ten months poring over the Musee Conde's nearly 500 portrait sheets by Louis Carrogis (1717–1806), called Carmontelle, in the service of my doctoral dissertation.1 These portraits have been bound in ten albums since c. 1887, the year in which they were sent to a book binder in Brussels by Henri d'Orleans, Duc d'Aumale (1822–1897), who effectively founded the Musee Conde at the Château de Chantilly and bequeathed to it his robust collection of Carmontelle drawings, the largest group of Carmontelle's portraits in the world, stipulating in his bequest that these drawings could never leave the Musee Conde.2 It is fitting that the institution to which ten red Moroccan leather-bound volumes of Carmontelle's portraits are legally bound should mount an exhibition that largely reflects the Duc d'Aumale's own arrangement of Carmontelle's portraits across the large volumes in which they are normally contained.3 While I was, unfortunately, unable to travel to the Château de Chantilly to see this exhibition, which opened on September 5, 2020 after its originally-planned July 2020 debut was delayed (and closed temporarily from late November through December of 2020) on account of the COVID-19 pandemic, I am fortunate to have a friend in France who generously photographed the entire show in my stead.4 Having become familiar with the galleries in which the Musee Conde's 2020–2021 Carmontelle exhibition was mounted during my nearly year-long 2016–2017 stint in Chantilly, my virtual visit of the exhibition was as close to an in-person saunter as one could hope for from afar. A twenty-two-minute private tour of the exhibition led by its curator, Nicole Garnier-Pelle (and produced by Scribe accroupi) was uploaded to the Domaine de Chantilly's website in December of 2020 in response to the Musee Conde's continued closure, thus enriching my own experience of the exhibition and inviting all interested international (French-speaking) viewers to enjoy a delightful and digestible virtual visit via video. The initial gallery, for instance, was devoted to the Orleans court and was predominantly filled with portraits from Tome I, entitled Princes francais, Maison du roi, Princes etrangers, Militaires.5 The second and fifth galleries of the exhibition likewise reflected other tomes' titles, which are also in keeping with the Duc d'Aumale's classification system.6 Nicole Garnier-Pelle, Curator in Charge of the Musee Conde (and creator of this exhibition), must, however, be credited with giving portraits in two tomes that are rather unimaginatively dubbed "Dames" their due by way of including them in the third gallery, which celebrated salonnieres, and in the fourth gallery, which featured portraits of grandmothers, mothers, and milkmaids, in a nod to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's reforms for children's education and the return to nature that emerged towards the end of the eighteenth century.7 In what read as an act of homage to the collection history of the Musee Conde's impressive Carmontelle holdings, the first gallery actually included Tome I. This album was placed in a vitrine immediately to the left of the gallery's entrance and opened to this volume's second (and still bound) drawing: a portrait of Louis-Philippe, Duc d'Orleans (1725–1785)—Carmontelle's patron from 1759 until the duke's death in 1785 (and the Duc d'Aumale's great-grandfather). An oft-quoted comment by Baron von Grimm (whose portrait by Carmontelle was included in the exhibition's third gallery) suggests that Carmontelle "created portraits in two hours' time," but given the precision with which Carmontelle applied his watercolors and the repetition of the same sitter twice on the same sheet, it seems likely that Carmontelle's process may have been more complicated and perhaps more time-consuming than Grimm would have us believe.11 The presence of a white, wood-paneled door with gilded moldings (aptly echoed by the light grey boiserie in the Musee Conde's recently refurbished Cabinet d'arts graphiques;see Figure 4) in an otherwise outdoor setting (signaled by a portico, a balustrade, and fluted pilasters made of stone) also insinuates the role that Carmontelle's imagination played in the production of his portraits, which are frequently written off as unimaginative because of their expectable, mostly full-length, profile format.

In July 1440, the entourage that accompanied the Princess Blanca of Navarre for her wedding to Prince Henry of Castile arrived at the town of Briviesca, which belonged to the Count of Haro. At that time, he was the new strongman at the Castilian court and the one who was going to preside over the entourage and would be in charge of the reception in that town. On this occasion, as described in the chronicle of John II, a spectacular and unique festival will be held for four days, so extraordinary that the chronicler will refer to it as «the biggest festivities ever seen in Spain». In this article, we will study these festivities in their historical context.

Today, Russian influence on the African continent is still anecdotic compared to the People's Republic of China, the United States, and former colonial powers, such as France. Yet, Moscow has committed to reasserting itself as an alternative pole of influence to China and Western countries in the eyes of some African elites. This article analyzes two key components of Russia's African toolkit: its media outlets such as RT and Sputnik, which have managed to impose themselves on the African media landscape, and its entrepreneurs of influence, in charge of influence campaigns of different scopes. The article contends that Russia's media success relies more on the appropriation of its informational content by African actors with their own political agendas than on Moscow convincing African audiences of the legitimacy of its foreign policy or political model, and that entrepreneurs of influence may play a useful, but limited, role in testing new parameters of influence.

En la antigua Grecia, la palabra parasito se refería, originalmente, a los altos funcionarios encargados de verificar la cosecha del trigo. Ser parásito era un gran honor, porque a estos seres se les consideraba sagrados. Sin embargo, en algún momento, esta figura comenzó a tener mala fama y fue adoptada por los antiguos dramaturgos grecolatinos para describir personajes cómicos que viven a expensas de otros. Este trabajo analiza la figura del parásito como metáfora de la naturaleza humana en las obras de Plauto y Terencio, así como en la famosa película Parásitos de Bong Joon-ho. Se trata de una propuesta que también se apoya en los postulados de Thomas Hobbes, Jaques Derrida y Michel Serres, para quienes el hombre tiene una condición que encuentra ecos con la de los parásitos: la de los lobos.

El Coliseo del Buen Retiro, el espacio teatral cortesano más importante de la España aurisecular, vivió su momento de máximo esplendor durante de la década de 1650, tras el enlace matrimonial entre Felipe IV y Mariana de Austria. En esa época, se llevaron a cabo allí los montajes más espectaculares de la mano de dramaturgos como Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Antonio de Solís y escenógrafos como Baccio del Bianco y Antonio María Antonozzi. Aunque disponemos de muchísima información relativa a los actores y actrices que actuaron en aquellas representaciones, no se ha prestado atención a los autores de comedias, esto es, a los directores de compañía de cómicos que estuvieron a cargo, junto con los dramaturgos y los escenógrafos, de la realización de aquellos fastuosos espectáculos. En el presente trabajo se intentará elaborar el registro más preciso de aquellos profesionales a los que se encomendó esa responsabilidad y que, precisamente por las exigencias propias de esos montajes, se convertirían en los más destacados de aquellos años.