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Test-driven development (TDD) is an agile development technology that involves the running of many test cases. The software is likely to be more robust when more test cases are executed in a certain time. For this, it is important to find the combination of number of threads and test cases which can lead to the lowest average running time of a single test case aiming at different computers. It can improve the performance of TDD. Therefore, this paper proposed a method for this problem. First, it tests the three-dimensional raw data in computers with different cores. Second, these data are changed into two-dimensional data after dimensionality reduction. This facilitates the generation of fitting functions. Also, the fitting function of new data waiting for prediction is generated after dimensionality reduction. At last, similarity calculations between the fitting functions of raw and new data are carried out by using Euclidean distance similarity algorithms. Experimental results show that data based on dual-core computer have higher similarities with four new data, such as 81.25%, 100%, 81.25%, and 100%. Thus, the data of dual-core computer have higher reference credibility in predicting the average running time of a single test case of the new data for different computers. In summary, the performance of TDD can be improved after applying the proposed method.

The phase of low-frequency, rhythmic cortical activity is essential for organizing brain processes because it provides a recurrent temporal frame for information coding. However, the low-frequency cortical phase exhibits great flexibility in response to external influences. Given that brain rhythms have been found to track respiratory inputs, we hypothesized that slow breathing, commonly associated with mental regulation, could reorganize the relationship between these two rhythmic systems through the adjustment of the cortical phase to such a slow train of inputs. Based on simultaneous magnetoencephalography and respiratory measurements, we report that while participants performed paced breathing, slow relative to normal breathing modulated cortical phase activity in the alpha range across widespread brain areas. Such modulation effects were specifically locked to the middle of the inspiration stage and exhibited a well-structured pattern. At the single-subject level, the phase angles underlying the effects became more likely to be diametrically opposed across breaths, indicating unique and consistent phase adjustment to slow inspiratory inputs. Neither cardiac fluctuations nor breathing-unrelated task effects could account for the findings. We suggest that slow-paced inspiration could organize the cortical phase in a regularized phase pattern, revealing a rhythmic but dynamic neural network integrated with different neurophysiological systems through volitional control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Breathing is more complicated than a simple gas exchange, as it is integrated with numerous cognitive and emotional functions. Controlled slow breathing has often been used to regulate mental processes. This magnetoencephalography study demonstrates that slow-paced relative to normal-paced inspiration could organize the timing of alpha rhythmic activities across breathing cycles in a structured manner over widespread brain areas. Our results reveal how a volitionally controlled change in respiratory behavior could systematically modulate cortical activity.

The digital platform can manage the documents effectively, because it can help us to organize, query, and update the documents. Also, we can query the documents on different mobile terminal devices with the help of the network. However, some documents have complex data structure, such as the Bible. In the Bible, each chapter has its own characteristic. The topic of each chapter in the Bible is introduced in its first sentence or its first paragraph. Therefore, it is necessary to use modern digital platform to organize complex data structure in the Bible. Then, this paper designs and develops a new system. This system is based on the Laravel framework with MVC design pattern. The data components of this system are divided into three parts: Model Layer, View Layer, and Controller Layer. The feature includes the architecture of interactive software system and the technology of Laravel routing engine. The result of experiment shows that the system has an excellent processing ability of complex data structure. By using the Laravel framework, both the time of development and flow of design can be reduced efficiently.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the UAV manufacturing technology, great progress has also been made in the Quadcopter. Usually, the small Quadcopter is flexible and easy to be operated. The stability is one of the most important evaluation indexes for the flight quality of the Quadcopter. However, external environmental impacts (such as the wind power) or internal design problems often cause the Quadcopter to deviate to one side during the flight. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, this paper adopts the method of physical weight gain and low-cost design. Then, we did experiments in the windless condition indoors and in the windy condition outdoors. We test and analyze how weight gain affects the Quadcopter’s flight stability. By comparing the test group and control group, we find that test group is more stable and faster than the control group. Also, the experiments show that when the weight of the Quadcopter increases, with the help of the low-cost design and the mathematic model, the flight offset can be reduced to 20% at most. Thus, the flight stability of the Quadcopter is improved as well. In addition, our stability design is not affected by the environment. Also, this design doesn’t need to change the internal structure of the Quadcopter.

