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The genus Zingiber contains about 180 species distributed mainly in tropical regions. Several species of Zingiber are cultivated globally for their medicinal and culinary value, such as true gingers (Z. officinale), bitter gingers (Z. zerumbet), and Z. purpureum. In Taiwan, two endemic species and one incompletely known taxon were recorded in the last edition of Flora of Taiwan, and several taxonomic issues still remain unresolved. Therefore, we revised the Taiwanese Zingiber based on morphological, palynological, anatomical, and molecular evidence, as well as their distribution. The results showed that floral characters such as labellum, fertile bracts, and corolla tubes are of great taxonomic value in distinguishing taxa of Zingiber of Taiwan. Accordingly, five species are treated in the present study, namely Z. chengii Y.H.Tseng, C.M.Wang & Y.C.Lin, Z. mioga Thunb., Z. oligophyllum K.Schum., Z. pleiostachyum K.Schum., and Z. shuanglongense C.L.Yeh & S.W.Chung. Zingiber mioga might be a newly naturalized species to Taiwan. Zingiber kawagoii Hayata and Z. koshunense C.T.Moo are treated as synonyms of Z. pleiostachyum.

Zingiber pleiostachyum K.Schum. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798378-1 Fig. 12 Das Pflanzenreich Heft 20: 185 (Schumann 1904). Type: TAIWAN – Pingtung County • Mt. Bankengsing; Henry 1659; lectotype: K[K-000815680] photo!, here designated; syntypes: Henry 147; K[K- 000815681] photo!, US [US-00092879] photo!. Synonym Zingiber kawagoii Hayata syn. nov., Icones Plantarum Formosanarum Vol. X: 35–36 (Hayata 1921). Type: TAIWAN – New Taipei City • Urai; S. Kawagoe s.n.; lectotype: TI[TI-00010376]!, here designated; isolectotype: TAIF[TAIF-6460]!. Zingiber koshunense Moo, Flora of Taiwan Vol. 5: 850 (Moo 1978). Type: TAIWAN – Taitung County • 5000 feet of Abei Line; 2 Jan. 1911; T. Kawakami & S. Sasaki s.n.; lectotype: TAIF!, designated by Wu et al. 2000. Additional material examined TAIWAN – New Taipei City • Wulai; C.W. Lin 003; TAIF • ibid.; C.L. Huang et al. 78; TAIF • ibid.; S.L. Huang 10; TNU • Hutung; Y.H. Chang 4873; TAIF • Mt. Pataoerh; W.F. Ho 2366; TAIF • Wantan; P.F. Lu 7330; TAIF • AYuXi; S. Sasaki s.n.; TAIF • Urai; S. Kawagoi s.n.; TAIF • Leikungpo, Hsiaoketou; C.I. Peng 12277; HAST • Hsiao-I to Tung-Hou; Y.K. Chen 295; HAST • Paichi, on the way from the abandoned Yufeng coal mine to Paichishan; S.M. Liu 597; HAST, TNU • Mt. Huang-ti-tien; J.C. Wang et al. 10216; TNU, HAST • Tatungshan, Vicinity of Chungchi mountain-hiking entrance; Y.C. Kao 71; HAST • Huangdidian; S.C. Liu et al. 975; TNU, HAST, TAIF • en route from China University of Science and Technology to NanKangShan; C.I. Huang 5442; HAST • PaoZiLun; C.I. Huang 5501; HAST • Mt.Tungshihtoushan; H.M. Chang 4561; TNU, PPI • Arou village; T.W. Hsu 15602; TAIE • Shihting; H.W. Lin et al. 104; TNU • Shihting, Hsiaoketou; S.C. Liu et al. 2490; TNU, TNM • Wulai, Mt. Bar-Dau-Eel; Y.C. Lu 397; TNU • ibid.; C.L. Huang et al. 78; TNU • Hsiaoketou; S.L. Huang 17; TNU • ibid.; S.L. Huang 11; TNU • ibid.; C.T. Moo 86; TAI • Wulai, Fushan Botanical garden; Y.C. Chen et al. 60; TNU • Huang-ti-tien; S.L. Huang 18; TNU • Huangdidian; S.C. Liu et al. 975; TNU • Kuanghsing; S.C. Liu 2354; TNU, TAIF • Hsiungkunghsi; T.Y.A. Yang 16008; TNM • Erhkeshan; C.H. Chen 6201; TNM, TNU • ibid.; H.L. Chiang s.n.; TAIF • ibid.; Y.C. Lin 1066; TCF • Lepeishan; S.T. Chiu 1515; TNM • Nuannuan, Dandan (Dandangai); S. Sasaki s.n.; TAI • Nanshihhsi; T. Suzuki 15825; TAI • Mt. Pataoerh; C.Y. Chiang 985; TAI • Pichiashan; K.C. Yang 2171; TAI • Chihnankung; T. Suzuki 13865; TAI • Fushan-Happen; S.F. Huang 1270; TAI. – Taoyuan County • Mt. Nanchatien; P.F. Lu 14561; HAST • Dongman Trail; K.Y. Liao 84; TAIE • Luoma Road; Y.C. Lin 1064; TCF. – Hsinchu County • Mt. Wuchih; C.I. Peng et al. 12940; HAST • ibid.; K.H. Lai 1023; TAIE • Mt. Ekungchi; C.M. Wang 12712; TNM • ibid.; C. Chang et al. 38; TNM • Shihtoushan; T.Y.A. Yang et al. 11720; TNM • Mt. Wuchih; W.P. Leu s.n.; TNM • ibid.; T.C. Hsu 4772; TAIF • Wuchihshan; Y.P. Cheng 2841; TAIF • Chingchuan; S. Sasaki s.n.; TAI. – Miaoli County • Ssumahsien Forest Road, between Hsinhsing and Erhpensung; C.I. Huang 2375; HAST • Mt. Baguali; T.W. Hsu 10483; TAIE • Mt. Taping; T.C. Hsu 3440; TAIF • Shenhsien Valley; S.W. Chung 10178; TAIF • Mt. Ekungchi; P.F. Lu 21320; TAIF • Mingte Reservoir to Mt. Fantzuliao; P.F. Lu 20918; TAIF • Dahu Township; Y.C. Lin 1299; TCF. – Taichung County • Beikengxi Trail; Y.C. Lin 985; TCF • 200 Forest Road 14 km; Y.C. Lin 1105; TCF. – Nantou County • Hsitou, National Taiwan University Experimental Forest; W.P. Leu 385; HAST • ibid.; C.I. Peng et al. 15847; HAST • ibid.; S.Y. Hwang 1414; TAIE • ibid.; S.M. Kuo et al. 68; TNU • ibid.; S.L. Huang 008; TNU • ibid.; R.Y. Tsou 14; TNM • ibid.; T.Y.A. Yang 11686; TNM • ibid.; C.T. Moo 76; TAI • ibid.; T. Kiang s.n.; TAI • Hsitou to Shenmu; C.C. Hsu 6131; TAI • Shanlinhsi Chinese Zodiacal sign Ox- Tiger; T.Y.A. Yang 20828; TNM • Hui-Sun Experimental Forest; C.I. Huang 220; TNM • Yashanping Forest Road; C.H. Chen 8536; TNM • Jenlun Forest Road; C.H. Chen 8428; TNM • Sanpitin Logging Trail; S.W. Chung 10580; TAIF • Lienhuachih; S.W. Chung 10278; TAIF • Jeichu; S.W. Chung 10276; TAIF • Nengkao Waterfall; S.W. Chung 10275; TAIF • Mt. Mukuatan; S.W. Chung 10272; TAIF • Mt. Shuishe; P.F. Lu 18913; TAIF • Luantashan; T. Kawakami & U. Mor 7074; TAI • Lienhuachi Rengechi; S. Sasaki s.n.; TAI • Maolan; Kudo & Sasaki 15065; TAI • Fenghuangshan – Hsiankuliao; C.S. Kuoh 3611; TAI • Chichidashan; Y.C. Lin 1290; TCF. – Yunlin County • Kukeng Township; C.H. Chen 10700; TNM • Caoling Road; S.W. Chung 10581; TAIF. – Chiayi County • Alishan Highway 68–70 km; Chung 10463; TAIF • Fushan Tribe; T.C. Hsu 4737; TAIF • Shihcho to Shihtzulu; S.W. Chung 6877; TAIF • Hsinmei Village; S.M. Liu et al. 674; TAIF • AliShan Highway 55 km, FuShan Stop; B.J. Wang 10108; HAST • Fengshan; C.H. Chen 2493; TAIE • Fengshan to Ta-tien-yu waterfall; J.C. Wang et al. 9491; TNU • Alishan Highway 53 km; C.S. Kouh 15229; NCKU, TNM • Fenchihu; Y.H. Hwang et al. 61; TNM • ibid.; H.M. Lin & Y.H. Tsai 102; TNM • Fenchihu, 169 county highway 18.5 km; T.Y.A. Yang et al. 19706; TNM • Shiheho–Fenchihu; C.M. Wang et al. 7671; TNM • Juili–Chiaoliping; C.M. Wang et al. 7694; TNM • AliShan–Fengshan; C.M. Wang 316; TNM • Yunshuihsi; Y. Shimada s.n.; TAI • Alishan; C.T. Moo 71; TAI • Lungtou; Y.C. Lin 1278; TCF • Mihu Trail; Y.C. Lin 1151; TCF • Dingshizhao; Y.C. Lin 1346; TCF. – Tainan County • Tatungshan; H.F. Yen 9; HAST • Hsienkung temple, Kantoushan, en route from entrance to the summit of the mountain; C.C. Liao 1745; HAST, TNM • Kantoushan; L.H. Lee 359; TAIE. – Kaohsiung County • Shanping Station, along the trail to Nanfengshan; C.C. Wang 821; HAST • Along Fengkang Forest Road; C.I. Huang 3464; HAST • Tsaitie Valley; W.C. Leong 2156; HAST • Shanping; C.C. Chen 