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During the first half of the twentieth century, the specific context of Morocco served as a breeding ground for developing new approaches for modern urbanism and architecture. While colonial modern architectures attempted to reflect the local culture and local architectural language by reinterpreting vernacular architecture at the level of typological elements and artisanship, another approach culminated around the independence in the architectural reflections initiated by the Group of Moroccan Modern Architects, stressing new concerns for adapting modern architecture to its context, climate, place and practices. Their approach, by detaching from both the colonial culturalist approach and the universalist solutions of the modern doctrine, inaugurated a new turning point in the history of modern architecture in Morocco, that constitutes the manifestation of early bioclimatic concerns in modern architecture in the Moroccan context, which translated on both the urban and the architectural scale. The Group of Modern Moroccan Architects, GAMMA Group's interest in vernacular architecture and its reinterpretation crystallized in their early productions by paying particular attention to the control of environmental parameters such as sunlight and ventilation, while exploring local architectural languages as well as modern ones, as their respective construction methods and materials. Examples of this approach includes the use of the patio and its reinterpretation from the level of the urban block to public facilities to the level of the housing cell by architects Michel Ecochard and Jean François Zevaco. At the urban scale, the specific architectural language developed by the GAMMA Group and landscape approach in large touristic facilities as the Dades hotel designed by architects Patrice Demazières and Abdeslam Faraoui, as well as in the reconstructed city of Agadir, payed attention to the realities of local climate, topography and practices as early attempts towards a contextualized sustainable modern urbanism in Morocco. This article aims through representative examples, to bring an insight to what could be considered as the premises of bioclimatism in the history of modern Morocco as developed by the GAMMA group, in order to highlights how their contribution to the first reflections about a bioclimatic architecture paved the way towards a sustainable Moroccan modern language embedded in its context., African and Mediterranean Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, Issue 5: V.3 N°1 (2021)

Traitant non pas seulement de l’époque coloniale (1912-1956), mais aussi des trente années qui la précèdent et de la décennie qui la suit, l’auteur montre comment la France inventa scientifiquement « son » Maroc, notamment par les relevés archéologiques et les analyses historiques que les méthodes du rationalisme transcrivirent ensuite en modèles architecturaux et urbains à l’usage du projet colonial. La valorisation du patrimoine bâti ancien du Maroc servit la politique menée par Lyautey, visant à reconnaître l’autre dans sa différence, certes pour mieux le dominer. L’indépendance a moins renié les pratiques patrimoniales françaises, que réorganisé leur sens. C’est à ces titres que la production architecturale et urbaine de l’épisode coloniale peut être, comme l’écrit l’auteur, considérée comme un patrimoine partagé entre la France et le Maroc. La période couverte par cette investigation s’étend de 1880 à 1960. A partir de 1880, le Maroc précolonial connaît, notamment sous le règne de Moulay Hassan Ier (1873-1894), une série d’événements et de transformations politiques et socioculturelles marquées par la publication d’une abondante littérature et récits de voyages d’un caractère et objectif particuliers pour l’entreprise coloniale de l’Empire français de la IIIe République. Plus délicate à établir, la borne ultime correspond non à la coupure politique de 1956, mais à la transition plus complexe qui caractérise le Maroc du début des années 1960., African and Mediterranean Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, No 1 (2019)

The use of industrial robots for machining or grinding operations becomes a necessity. However, the robotization of grinding processes faces several obstacles that arise especially when grinding large workpieces. Process robotization also requires the definition of an efficient methodology for planning the robot trajectory. This methodology should reduce the grinding time and at the same time guarantee that the desired surface finish is obtained. In the framework of this thesis, we will propose a practical solution for the robotization of the grinding process.; L’utilisation des robots industriels pour la réalisation des opérations d’usinage, de meulage ou de rectification devient une nécessité. Or, la robotisation des procédés du meulage se heurte à plusieurs obstacles qui apparaissent surtout lors du meulage des pièces de grandes dimensions. La robotisation du procédé nécessite aussi la définition d'une méthodologie efficace de planification de la trajectoire du robot. Cette méthodologie devra permettre, à la fois, de diminuer le temps de meulage et de garantir l'obtention de l'état de surface souhaité.