In the Data Technology (DT) era, data have become the most important means of production. With the rapid development of cloud computing, the database technology has become the most basic data technology facility. Especially, the Distributed Databases have been widely used to store and process large-scale data, which are applied in different scenarios than relational databases. In addition, blockchain technology has led to changes in decentralized architecture. The BigchainDB database is based on a distributed database with the features of blockchain. It has not only the advantages of distributed database, such as high throughput, low latency and easy expansion, but also has the characteristics of blockchain, such as decentralized control, tamper-proof and traceability. This paper mainly analyzes the comparison between the BigchainDB and other distributed databases in terms of execution performance. In practice, this paper focuses on the characteristics of BigchainDB, then compares the performance of creating and querying transactions between the BigchainDB and two important distributed databases: HadoopDB and Hive. The experiments in this paper show three things. Firstly, the BigchainDB is obviously better than HadoopDB and Hive in transaction creation. Secondly, the transaction query performance of the BigchainDB is one order higher than them. Thirdly, the BigchainDB is three orders of magnitude higher than them in fuzzy query performance. These results demonstrate that BigchainDB is significantly better than HadoopDB and Hive in both the performance of read and write.

Over the years, the restorative benefits of the natural environment have been taken seriously. These restorative effects continue to be verified in research from both the psychological and physiological perspectives. The latest functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology provides an opportunity to further explore the psychophysiological aspects of these benefits from the natural environment. This study aimed to compare the restorative value of four types of landscape environments (urban, mountain, forest, and water) through questionnaires and by investigating the relationship between the different environments and brain region activity by means of fMRI. Based on a one-way analysis of variance, a significant difference was found between the restorative value of the urban and natural environments—the most value being in the water and mountain environments and least in the urban environment. In support of this psychological result, the brain was found to respond similarly, showing increased activity in the visual and attentional focus areas when an urban environment is viewed as opposed to a natural environment. These findings reveal a new approach to test the restorative value of an environment and support the restorative effect of the natural environment.

Multimedia presentation has been popular by used in the field of education, especially in online learning. The most common practice is to conduct a presentation by utilizing media player on web or native applications. However, this mode of operation belongs to a heavyweight practice which incurs poor performance. Considering smooth operation on all types of smartphone or PC platforms, a lightweight framework must be utilized. HTML5 and WebSocket provide good opportunities or technologies for lightweight implementation. Although both have been discussed in some papers, not any work in the literature is able to integrate these two technologies to handle multiple data types and process multimedia stream efficiently. In this study, the authors develop and implement a real-time synchronous Interactive Presentation System (IPS) which fulfills the above goal. The experimental result shows that the required bandwidth for video streaming in web applications which servicing 30 clients is around six times lower than that of native applications. CPU usage is five times lower. Memory size is ten times lower. Overall, this study provides a system framework for efficient online presentation of web applications.

Testing method using Test-Driven Development has its specific features and requirements. However, the performance of synchronization has not yet been studied in the environment of test cases which is handled in different quantity concurrently. So, in this article, a framework is developed to test the test case in two ways: multi-thread and single-thread. By means of distributed computing and concurrent testing, a testing model is built and analyzed further. Finally, the experiments shows the utilization rate of the CPU and the run time of system depending on the number of threads as well as the test cases shared by each thread. The better test method is shown as the number of test cases is setup. Furthermore, it can be applied to software and hardware environment in different platforms.

