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У сучасних умовах для збільшення врожайності культурних рослин використовують передпосівний обробіток насіння з використанням хімічних і біологічних препаратів. У зв’язку з орієнтацією передових країн світу на екологічно безпечні технології виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції все більше уваги приділяється розвитку електротехнологічним методам обробки. Головна перевага електромагнітної технології по передпосівній обробці насіння низькоенергетичним випромінюванням КВЧ діапазону полягає в можливості поліпшення їх зростання і розвитку за рахунок мобілізації внутрішніх резервів самого насіння, пришвидшення дифузії молекул через клітинну мембрану, швидкості хімічних реакцій та викликає збільшення волого поглинання, що в свою чергу прискорює розвиток рослини і сприяє підвищенню врожайності без хімічних або біологічних препаратів або методів генної інженерії. Технологія обробки насіння ЕМП КВЧ дозволяє зберегти в насінні всі поживні речовини, вітаміни та мінерали, що при обробці іншими методами домогтися досить складно. Дослідження спирається на аналіз літературних джерел та експериментальні дослідження енергетичних і спектральних характеристик діодного генератора в КВЧ діапазоні довжин хвиль, судячи з яких можна зробити висновок, що підвищення врожайності рослин можливо на основі застосування інформаційного електромагнітного випромінювання міліметрового діапазону для передпосівної обробки насіння. У статті пропонується методика дослідження енергетичних характеристик напівпровідникового шестидіодного генератора на лавинно-пролітних діодах для передпосівної обробки насіння культурних рослин.Результатом розробленої методики слідує висновок, що одним з основних елементів установки для передпосівної обробки насіння є випромінювач ЕМ енергії, який повинен сформувати необхідну діаграму спрямованості і забезпечити достатній рівень щільності потоку потужності на зерні.

The present work investigates the evolution of the energy characteristics of a household-size, vacuum-tube solar collector system by controlling the flow rate of the solar circuit. First, based on measurements the collector efficiencies were compared when the solar loop worked with different but constant flow rates. Second, based on simulations using the TRNSYS model of the real system, the obtained results from the flow control and the on–off control which commonly used in household-size system are compared. Then the realization of the flow control with a frequency regulator is presented and the results obtained from the measurement data are presented. The main results are as follows: the rate of transient part is significantly reduced, the thermal stratification improves, and increases the daily gathered energy by the system. The system efficiency is increased with the average of 13% in the considered time period. The effect of this control is bigger if the radiation is lower, if the weather is variable cloudy or if the stored water temperature higher. The obtained results show that the flow control in household-sized systems can also be important.

As the shield section passes through the silt-rock strata, the rock stratum of the tunnel section has to be blasted into blocks in advance, and the diameter of the blocks should be less than 30 cm after breaking, and then, the blocks could smoothly enter the soil cabin through the opening of the tunnel boring machine (TBM) cutter head and finally be discharged through the screw machine. The geology of rock blasting in silt-rock strata is complex, and the vibrations caused by blasting threaten the safety of buildings around the blasting area. According to the measured data of blasting vibrations at the sites, the waveform duration of vibration acceleration and the distribution characteristics of dominant frequency of vibration velocity were analyzed, the energy characteristics of vibration velocity were researched by wavelet analysis, and the attenuation laws of vibration velocity were studied by dimensional analysis (DA). The dominant frequency bands of vibration energy of ground are in the range of 0–15.625 Hz, and the distribution characteristics of frequency bands of vibration energy in different directions of the ground are similar to each other, but the energy magnitude is different from each other. The research results could provide a reference for the safe blasting distance of buildings under similar geological conditions.

Propellant tank pressurization systems are one of the most important and science-intensive parts of the propulsion system, the design of which significantly affects the LV mass perfection, the launch complex composition and the scope of its experimental development. The use of LOX-LNG propellants is promising due to the lower cost of LNG compared to kerosene, increased calorific value and other advantages that make it possible to reduce the cost of LV launch. However, in case of developing systems for supplying LNG for propulsion systems, at present (“Starship” launch vehicle, for example), it is not envisaged to use high-temperature generator systems for pressurizing tanks, which have structural simplicity, reliability and minimum weight. The use of these systems in a number of LVs made it possible to significantly simplify the designing propulsion systems, and to improve the energy characteristics of rockets in general. At the same time, the evaporative pressurization system used in Starship LV is known for a number of drawbacks, which significantly complicate the design of the propulsion system and increase its mass. A comparative study of the generator and evaporative systems for LNG tanks pressurization is shown, and their design features and the impact on the labor intensity of creating a propulsion system are considered. The composition of the combustion products was evaluated and the optimal operating mode of the generator was selected. Using a proven calculation method, the main characteristics of the considered pressurization systems were determined, their joint comparison confirms the significant advantage of high-temperature generator pressurization of LNG tanks, in terms of increasing the energy characteristics of the LV.