597; TNU • ibid.; T.C. Huang 4886; TAI • ibid.; Y.C. Lin 985; TCF • Shyr- Shan logging tract; J.C. Wang et al.7596; TNU • Mt. Senshan (Mt. Yuyushan); C.K. Yang 888; TNM • Liukuei; E. Matuda 1165; TAI. – Pingtung County • Mt. Hutou; T.C. Hsu 4737; TAIF • Shouchia; T.C. Hsu 6094; TAIF • Shouka Logging Trail; C.F. Chen 4977; TAIF • Shouka; S.W. Chung 10474; TAIF • Wuweishan; K.C. Yang 4542; TAIF • ibid.; K.C. Yang 4582; TAIF • ibid.; S. Sasaki s.n.; TAI • ibid.; E. Matuda 327; TAI • ibid.; K.C. Yang 4547; TAIF, HAST • Mt. Lilung; S.W. Chung 6927; TAIF • ibid.; T.C. Huang et al. 16287; TAI • ibid.; H.C. Sun 11; PPI • ibid.; C.C. Wu 273; TNM • ibid.; Y.Y. Huang et al. 210; HAST; Liangshan; M.J. Jung 1779; TAIF • Chinshuiying natural reserve; S.Y. Lu 20691; TAIF • ibid.; S.F. Huang 360; TAI • ibid.; T. Suzuki 8033; TAI • ibid.; C.I. Huang et al. 2808; HAST • ibid.; S.Z. Yang 42702; PPI, TNM • ibid.; S.Z.Yang 23971; PPI • ibid.; T.W. Hsu 6053; TAIE • ibid.; T.W. Hsu 4700; TAIE • ibid.; T.T. Chen et al. 5228; TAIF • Kantou–Lili; N. Fukuyama 3829; TAI • Machia; T.C. Huang 7519; TAI • Nanjenshan-Nanjenkeng; H. Ohashi et al. 13998; TAI • Nanjenshan Nature Reserve; S.Y. Lu 18229; TAIF • ibid.; H. Ohashi et al. 13833; TAI • ibid.; S.L. Huang 12; TNU • ibid.; T.Y.A. Yang 7875; TNM, HAST, TAIF • ibid.; S.M. Chaw 824; TNM, TNU, TAIF, HAST • ibid.; T.C. Hsu 3356; TAIF • Taiwu; E. Matuda s.n.; TAI • Wangkcingtsun; U. Faurie 929; TAI • Mt. Kaoshih; H. Ohashi et al. 13574; TAI • along Fengkang Forest Road; C.I. Huang et al. 3464; HAST • Peitawushan; T. Soma 308; TAI • entrance of Peitawushan; Y.K. Chen 695; HAST • ibid.; S.H. Liu et al. 122; TNU • ibid.; C.K. Liao 171; PPI • en route from hiking entrance to Laofoshan; C.H. Liu et al. 362; HAST, TNM • Weiliaoshan; P.U. Su et al. 14; PPI • Kutzulurshan; G.P. Hsieh 2344; PPI • south of Dahanshan; C.F. Chen 896; PPI • Chachayalaishan; C.F. Chen 992; PPI • Majia Village to Mt. Xueyegen; T.W. Hsu 10397; TAIE • Tahanshan to Amentotaxus nature preservation; J.C. Wang et al. 8806; TNU • South Link Highway 471.5 km; C.S. Kouh 15495; NCKU, TNM • Mt. Yitingshan; C.K. Yang 843; TNM • Shuangliu Forest Recreation Area; Y.C. Lin 1303; TCF. – Ilan County • Fu-Shan Station, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, en route from the Station to Chukenghsi (a stream); S.C. Hsiao 1150; HAST • Fu- Shan industrial road; Y.C. Lin 1351; TCF. – Hualien County • Yuli Logging Trail; S.C. Wu 1020; TAIF • Antung; S.Y. Li 288; TAI • Dali-Datong Trail; Y.C. Lin 1350; TCF • Yuli Logging Trail; Y.C. Lin 1352; TCF. – Taitung County • Lanyu; C.T. Moo 2340 • Lanyu Tianchi; B.J. Wang 14317; HAST • Lanyu Mt. Hungtou; S.W. Chung 8412; TAIF • ibid.; Y.L. Jone 1144; PPI • Tajen Farm; W.C. Leong 2080; HAST, TNU • Kueitien; S.Y. Lu 17907; TAIF, TAI • Lutao Is.; S. Sasaki s.n.; TAI. Description Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 25–135 cm tall. Rhizomes fleshy, weakly aromatic, compacted, densely branched, 1.0– 2.7 cm in diameter, brown externally, yellow internally; root tubers terete, distantly from the rhizomes, ca 5 × 1.2 cm, brownish externally. Leafy shoots forming dense clumps, spreading, each shoot comprising 6–21 well-developed leaves at flowering. Leaves evergreen, simple, distichous; ligules ca 6 mm long, bilobed, membranaceous, pale green, auriculate; petiole 3−8 mm long, connate a pulvinus; lamina elliptic to narrowly ovate, 12−29 × 3−8.5 cm, lengt /width ratio 2.4−5.6, adaxially green, glabrous or