Aiming at the multi-level and multi-index problem of the quality evaluation index of mechatronic products, a comprehensive analysis method based on the improved AHP model is put forward. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) determines the relative importance of each factor by pairwise comparison, and then synthesizes the decision. In the actual operation process, the analytic hierarchy process uses "nine scale" method to determine the judgment matrix. The judgment process is complex that often cannot get consistent results and reduce reliability. In this paper, the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) is used to quantify the influence of parameters on the quality evaluation index. The judgment matrix is determined by the "three scale" method. The operation is simpler and easier to keep the consistency of the matrix. The method should be applied to modeling and calculating the factors affecting the quality of electromechanical products in an enterprise, and the validity of the method is verified.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, To compare the degree of gait symmetry of chronic poststroke fallers with that of nonfallers during level walking using triaxial accelerometry. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 14 patients with chronic stroke were recruited from a community hospital from February 2015 to July 2016. Patient characteristics, including the number of falls in the previous 12 months, were obtained from medical records. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and timed up and go (TUG) test were used at the onset of the study. Triaxial accelerometers were attached to the back and bilateral lower extremities of each subject with sampling rates of 120 Hz. The cross-correlation between the acceleration signals of the affected and unaffected feet was measured to assess the degree of gait symmetry. The triaxial acceleration signals of the 5 consecutive and bilateral strides from the middle of each trial were processed to measure the cross-correlation and time delay (Ts) between the magnitude of the acceleration vector of the affected and unaffected foot. After controlling for possible confounding factors, the mixed-effect models showed that cross-correlation was significantly higher among nonfallers than fallers (β = −0.093; standard error [SE] = 0.029; P-value = 0.002), and that the Ts was significantly longer among fallers than nonfallers (β = −1.900; SE = 0.719; P-value = 0.011). Cross-correlation and Ts between the affected and unaffected lower extremities may be useful indicators to distinguish poststroke fallers from nonfallers.

The goal of this study is to develop a real-time personalized digital name card typesetting system with seamless operability across various platforms. The system includes an authentication module, a template selection module, a text typesetting and merger module, a frame selection and merger module, and a QR code generator and merger module. The system authentication module proposes a potential authentication mechanism between server and client. The template selection module entails making a choice of template from the system-integrated gallery. The text typesetting and merger module proposes the methodology of automatic typesetting that is under fixed font and size restrictions. After it is merged with the last picture, the frame selection and merger module combines one of the pictures from the frame gallery. The QR code generator and merger module is essentially a flowchart of how the QR code is generated. A personalized name card is the end product of these modules. The prototype generation shows that the system works well as a name card typesetting system. Finally, the system shows promising potential for applications to the emerging and proliferating market of smart phones.

While it is known that the brain perceives color and motion asynchronously, the specific locations in which the brain binds signals remain unknown. This study distinguishes subjective perception of the capability to bind features and the objective accuracy in feature binding. The stimuli were the same for individual subjects, consisting of random dots (red and green, or yellow and blue) moving either vertically or horizontally. Subjects responded to questions regarding the color or the direction of motion of the dots (objective judgment) and rated their capability in performing the task (subjective judgment). The imaging results of contrasting subjective judgment showed that the activation of the anterior rostral cingulate cortex (rACC) and inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area [BA] 45/47) during incapable-of-binding responses, compared with the capable-of-binding responses. It is suggested that the rACC is for uncertainty of subjective judgment and BA 45/47 is for the increased burden on working memory. In contrast, there was no imaging results of contrasting the correct and incorrect responses (i.e., objective judgment), and neither was there for the interaction between subjective and objective judgment. The results of conservative conjunction analysis indicated common and shared brain areas for the 2 distinctive binding situations (the correct and capable-of-binding vs the incorrect and incapable-of-binding), including increased activity in the intraparietal lobe (IPL) and the junction areas of the posterior rostral ACC (dACC) and the prefrontal areas, but decreased activity in the medial portion of the IPL, suggesting that feature binding requires maintaining attention. These results clearly isolated subjective judgment from objective judgment and support the view that maintaining attention is involved in feature binding of color and motion.

In the study of high energy physics, as subatomic particles are in different energy states, a suitable accelerator is needed to explore information inside the atom at deeper and deeper levels. Particularly, there are different neural energy patterns or neuro-quantum states within the brain associated with meditative practices; to find out certain information inside the body, it is necessary to reach a meditative state having increased energy levels. Here we report that Chinese Original Quiet Sitting (COQS)—one style of Chinese Daoist meditation— exhibits noticeable results about different neural energy levels or quantum types using functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. Two different states within COQS were examined. Firstly, a prolonged rest-like meditative state, maintaining a relatively low energy level and showing both activation and deactivation of certain brain regions, was observed. Secondly, a higher energy state was found, showing different pattern with only positive activation of certain brain regions. In particular, it appears that there is a correlation between pineal activation and this high energy meditation practice. Also, the pineal body seems concerning with the “upper elixir field” which is an important region in Daoist meditation. Our results provide new evidence for a seldom studied aspect of human physiological performance which has life science implications. Also, a multidimensional quantum model of brain activity is established to offer a scientific description more properly.