In order to study the energy characteristics of seismic waves on the liquid CO2 blasting system, the blasting seismic wave signal of liquid CO2 blasting was obtained by on-site microseismic monitoring tests. The adaptive optimal kernel time-frequency analysis method was used to study the basic time-frequency properties of the seismic wave signal. Combining wavelet packet transform decomposition and reconstruction and adaptive optimal kernel time-frequency analysis method, the liquid CO2 energy distribution of the seismic wave signal was further analyzed. And the energy regression model of seismic wave source of liquid CO2 blasting system was discussed. The results show that the vibration velocity is at a low level, and the main frequency range is between 30 and 70 Hz, and the duration is about 20-30 ms. The energy is mainly distributed in 0-125 Hz, which is composed of two main regions. The power function model can be used to describe the attenuation law of the seismic wave energy. The energy conversion coefficient and characteristic coefficient of the source of liquid CO2 blasting system were defined and analyzed. Combined with the empirical formula of the Sadovsky vibration velocity, the energy regression model of the seismic wave source of liquid CO2 blasting system was obtained.

A system for cleaning near-Earth space from space debris in the upper layers of the atmosphere is proposed, which is based on a plasma accelerator that uses the medium of the upper layers of the atmosphere and solar radiation to generate plasma flows of the required intensity. Estimates of the main material and energy characteristics of the system were obtained, which demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed device.

Rockburst seriously threaten the economic benefits and construction safety of deep tunnel. Rockburst prediction is one of the key scientific issues in rockburst research. In this paper, the elastic strain energy is regarded as the inherent power of rockburst. A multi-factor rockburst criterion is established which consider the properties of rock, the intactness of the rock mass and the releasable elastic strain energy of surrounding rock mass. Using the three-dimensional discrete element method and considering the influence of different geo-stress environments, the stress field and energy characteristics, the failure characteristics and the rockburst proneness of surrounding rock mass were studied after tunnel excavation, and the following summaries are obtained: When the lateral pressure coefficient is same, the stress and releasable elastic energy distribution characteristics of surrounding rock mass under different buried depths are basically the same. With the increase of the buried depth, the value of the stress and releasable elastic strain energy increase, and the rockburst is more prone. The area where the surrounding rock mass break or rockburst occurs consistent with the area with larger elastic strain energy releasing. The research results can improve the understanding of ruckburst mechanism and provide a reference for rockburst prediction.

As a new quasi-zero-dimensional nanomaterial, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) can solve the impact of carbon materials that have low specific surface area and few active sites, improving the performan...

New tissue-engineered vascular prostheses of small diameter (4mm) based on biodegradable polymer backbone – poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and its composition with poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV/ PCL) were created. The full cycle of surface modification of the backbone with polyvinylpyrrolidone and drugs permitted to increase significantly the atrombogenic and antimicrobial properties of prostheses and provide its effective matrix properties. Both types of the developed constructs are suitable for testing in vivo. The energy characteristics of the prosthesis surfaces at the different interfaces were determined. It was established that the value of the energy of the "polymer, saturated with octane/water" interface can be used as a parameter for predicting cell adhesion and proliferation in the case when it is difficult to determine or to distinguish the energy characteristics of the surfaces of tissue-engineered materials at the interface with air.

To study the ignition energy characteristics and explosion propagation law of coal dust cloud, a kind of coal dust cloud is studied through experiment and numerical simulation under different conditions. The result indicated that ignition delay time and dust spray pressure have obvious effects on the minimum ignition energy of coal dust cloud. CFD theory is used to simulate the explosion flame propagation. It is found that the simulation error of flame propagation distance is acceptable and the simulation result is consistent with the experimental result. When the spray pressure is 0.06 MPa, the flame propagation distance is the farthest, indicating that the turbulence of coal dust cloud is the largest at this condition. As the ignition temperature increases, the flame propagation distance continues to increase, proving that ignition temperature has an obvious effect on the flame propagation process of coal dust cloud explosion.