Architectural practices of mass housing in the French protectorate context of Morocco, was a fertile breeding ground for responses to address the urgent needs of housing. While the Modern Movement provides universal solutions to answer housing demand through universal concepts, disregarding the specific questions of context, a shift occurred in the city of Casablanca from 1917 with foreign architects. Their work not only aims to address the housing needs but fundamentally to set up an "adapted habitat". Under the concern of local culture and the everyday life of the rural inhabitants, their practices inaugurate relevant solutions for a large-scale patio house urban scheme. This contextual interpretation reading culminates into two great proposals: the neo-medina “Habous neighborhood” and the grid 8x8 of Ecochard in “Carrières Centrales”. Through architectural and historical analysis, this paper is concerned with how in the Moroccan colonial context the proposals of mass housing programs associated to the patio house typology contributed to erect new practices and theories that goes beyond its own context. This makes manifest the fact that the Moroccan colonial context was never 'a laboratory', but rather a fertile territory of innovative leading principles for the modern architecture., African and Mediterranean Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, Issue 3: V.2 N°1 (2020)

Sharing with other colonial regimes the paradigm of a gap between the colonized society and colonizing one, urban policies undertaken by the French colonial administration in the Moroccan context carried a particular interest for a necessity of modernizing the local society through the urban space via a “civilizing mission”. The extensive operations of creation of new cities in Morocco generated new strategies of urban planning and management, which transformed not only the urban landscapes of cities and territories of these countries, but also went along with a deep mutation in the social structure within the cities. Willing to avoid previous mistakes in Algeria and to protect local culture from a “civilizational shock”, colonial cities built under the French protectorate by Hubert Lyautey, general resident of colonial administration, sought a the first place a separation between local population and European one. However, the subsequent approaches that followed evolved gradually towards a new order of spatial and socio-economical segregation that departed from the initial colonial policies; as the initial ethnical separation shifted to a socio-economical segregation, carried in the process, by complex socio-spatial dynamics in which the local society took part at and influenced the colonial administration and its spatial projections. By looking beyond the colonized/colonizing paradigm, this article aims, through the case of the city of Casablanca, to reassess the power of the local social dynamics. Stressing that while colonial policies initiated the shift to a modern city, social segregations that occurred after, carried by its own dynamics, need to be examined as a powerful process in reshaping our current cities., African and Mediterranean Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, Issue 3: V.2 N°1 (2020)

Prior knowledge of solar radiation potential is a necessity for the decision making and the establishment of solar projects. Current prediction methods are site-dependent and their performance outside the area of application is questionable. Therefore, a solar radiation zoning method using a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques and satellite gridded data is proposed. The method uses Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) following the ward’s method based on the monthly mean solar insolation on a horizontal surface (H), and Support Vector Machine Classifier (SVM-C) to assist AHC to effectively classify all the areas based on solar radiation data plus temperature, humidity, wind speed and precipitation. Four solar radiation zones have been established. The zones are homogeneous in space and have distinctive solar and meteorological characteristics. The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is applied to the obtained zones to distinguish trends within solar radiation zones based on temperature, humidity and wind speed, and a total of 8 sub-zones with distinctive meteorological characteristics have been identified. The resulting solar radiation zones and sub-zones cover all Morocco can help for preliminary assessment and decision making, especially for areas with no solar radiation records.

La chirurgie de la métastase est une chirurgie palliative le plus souvent, surtout au niveau du rachis de par sa localisation anatomique. Cette chirurgie doit être bien préparée pour que les suites soient simples et que le traitement adjuvant soit fait dans les meilleurs délais. La stratégie thérapeutique doit être systématiquement prise en réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire (RCP). Le principal risque de la localisation rachidienne est neurologique, c'est pourquoi cette chirurgie doit être préventive le plus souvent. Elle a pour objectif principal d'améliorer la qualité de vie.

L'hémangiome caverneux est la plus fréquente des tumeurs vasculaires bénignes primitives de l'orbite chez l'adulte; l'âge moyen de découverte est de 42 ans avec une prédilection féminine. Cette tumeur est d'évolution lente et n'a aucune tendance à la régression spontanée; elle se localise électivement au niveau du cône musculaire en position rétro-oculaire mais pouvant se développer dans l'espace extraconique. Elle se traduit cliniquement par une exophtalmie d'apparition progressive, irréductible, non pulsatile, indolore sauf en cas de complication, associée dans 2/3 des cas à une baisse de l'acuité visuelle. Le diagnostic est facilement confirmé par l'imagerie qui permet de localiser parfaitement la tumeur par rapport au nerf optique et aux muscles oculomoteurs et de dicter la voie d'abord chirurgicale. L'exérèse chirurgicale doit être faite en bloc; elle est habituellement simple car la tumeur est bien limitée et parfaitement clivable. Les voies d'abord sont en fonction du volume et surtout du siège de la lésion. Le pronostic fonctionnel est bon et les cas de récidives sont rares.Un cas d’angiome caverneux orbitaire révélé par une exophtalmie survenant chez un patient âgé de 44 ans est rapporté.