A considerable portion of epilepsy cannot be well treated by available therapies nowadays. Brain stimulation with closed-loop seizure control has recently been proposed as an innovative and effective alternative. A portable wireless online closed-loop seizure controller in freely moving rats was developed and shown with several aspects of advantages, including the following: 1) high accuracy of real-time seizure detection (92-99% during wake-sleep states); 2) low cost; and 3) low power consumption. The seizure detection latency was not greater than 0.6 s after seizure onset. A wireless communication feature also provided flexibility for subjects freeing from the hassle of wires. The observation showed that the stimulation elicited no abnormal behavior and had no sleep interruption to the subjects. The experiment data supported the functional possibility of a real-time closed-loop seizure controller.

The aim of this study is to compare the distinct cerebral activation with continued wave (CW) and 10 Hz-modulated wave (MW) stimulation during low-level laser acupuncture. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were performed to investigate the possible mechanism during laser acupuncture stimulation at the left foot's yongquan (K1) acupoint. There are 12 healthy right-handed volunteers for each type of laser stimulation (10-Hz-Modulated wave: 8 males and 4 females; continued wave: 9 males and 3 females). The analysis of multisubjects in this experiment was applied by random-effect (RFX) analysis. In CW groups, significant activations were found within the inferior parietal lobule, the primary somatosensory cortex, and the precuneus of left parietal lobe. Medial and superior frontal gyrus of left frontal lobe were also aroused. In MW groups, significant activations were found within the primary motor cortex and middle temporal gyrus of left hemisphere and bilateral cuneus. Placebo stimulation did not show any activation. Most activation areas were involved in the functions of memory, attention, and self-consciousness. The results showed the cerebral hemodynamic responses of two laser acupuncture stimulation modes and implied that its mechanism was not only based upon afferent sensory information processing, but that it also had the hemodynamic property altered during external stimulation.

Meditation induces a distinct and reversible mental state that provides insights into brain correlates of consciousness. We explored brain network changes related to meditation by graph theoretical analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Eighteen Taoist meditators with varying levels of expertise were scanned using a within-subjects counterbalanced design during resting and meditation states. State-related differences in network topology were measured globally and at the level of individual nodes and edges. Although measures of global network topology, such as small-worldness, were unchanged, meditation was characterized by an extensive and expertise-dependent reorganization of the hubs (highly connected nodes) and edges (functional connections). Areas of sensory cortex, especially the bilateral primary visual and auditory cortices, and the bilateral temporopolar areas, which had the highest degree (or connectivity) during the resting state, showed the biggest decrease during meditation. Conversely, bilateral thalamus and components of the default mode network, mainly the bilateral precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex, had low degree in the resting state but increased degree during meditation. Additionally, these changes in nodal degree were accompanied by reorganization of anatomical orientation of the edges. During meditation, long-distance longitudinal (antero-posterior) edges increased proportionally, whereas orthogonal long-distance transverse (right-left) edges connecting bilaterally homologous cortices decreased. Our findings suggest that transient changes in consciousness associated with meditation introduce convergent changes in the topological and spatial properties of brain functional networks, and the anatomical pattern of integration might be as important as the global level of integration when considering the network basis for human consciousness.

This study describes the application of the method of feedback linearization neural networks, known from neural network computing, to the problem of gradient preemphasis. This approach of preemphasis adjustment does not require an iterative procedure between measurement and adjustment, therefore is essentially instantaneous in its execution. Based on our study, gradient compensation determined by our procedure effectively suppressed eddy current-induced geometric distortion and spatial shift of diffusion-weighted EPI images. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 29B: 1–8, 2006

A formatting error was introduced during the production process for Table 2 in the PDF version only. Please see the corrected Table 2 and Table 2 notes here