The electric power industry development mean increases the electric grids flexibility through the use of various devices type (FACTS) controlled by means of power electronics and being an element of the Smart Grid. This type of device includes a phaseshifting transformer (PST), which redistributes power flows in the branches of electrical networks. In connection with the relevance of this topic, new technical solutions appear that implement similar functions, which entails the need for a comparative analysis of such developments in order to optimize the energy characteristics of this kind of equipment. The aim of the work is to develop schematic version of the PST made according to the "star" scheme and analyze its operation in typical modes. During the study, the energy characteristics of the device were determined. The possibility of reducing the typical power of the phase-shifting device due to the use of capacitive compensation is analyzed.

A multichannel scintillation spectrometer with a thickness of 2.5X0 has been calibrated on a secondary electron beam with energies of 23−280 MeV at the Pakhra accelerator of the Lebedev Physical Institute. The relative energy resolution of the spectrometer is determined by the electron energy and the spectrometer thickness. The best relative energy resolution of the spectrometer is attained at an electron energy of ~90 MeV; its values are δ = 13 and 9.4% at spectrometer thicknesses of 1.0X0 and 2.5X0, respectively.

An axial micropump for left ventricular support developed by our team is described. The main requirements for the size and weight of a minimally invasive micropump are formulated. The geometry of the micropump and its effect on the pressure head and energy characteristics are considered. The micropump design and its pressure head and energy characteristics are described.

The tip leakage flow formed by the tip clearance of a semi-open centrifugal pump adversely affects the energy performance and the energy waste. A T-shaped blade is proposed to be used to improve the energy characteristics. The internal flow field is simulated via the shear stress transport turbulence model to analyze the influence of the T-shaped blade on the performance of a centrifugal pump. It is shown that with the T-shaped blade, the hydraulic loss can be reduced, the Euler head can be increased, and the external characteristics can be improved. The maximum head and efficiency improvements are 3% and 1.6%, respectively. The relative flow angle near the tip clearance of the T-shaped blade decreases, and the strength of the backflow region is remarkably weakened. The area of the high entropy production region decreases, and the trend of the upstream diffusion is restrained under the design condition. The T-shaped blade can help to inhibit the diffusion of the high entropy production region to the hub under the low flow rate condition, but the entropy production and the mixing losses at the tip clearance are slightly increased. This research provides a new method for improving the energy performance of the semi-open centrifugal pump.

Methodological approaches to the implementation of the nanostate phenomenon in the formation of the optimal structure of composite materials and metal-polymer systems at different levels of organization have been developed. The concept of energy and technological conformity of the components of functional composite materials and systems is proposed. This concept consists in ensuring the parameters of composite materials energy characteristics adequate to the value of the activation energy of the prevailing structural process, which determines the optimal parameters of stress-strain, adhesion and tribotechnical properties under technological influences on the components in the process of obtaining composite and its processing. The concept has been tested in the development of nanocomposites based on industrial polymer matrices, which surpass analogues in terms of service properties.

In recent years, the rapid rise of non conventional energy, the formation of the new energy and conventional energy, a situation of tripartite confrontation pattern.In order to enable the people to the energy characteristics, uses, the relationship between them have a more clear understanding, therefore, It is necessary to energy re definition and classification. In this paper, through the current energy structure, distribution, usage.From the angle of Genesis will be divided into three types, Namely:from the earth itself, since the other planet in the universe and from two interactions. At the same time, the non conventional energy is the future of a new type of energy.However, it belongs to the oil and gasindustry.Analysis of global and China's major non conventional energy resources potential, exploration type, present situation of exploitation.And the geological theory and engineering problems,It points out its characteristics, and points out the close relation between it and conventional energy. In particular, points out the necessity and significance of the development of China's non conventional energy.

