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Because of its large area and complicated space utilization, in the event of a disaster, rescue efforts in specific areas of Taipei Main Station would be difficult. In addition, rescue efforts are also difficult to implement, because each area is managed by different units. In order to ensure emergency and safe evacuation of passengers and reduce the loss of related property during a disaster, a suitable disaster prevention system is required. This study conducted risk assessment based on the triggering factors of disaster types over the years. After synthesizing the results of the disaster risk assessment, a disaster preparedness contingency plan was designed. According to the Incident Command System (ICS), this study formulated the usual management measures and emergency response procedures for various levels of disasters. When an accident occurs, the system can automatically initiate various emergency disaster relief measures, monitor the development of the incident, transmit disaster information, and coordinate disaster emergency response procedures. This study established a building information modeling (BIM)-based cyber-physical system (CPS) and intelligent disaster prevention system integrated under the overall management of the Intelligent Joint Emergency Operation Center. The “Taipei Main Station Intelligent Disaster Prevention System” can manage the disaster prevention and relief information of various business entities in a unified way, and provide an intelligent disaster prevention function integrating BIM and virtual reality (VR). This system is functionally verified through exercises such as short-circuiting of wires in advertising boxes, firefighter disaster relief drills, indiscriminate violent attacks, and demolition of explosives. In this study, ICS was established through expert interviews, disaster-causing factors over the years, and a cloud-based electronic management system was established in combination with the BIM platform. The system provides emergency and safe evacuation of passengers in the event of a disaster, and reduces the loss of related properties.

Background/purpose: Strontium ion may play a role similar to calcium ion in enamel remineralization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of strontium ion concentration gradient on the demineralization of enamel. Methods: Citric acid and sodium citrate were used to prepare 16 different experimental acidic solutions with four different pH values (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5) and four different strontium ion concentrations (0 M, 10−4 M, 10−3 M, and 10−2 M). Forty-eight human enamel samples were divided into 16 groups (n = 3) and immersed into the 16 different acidic solutions for 3 min. The phosphorus ion concentrations in 16 different acidic solutions were measured and compared. The enamel surface hardness was measured with a Vickers hardness tester. The energy dispersive spectrometer was used to detect the strontium ion content in the enamel surface. Results: Addition the strontium ions to the acidic solution could reduce the dissolution of the enamel. At pH 3.5 and pH 5.5, significantly lower phosphorus ion concentrations were detected in the acidic solutions with the addition of 10−2 M strontium ions. There was a less reduction of enamel surface hardness, while the strontium ion concentration increased in the acidic solution. At pH 2.5, the addition of 10−4 M, 10−3 M, or 10−2 M strontium ions to the acidic solution resulted in a significant increase in the strontium ion content in the enamel surface. Conclusion: Strontium ion can decrease the dissolution of the enamel and prevent the enamel surface hardness loss in acidic environment. Keywords: Enamel demineralization, Strontium ion, Enamel surface hardness

Globally, 50.44% of buildings are over 30 years old. Old buildings have problems such as obsolete safety monitoring systems and poor management efficiency caused by the use of old equipment. For the better management of buildings and their facilities, we developed an efficient management system based on digitized data from sensors in each device that is connected to the system. The system monitored the operation of each device in real time and sent messages to maintenance personnel in case of any abnormality in each device. This system ensured the normal operation of the building and saved costs and energy via efficient functions. The system was developed and implemented for one year. The operation outcome showed the completeness, relevance, standardization, and visualization of collected data and information. It also enabled the effective scheduling of operation and maintenance by querying the data from each device for intelligent building management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]