BackgroundThe Internet has become a popular venue for facilitating sex networking for men who have sex with men (MSM). ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Internet popular opinion leaders (iPOL) in disseminating information about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), increasing the frequency of HIV testing, and reducing risky behaviors among MSM in Taiwan. MethodsA quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control website for comparison was used to estimate the effectiveness of iPOL. A community-level intervention, iPOL, was conducted at the Facebook social networking website and at top1069 as a control. The iPOLs actively disseminated HIV-related information via the platform of Internet opinion leaders and AIDS information center, and discussed and responded to questions or replied to Internet-using MSM. ResultsA total of 369 iPOLs posted 432 articles and 503 replies to others, influencing 959,088 persons on Facebook. A total of 1037 MSM, 552 (53.23%) from an intervention website and 485 (46.76%) from a control website, participated in the follow-up study survey (response rate 96%). At the 6-month follow-up after the intervention was conducted, MSM who visited the intervention website were more likely to receive HIV-related information (25.49% versus 10.47%, P

While it is known that some individuals can effectively perform two tasks simultaneously, other individuals cannot. How the brain deals with performing simultaneous tasks remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to assess which brain areas corresponded to various phenomena in task performance. Nineteen subjects were requested to sequentially perform three blocks of tasks, including two unimodal tasks and one bimodal task. The unimodal tasks measured either visual feature binding or auditory pitch comparison, while the bimodal task required performance of the two tasks simultaneously. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results are compatible with previous studies showing that distinct brain areas, such as the visual cortices, frontal eye field (FEF), lateral parietal lobe (BA7), and medial and inferior frontal lobe, are involved in processing of visual unimodal tasks. In addition, the temporal lobes and Brodmann area 43 (BA43) were involved in processing of auditory unimodal tasks. These results lend support to concepts of modality-specific attention. Compared to the unimodal tasks, bimodal tasks required activation of additional brain areas. Furthermore, while deactivated brain areas were related to good performance in the bimodal task, these areas were not deactivated where the subject performed well in only one of the two simultaneous tasks. These results indicate that efficient information processing does not require some brain areas to be overly active; rather, the specific brain areas need to be relatively deactivated to remain alert and perform well on two tasks simultaneously. Meanwhile, it can also offer a neural basis for biofeedback in training courses, such as courses in how to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

Background/PurposeSome research has shown that melatonin levels increase after meditation practices, but other research has shown that they do not. In our previous functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we found positive activation of the pineal body during Chinese Original Quiet Sitting (COQS). To find other supporting evidence for pineal activation, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of COQS on nighttime melatonin levels.MethodsTwenty subjects (11 women and 9 men, aged 29-64 years) who had regularly practiced daily meditation for 5-24 years participated in this study. All subjects served alternately as participants in the mediation and control groups. COQS was adopted in this study. Tests were performed during two nighttime sessions. Saliva was sampled at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after COQS and tested for level of melantonin. Time period effect analysis and mixed effect model analysis were preceded by paired t test analysis.ResultsIn the meditation group (n = 20), the mean level of melatonin was significantly higher than the baseline level at various times post-meditation (p < 0.001). Within the control group (n = 20), the mean level of melatonin at various times was not significantly different compared with baseline (p>0.05). These results suggested that the melatonin level was statistically elevated in the meditation group and almost unchanged in the control group after nighttime meditation. The urine serotonin levels detected by measuring 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetic acid levels were also studied, but no detectable difference between the groups was found.ConclusionOur results support the hypothesis that meditation might elevate the nighttime salivary melatonin levels. It suggests that COQS can be used as a psychophysiological stimulus to increase endogenous secretion of melatonin, which in turn, might contribute to an improved sense of well-being.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, which sometimes cannot be successfully treated. We propose a real-time closed-loop monitoring and controlling device for epileptic seizure detection and suppression. This wireless-networked embedded device includes signal conditioning circuitry, a stimulator, and a microcontroller with a wireless transceiver. A TI CC2430 receives the conditioned EEG signals and performs feature extraction on them to determine if a seizure has happened. The ZigBee-based wireless transceiver transmits the EEG data to the backend computer for future off-line study. If a seizure is detected after the real-time computation, an enabling signal is sent to the stimulator to generate stimulating pulses to suppress the seizure. The feature extraction is implemented using entropy and spectrum analysis, followed by an LLS classifier. A fast seizure detection response time of around 0.6 s and a seizure detection algorithm accuracy of above 95%, when applied to a standard dataset, were achieved with the proposed portable embedded device.