A methodology for correct measurements of the spatial and energy characteristics of a laser beam is considered, based on the determination of the initial moments of the spatial intensity distribution in the beam cross section. The classification of radiation fields participating in the measuring process is given: emitted, measured and measured. It is shown that ISO 11146:2005 “Lasers and laser-related equipment. Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios, Part 1-3” for measuring the spatial and energy characteristics of laser beams leads to incorrect measurements. This is due to the fact that the recommendations for the application of ISO 11146:2005 do not take into account the dynamic range of the used matrix radiation detectors, and the characteristics of the emitted field of interest to the user turn out to be diverging, which violates the uniformity of measurements. Moreover, the conditions ensuring the convergence of the results are practically impracticable. To solve these problems, it is proposed to establish and regulate the lower level of the dynamic range of measurements of the intensity of the used matrix receivers and to consider the spatial and energy characteristics of the emitted field of interest to the user, depending on the set value of the lower level. It is shown that measurements with this methodology become correct and make it possible to compare the characteristics of laser beams obtained by different array detectors. Formulas are given that take into account the effect of the lower level of the dynamic range of the matrix radiation detectors on the measurement result. These formulas should be recommended for inclusion in the updated edition of the national standard GOST R ISO 11146-2008 “Lasers and laser installations (systems). Methods for measuring widths, divergence angles and propagation coefficients of laser beams. Parts 1-3”.

Coupled resonator is one of the fundamental physical systems, which has always been modeled by integer-order calculus or composed of integer-order components. To achieve wider operating area of low power consumption, the energy distribution of coupled resonator is often expected to be robust. However, the energy distribution is susceptible to the interference of resonator parameters shifting in real world, such as coupling strength and resonator frequency. Traditionally, the anti-interference ability of integer-order coupled resonator can be acquired by using externally and additionally complicated control. Here, we report an alternative fractional-order autonomous coupled resonator, in which the anti-interference ability can inherently arise through its fractional-order nature. By using the equivalent coupling circuit of fractional-order autonomous coupled resonator, its energy characteristics are analyzed. Moreover, we theoretically find and experimentally prove that the energy distribution of the fractional-order coupled resonator could be locked by the order of fractional-order element. Our work could help coupled resonator acquire unprecedented anti-interference ability.

This work deals with energy performance calculate results of new solid composite propellants based on Hexanitroethane (HNE) and Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF). The energy characteristics of solid propellants with HNE and HNF are estimated using NASA Chemical Equilibrium with Applications (CEA). The effect of HNE and HNF as energetic oxidizers on the energy characteristics of composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellants, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellants, nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) propellants, glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) propellants has been carried out. Characteristics of ingredients and propellant formulations with HNE and HNF are presented together with the calculate results which demonstrate the increased performance compared to conventional high-performance propellants based on Ammonium Perchlorate (AP). The results show that HNE and HNF can improve the standard theoretical specific impulse of the four propellants in different degrees, and HTPB propellant has the most significant improvement, which is 12.26 s for HNE-based propellant and 14.12 s for HNF-based propellant. At the same time, both HNE and HNF reduce the infrared emission of propellant exhaust plumes when they replace AP, and reduce or even completely eliminate HCl gas in exhaust products. Therefore, it is expected that HNE-based and HNF-based propellants may provide a promising chlorine-free alternative to existing AP-based formulations.

Quantum-mechanical methods are used to assess the energy barriers to dissociation and recombination reactions of UF6 ↔ UF5 + F and UF6 ↔ UF4 + F2. The energy characteristics of these reactions are found to be strongly asymmetric: the dissociation reaction barriers exceed the recombination reactions barriers by more than 4 eV. The equilibrium atomic configurations of F2, UF4, UF5 and UF6 have been determined using precision quantum mechanical calculations. The U-F bond lengths obtained as a result of the calculations are in good agreement with experimental data. It was found that the decay reaction UF6 → UF5 + F is either barrier-free, or the energy barrier for such a reaction is less than the resolving power of the method (~ 0.1 eV). For the decay of UF6 → UF4 + F2, there is an energy barrier with a height of about 0.3 eV. An initial approximation was proposed for the arrangement of UF6 atoms in order to find the saddle points of the UF6 dissociation reactions. In this initial configuration, all 7 atoms of the UF6 molecule are located in the same plane. The F atoms are located at the vertices of a regular hexagon, and the U atom is at the center of such a hexagon. The results of this work can be used to determine the constants of thermal reactions of dissociation and recombination UF6 ↔ UF5 + F и UF6 ↔ UF4 + F2. These constants are necessary for modeling the physicochemical processes occurring during the enrichment of spent nuclear fuel (SNF).

