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Objective: Safety behaviors have been found to undermine successful exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders for both adults and children. Although reliable measures of safety behaviors have been developed for use with adults, no such measure has been developed specifically for pediatric populations. In light of this limitation, the current study aimed to develop and validate a measure of the use of safety behaviors suitable for children: The Subtle Avoidance Measure for Youth (SAMY). Methods: Clinical (n = 174) and community (n = 138) young people, aged 7–13 years, provided data. Results: Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor solution of the SAMY, which reflected checking behaviors, behaviors related to image management, and behaviors related to physical protection. The SAMY and its subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and the ability to discriminate between clinical and community participants. Conclusions: Given its solid psychometric properties, the SAMY will prove useful for both research and clinical work with anxious young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a brief history of the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification and presents recent changes and strategic goals for moving forward. Challenges and opportunities for the profession in relation to certification are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to investigate painless and painful subsets of pediatric restless legs syndrome (RLS) for genetic influence and for associations with iron deficiency and common pediatric pain disorders.Methods: In a twin family study, twins (3-18 years) and their oldest siblings, mothers and fathers completed questionnaires, assessing lifetime prevalence of RLS using current criteria, as well as history of iron deficiency and pediatric pain disorders. Subsets were categorized as RLS-Painless or RLS-Painful. Within twin pair analyses were conducted to assess familial and potential genetic effects for the defined subsets. Penalized maximum likelihood logistic regression was used to test familial associations. Random-effects logistic regression modeling was used in the total pediatric sample to investigate univariate and multivariate associations with the subsets.Results: Data were available for 2033 twin individuals (1007 monozygous (MZ), 1026 dizygous (DZ); 51.7% female), 688 siblings, 1013 mothers and 921 fathers. Odds ratios, correlations and casewise concordance were significantly higher in MZ than in DZ twins only for RLS-Painful. RLS-Painless, though familial (co-twin and mother), was not genetically influenced, but was independently associated with female sex (OR 0.52, p = 0.003), iron deficiency (OR 4.20, p < 0.001) and with persistent pain disorders (OR 2.28, p = 0.02). RLS-Painful was familial and was probably genetically influenced; was independently associated with non-migraine headaches (OR 2.70, p = 0.02) and recurrent abdominal pain (OR 2.07, p = 0.04).Conclusions: Pediatric RLS was heterogeneous and was categorized into contrasting painless and painful phenotypes. RLS-Painless was associated with iron deficiency while RLS-Painful accounted for the heritability of RLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]