This study aims to explore the acupuncture elict activity in specific brain area using low level laser. We investigated the cerebral effects of laser acupuncture at acupoint K1 with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). After group analysis, we find the significant activation area is on the Precuneus which concern with a wide spectrum of high intergrated tasks.

The human brain possesses plenty of functions but little is known about its scientific relationship with mind and spirit. Conferences^1,2^ focused on the connection between science and religion were held very recently in which neuroscientists, Buddhist scholars and Dalai Lama discussed attention, mental imagery, emotion, mind, brain functions and meditation, suggesting religious meditation offers an effective means to investigate the mystery of mind and spirit. In the past decade, scientists struggled to obtain brain mappings for various meditation styles using different brain imaging techniques and stimulating results have been observed^3-17^. In this letter we report that, together with other brain regions, pineal body exhibit significant activation during meditation process, supporting the long lasting speculation that pineal plays an important role in the intrinsic awareness which might concern spirit or soul. Pineal is known as an endocrine organ which produces substrates including melatonin and has been ascribed numerous even mysterious functions but its activation during meditation has never been observed by brain imaging technique. In seventeenth century, based on anatomic observation, Descartes ventured to suggest that pineal serves as the principal seat of the soul^18-20^. Inspired by its geometric center in the brain, physiologists, psychologists, philosophers and religionists have been speculating for centuries about pineal's function relevant to spirit and soul. In this study, we chose Chinese Original Quiet Sitting, one style of meditation, to explore this long lasting speculation by functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. Our results demonstrate a correlation between pineal activation and religious meditation which might have profound implications in physiological understanding of the intrinsic awareness.

Since different meditation methods may activate different regions in brain. In this study we chose a basic meditation type that just practiced the breath with the phrase that contained nine words, and the first word was matched with inhaling and following the next with exhaling alternately during the meditation period. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) based fMRI were used to examine the brain functions. Experiments showed brain activation areas on the region of thalamus, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, middle temporal gyrus, as well as putamen and other activations. It displayed that meditation practice concerned with cognitive functions, however, hypothalamus could be activated during meditation practice, and that might be related with endocrine secretion. But it requires further researches combined BOLD-and CBF-based fMRI technique and physiological signal detection simultaneously to explore the mechanism of meditation.

There exist many different types of meditation. The mechanism why meditation improves people’s health remains unclear. Since different meditations may activate different regions in brain, we can use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate it. We may simply divide meditation into two different types, which is forced meditation (FM) and non-forced meditation (NFM). The FM type may keep a phrase in mind, observe breathing, proceed mind imaging or any other actions to keep people’s attention focused. Chinese original quiet sitting (COQS) is mainly one kind of traditional Chinese meditation. It contains two different parts: a short period of keeping phrase and receiving spiritual energy, and a long period of relaxation with no further action. The second part of it is really what we called “non-forced” type, whereas the first part is normally a forced one. In this paper, we want to find out the brain activation area precisely during FM and NFM. We studied the observing breathing meditation (OBM) and the first part of COQS as the FM type, and also studied the second part of COQS as NFM type. Our experimental results showed very different activation patterns among the brain between FM and NFM. The BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) signal changes had also been found. The posterior cingulated gyrus showed strong activation in OBM, the pineal gland and hypothalamus showed positive activation in the first and second stage of COQS separately. From our results, we found the basic meaning of the mechanism why meditation improves people’s health.

The phenomenon of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) had been studied since 1733. Most researches were focused on the heart rates or blood pressure variability. It was well known that heart rate variability (HRV) induced by respiration decreased progressively with age. In general, it is caused by the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Seldom researches studied the relationship of this phenomenon with cerebral circulation. In our previous research, we found that different breathing rate could redistribute the proportion of systemic circulation, and also observed that the slower the breathing rate the more proportion of cerebral circulation appeared on head. In this paper, we further examined the BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) signal fluctuations in brain stem among different breathing rate by the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found that the BOLD signal changes were hinged on the breathing rate, and the variability was consistent with the pulsatile pressure study.