In2S3 is one of the attractive compounds taking remarkable interest in optoelectronic device applications. The present study reports the structural and optical characteristics of thermally evaporated β-In2S3 thin films. The crystalline structure of the thin films was found as cubic taking into account the observed diffraction peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern. The atomic compositional ratio of constituent elements was obtained as consistent with chemical formula of In2S3. Three peaks around 275, 309 and 369 cm−1 were observed in the Raman spectrum. Temperature-tuned bandgap energy characteristics of the In2S3 thin films were revealed from the investigation of transmittance spectra obtained at various temperatures between 10 and 300 K. The analyses of the transmittance spectra indicated that direct bandgap energy of the In2S3 thin films decreases from 2.40 eV (at 10 K) to 2.37 eV (at 300 K) with the increase of measurement temperature. The bandgap energy vs. temperature relation was investigated by means of Varshni optical model. The fitting of the experimental data under the light of theoretical expression revealed the absolute zero bandgap energy, the rate of change of bandgap energy and Debye temperature.

The optimization of permeable thermoelement for thermoelectric air conditioner unit based is presented. In the thermoelectric air conditioner unit the air flow is cooled due to a combined action of thermoelectric effects and the Joule-Thomson effect. Methods for calculation of temperature distribution, determination of power conversion energy characteristics and thermoelement design in maximum COP mode are discussed. Results of computer studies for the case of thermoelement legs based on Bi2Te3 material have shown the possibility of COP increase by a factor of 1.6-1.7 as compared to conventional thermoelectric systems.

Metallized film capacitors (MFCs) are used in many applications requiring high volumetric energy characteristics. Along with an increase in the dielectric permittivity of the polymer film, operating in overload mode is a simple way to dramatically increase the energy density of capacitors for relatively short periods. The unique feature of MFC, a self-healing (SH) ability, makes this possible. However, the task is complicated by the lack of information on the energy characteristics of SH in real capacitors, especially when they are voltage overstressed. Part 1 of this article contains the results of experimental investigations of SH processes in overload modes under the soft-training test. At the level of voltage up to 8 of nominal values, three types of SH were discovered: single, repetitive, and multiple. The energy characteristics of SH processes obtained in real MFCs varied widely from those in the literature data. The cumulative SH energy characteristic was introduced and proposed for diagnostic purposes. The reasons for repetitive SH were investigated and analyzed. Equivalent parallel resistance as a sensitive diagnostic parameter of the overloaded MFC was chosen and applied.

The scheme of an electric installation of an unmanned underwater vehicle based on a chemical current source of aluminum–water type with an alkaline electrolyte is considered. The mass–volume and energy characteristics of energy sources based on the aluminum–water system with an alkaline electrolyte and the characteristics of the main and auxiliary batteries of energy sources are given. It is shown that, in terms of stored energy, installations with chemical current sources of the aluminum–oxygen system are equivalent to installations with aluminum–water current sources in an alkaline electrolyte and have about six times more energy than an SP-200 battery and twice as much as installations with magnesium–seawater current sources. The given characteristics of power plants show that hydronic chemical current sources based on aluminum are promising and have competitive indicators, but require the development of the production of appropriate materials for electrodes.

In this study, an experimental investigation of the engine performance parameters has been performed for the 5% water-emulsified fuel, 50 ppm CNT, and 50 ppm Al2O3-CNT (25 ppm each) hybrid nano-additive fuels on the DICI engines with differing engine speed and load. The parameters BTE, exergy destruction rate (EDR), exergy efficiency, and engine sustainability have escalated with enhancing engine speed and load for every fuel sample. The BTE of the DICI engine at 1500 rpm speed and 5.6 kW of engine power with 5% water-emulsified fuel, 5% water-emulsified-CNT, and 5% water-emulsified fuel—Al2O3-CNT nano-fuel is 1.49%, 2.86%, and 3.07% higher, and the exergy efficiency is 1.85%, 4.16%, and 5.21% higher than pure diesel. The rate of fuel exergy with 5%WiDE, 5%WiDE-Al2O3-CNT, and 5%WiDE-CNT nano-additive is 3.95%, 5.98%, and 6.40% lower than pure diesel. The exergy-based sustainability for 5%WiDE-CNT fuel is highest at speed 2000 rpm and full engine load. The exergy destruction rate (EDR) and entropy generation rate (EGR) with pure diesel are 1.42% higher than 5%WiDE fuel. However, the EDR and EGR with 5%WiDE-CNT and 5%WiDE- Al2O3 -CNT nano-additive fuels are 3.14% and 4.15%, respectively, higher with respect to pure diesel. The influences of engine load, engine speed, water emulsification, and incorporation of nano-additive on the exergy-based performance characteristics are comparable with the energy-based characteristics, but the exergy characteristics are found lower than the energy characteristics. The comparative study of energy and exergy parameters for all mentioned fuels used in the DICI engine revealed that the best performance of DICI engines is found with 5%WiDE-CNT fuel.

Electrical submersible pump (ESP) is widely used as an artificial lifting machinery in the petroleum production and geothermal usage. Its energy efficiency is related to the amount of produced oil and affects the global energy consumption. This study aimed to improve the energy performance of a typical three-stage ESP. Through the combination of Taguchi methods and numerical simulations, the diffuser meridian within ESP was geometrically optimized by setting the head and efficiency under design flow condition as the evaluation index. On the basis of the Bessel curve characteristics, the line patterns of hub and shroud within the ESP diffuser meridian were parameterized to preliminary extract the necessary factors of Taguchi test. Finally, the influence priority of different factors on the optimization was analyzed to guide the subsequent ESP optimization. Comparison of the performance and the internal flow field of models before and after optimization revealed that the Taguchi test is remarkably helpful in optimizing the meridian within ESP diffuser. This work provides new ideas for optimizing the meridian of main hydraulic components within ESPs to achieve higher efficiency and lower energy consuming.

Currently the circuit technology of the DC traction power supply system cannot provide the necessary requirements for introduction of high-speed traffic. Numbers of measures and tools have been developed to improve the traction lines that no longer meet current requirements. One of the most promising means for strengthening the traction DC lines is transition to the distributed power supply of the rolling stock. In this article, a comparative analysis was carried out of energy indicators of the classic centralized power system and distributed power systems with use of one aggregate traction substation and with use of the solar generators. That comparative analysis of these systems was performed on a simulation model with the same parameters of the traction line and rolling stock.

The interplay of the inter-site Coulomb repulsion which induces charge ordering, and the correlated hopping of electrons, which causes peculiar dependence of energy characteristics on a doping, is ...

The paper presents the results of a study of the rheological properties of glucose solutions prepared using water exposed to an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 30 to 200 MHz. The studies were carried out with solutions with a concentration of 20%, the shear rate varied in the range of 100–1000 s-1. As a result of the study, a distinct influence of the influence of the electromagnetic field was found, while the quantitative response depends on the shear rate, frequency of the electromagnetic field and the time of exposure of water from the moment of field exposure to preparation of the solution. In the overwhelming majority of cases, there is a decrease in the viscosity of solutions at a shear rate of 1000 s-1 as a result of exposure to an electromagnetic field. A quantitative correlation between the change in viscosity and the frequency and time of post-field exposure was not found. In some cases (shear rate 200 and 500 s-1), there is a multidirectional change in viscosity versus exposure time. The results are compared with those previously obtained for agar solutions. A unidirectional change in the viscosity of glucose and agar solutions was found as a result of the action of an electromagnetic field on the solvent, which can serve as evidence of its structural reorganization. An explanation for the observed dependences is proposed, which is based on a change in the hydration interactions of glucose molecules in solution and, as a consequence, a change in the force and energy characteristics under shear stresses.

The adsorption of propane on an ACW supermicroporous adsorbent with a wide pore size distribution at pressures up to 1 MPa and temperatures of 303, 313, 323, and 333 K was studied. The maximum value of propane adsorption at a temperature of 303 K and a pressure of 1 MPa is equal to 21.6 mmol/g. The dependences of the differential molar isosteric heat of adsorption of propane on the value of adsorption are calculated. In the initial region of micropore filling of up to ~6 mmol/g, the heat of propane adsorption on the microporous adsorbent is practically constant (~27 kJ/mol). Then, as the micropores are filled, the heat of adsorption drops to 25 and 23 kJ/mol at temperatures of 303 and 333 K, respectively. Thereafter, a sharper drop in heat occurs to 20 kJ/mol at 20 mmol/g. As a result of calculations, the temperature dependence of heat on propane adsorption is obtained in the form of a fan of curves. The experimental data are compared with the results of calculations of propane adsorption based on Dubinin’s theory of volumetric filling of micropores using the structural and energy characteristics of the adsorbent.

Results are presented from the numerical modeling of two independent GLE events that occur at different times and have different energy characteristics of protons in primary particles. The resulting dependences are analyzed with allowance for features caused by characteristics of each spectrum.

The molecular-dynamics simulation of the formation of dimers for the case of the low-temperature (001) reconstruction of a GaAs surface terminated in Ga or As atoms is employed using the analytical potential, which takes into account σ- and π-bonds between atoms. The values of the decrease in the potential energy of atoms during the formation of the surface of an isolated dimer are found, and it is discovered that the potential energy of an atom in the As dimer is lower by several tenths of eV than that in the Ga dimer. In the temperature range of 25–40 K, the kinetics of the initial stages of the formation of Ga dimers is studied, and it is obtained that the characteristic energy of thermal activation of the formation of single isolated Ga dimers is ~29 meV and lower than the same value for As dimers (~38 meV). In the temperature range of 28–37 K, the time constants characterizing the average rate of the conversion of a single dimer into a chain of two dimers are estimated. For double Ga and As dimers, the reciprocal values of these times turn out to be in the ranges of 1011–1012 and 109–1010 s–1, while similar parameters for the formation of single dimers lie in the range of 4 × 106–108 and 1.4 × 106–7.4 × 107 s–1.

Electrospray thrusters with small size, high precision specific impulse, low power consumption are the most recommended propulsive equipments for micro-nano satellites. Molecular dynamics simulation is able to be used to predict the fundamental physics of electrospray and evaluate the propulsive performance. However, the accuracy of molecular dynamics simulation results critically depends on the accuracy of the interaction potential models used. Therefore, the present paper discusses the effect of different interaction potential models on the molecular dynamics simulations of electrospray thrusters with ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The reduced charge all-atoms model, full charge all-atoms model, effective-force coarse-grained model and Merlet coarse-grained model reported in the literature are used for comparison, and comparison is also made to experimental data to elucidate which interaction potential model might be the most realistic. The process of Taylor cone formation, electrospray currents, energy characteristics and velocity distribution are analyzed under varying operating conditions. Our calculations indicate that the reduced charge all-atoms model is the most accurate model for molecular dynamics simulation of electrospray. In contrast, the coarse-grained models fail to reveal the energy characteristics. The full charge all-atoms model is not able to characterize the velocity characteristics. The full charge all-atoms model and coarse-grained models underestimate and overestimate the propulsive performance respectively. It is also found that the energy characteristics and velocity distribution of particles within the Taylor cone are almost unchanged with varying operating conditions.

Understanding characteristic energy scales is a fundamentally important issue in the study of strongly correlated systems. In multiband systems, an energy scale is affected not only by the effective Coulomb interaction but also by the Hund’s coupling. Direct observation of such energy scale has been elusive so far in spite of extensive studies. Here, we report the observation of a kink structure in the low energy dispersion of NiS2−xSex and its characteristic evolution with x, by using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Dynamical mean field theory calculation combined with density functional theory confirms that this kink originates from Hund’s coupling. We find that the abrupt deviation from the Fermi liquid behavior in the electron self-energy results in the kink feature at low energy scale and that the kink is directly related to the coherence-incoherence crossover temperature scale. Our results mark the direct observation of the evolution of the characteristic temperature scale via kink features in the spectral function, which is the hallmark of Hund’s physics in the multiorbital system.

The analytical capabilities of the method of atomic emission spectrometry on a two-jet arc plasma (TJP-OES) with the use of spark ablation and calibration using standard solutions are evaluated. Optimization of the conditions for the injection of solutions into the plasma of a two-jet arc plasmatron has been carried out. The effect of the concentration of matrix elements on the signal-to-background ratio was studied when solutions were injected into the plasma. Calibration was carried out using the coefficients of relative sensitivity factors and standard solutions. The use of spectral lines of analytes and an internal standard with similar energy characteristics made it possible to achieve accurate and reproducible results in determination of impurities in steel and copper samples.

The data obtained as a result of dynamic tests of sand-lime brick samples were used to estimate its energy intensity. The experiments were carried out according the Kolsky method using a split Hopkinson bar. The graphs of the specific energy absorption of sand-lime brick were obtained at different deformation rates as a result of the numerical integration of dynamic deformation diagrams. In addition, dependences characterizing the growth of energy characteristics with an increase of the strain rate are plotted. Comparison of the studied properties of sand-lime brick with same properties of other brittle media is carried out.

Based on the cluster model of the metal surface, the OH– ion interaction with the gold surface is studied by the density functional method. The geometrical and energy characteristics of this interaction are assessed. The adsorption of the OH– ion in its “bridge” position with the angle of 117° between the normal to the surface and the O–H bond is the most advantageous as regards energy. When adsorbed, the ion loses about half of its charge. The involvement of the adsorbed OH– ion and gold atoms the nearest to it in the formation of molecular orbitals of this system is assessed. The contribution to their formation is made preferentially by the p orbitals of the oxygen atom and the d orbitals of gold.

For the operation of the channels for tracking the carrier (phase and frequency) and the envelope of the signal of the primary processing of the navigation equipment, it is necessary to evaluate, in one way or another, the energy parameters at the output of the correlator: the amplitude of the signal component and the dispersion at the output of the correlator. In practice, to estimate the amplitude of the signal component, either the real part or the modulus of the complex correlator is used over the entire grouping interval. These approaches have a number of disadvantages. To estimate the variance of the correlator output, it is necessary to select separate channels in which there is obviously no useful signal, which takes away some part of the hardware resources. The article proposes an algorithm for estimating the energy parameters at the output of the correlator only from the data of the corresponding channel without the formation of special correlators, which is operable in both coherent and incoherent modes and is based on the use of correlation integrals over short and full intervals. Modeling and analysis of the accuracy characteristics of the proposed algorithm is carried out.

The accumulation of defects during uniaxial compression of a natural heterogeneous material has been studied experimentally. The defect formation process has been controlled using two methods of nondestructive testing: acoustic emission (AE) and X-ray computer tomography (CT). Simultaneous use of these methods makes it possible to establish the correspondence between the energy characteristics of AE that accompanies the defect formation and the volume of these defects. It is found that the dependence of the defect volume on the summary energy of the AE signals is linear, which corresponds to the phenomenological dependences obtained for the tectonic earthquake focuses before. The linear dependence is used to estimate the average defect size. It is shown that the average linear defect size is not larger than 100 μm independent of the assumptions on the defect shape.

To organize natural studies of the energy characteristics of photovoltaic systems, data on the current level of solar radiation incoming to the receiver surface are required. When using standard methods for measuring of the solar radiation flux, specialized meteorological instruments or reference solar cells are applied. Such devices are quite expensive. At the same time, an ordinary serial solar cell or module can also play the role of a reference cell under the stipulation that its passport characteristics are known for some radiation intensity. In this paper, a method for determining of the solar radiation flux based on the passport parameters of photovoltaic modules under standard test conditions and the values of short-circuit current and module temperature directly measured in natural conditions is proposed. Based on the equation of the solar cell current-voltage characteristic and the linear dependence of the short-circuit current and the temperature on the light flux a mathematical expression for solar radiation flux is obtained. This expression relates solar flux to the short-circuit current under standard test conditions, the temperature coefficient of the current and the measured values of the short-circuit current and the module temperature. It is shown that proposed method for determining of the solar radiation flux is correct and can be used in practice. A convenient for practical application analytical expression has been obtained for a silicon photovoltaic module 120P/12. The expression makes it possible to determine the incited on the module surface solar flux from the measured values of the short-circuit current and the module temperature. Experimental testing of the developed method was carried out for the module 120P/12 as an example. It is shown that fluctuations in the short-circuit current from 0.73 A to 0.76 A observed during the measurements correspond to changes in the solar radiation flux in the range from 105 W/m 2 to 110 W/m 2 . Keywords: solar radiation flux, solar cell, short-circuit current, temperature, temperature coefficient of the current, standard test conditions

Uniaxial compression test of outburst coal was conducted to explore the mechanical characteristics of coal with outburst tendency in low gas pressure environment. The mechanical properties of coal were analyzed, the surface crack morphology of coal was obtained and the energy characteristics of coal during loading were determined. Results are as follows. In the pressure range of 0.03–1.0 MPa, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of coal show a negative exponential relationship with pressure, and both decrease with the increase in pressure. With the increase in gas pressure, the angle between the failure surface and horizontal surface of coal body increases gradually. With the increase in gas pressure, the fracture morphology of coal failure tends to be complex. When the gas pressure is low, the coal can store a large amount of energy, and its ability to resist damage is greatly improved.