pubescent, abaxially pale green sometimes flush, pubescent, base cuneate or obtuse, apex acuminate, margin entire, undulate, chartaceous. Inflorescences 1–5 per plant, arising from rhizomes; peduncles 11–12.7 cm long, ascending, glabrous; spike narrowly cylindrical or obovate, ca 7–9 × 2.0– 3.1 cm, each with 3–11 flowers; fertile bracts greenish-red, narrowly ovate, 2.3–4.3 × 0.5–1.5 cm, usually red tinged, involute on both sides, apex acute to attenuate, glabrous externally and internally; bracteole narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.6 × 0.4–1.0 cm, translucent reddish with slight red tinge, apex acute, involute on both sides, glabrous externally and internally. Flowers 6–8 cm long, much exserted beyond the bracts; calyx tubular, membranaceous, 5–15 mm long, with unilateral incision, translucent. Corolla tube slender, 2.6–4.7 cm long, yellow, glabrous externally and internally; dorsal corolla lobe narrowly ovate, ca 2.8 × 0.9 cm, red, apex acuminate, glabrous; lateral corolla lobes narrowly ovate, ca 2.4 × 0.6 cm, red, apex acuminate, glabrous; labellum obovate or elliptic, ca 2.8 × 1.1 cm, red or purple, apex retuse, yellow patches at base, glabrous; lateral staminodes narrowly oblong, ca 1.6 × 0.5 cm, connate to labellum at basal ½ to ⅔, red or purple, yellow patches at base, apices obtuse, glabrous. Stamen one; filament ca 2mm, glabrous; anther connective tissue yellow, elongate appendage wrapped around style; anther thecae two, ca 1.2 cm long, longitudinal dehiscence, pollen light yellow; anther crest beak-shaped, ca 1.1 cm long when stretched, purple, apex entire. Style filiform, white, ca 5.1 cm long, extending to the end of anther crest; stigma white, ciliate. Ovary cylindrical, trilocular, ca 6.0 × 2.8 mm, yellowish, pubescent; epigynous glands two, narrowly conical, ca 4 mm long, yellow, apices sharp. Capsule elliptic, dehiscence loculicidal, ca 3.2 × 1.5 cm, usually longer than the persistent bract, pericarp yellowish-red and red inside. Seed ellipsoid, ca 6.2 × 4.6 mm, enveloped by the aril. Aril white, enveloping ¾ of the length of the seeds. Phenology Flowering from August to November and fruiting from October to March. Distribution Endemic to Taiwan. Conservation status This species was evaluated as Least Concerned (LC) by the Editorial Committee of the Red List of Taiwan Plants (2017) (as Z. kawagoii)., Published as part of Lin, Yuan-Chien, Chao, Chien-Ti, Chang, Chih-Yi & Tseng, Yen-Hsueh, 2022, Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan, pp. 74-102 in European Journal of Taxonomy 839 on pages 89-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1933, http://zenodo.org/record/7119107, {"references":["Schumann K. 1904. IV. 46. Zingiberaceae. In: Engler H. G. A. (ed.) Das Pflanzenreich. Heft 20: 1 - 458. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.","Hayata B. 1921. Icones Plantarum Formosanarum Vol. X. Bureau of productive industry government of Formosa, Formosa.","Moo C. T. 1978. Zingiberaceae. In: Li H. L. (ed.) Flora of Taiwan 1 st Ed. Vol. 5: 831 - 853. Epoch Publishing, Taipei.","Editorial Committee of the Red List of Taiwan Plants. 2017. The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan, 2017. Endemic Species Research Institute, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics, Taiwan."]}

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798364-1 Fig. 10 Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 348 (Roscoe 1807). Basionym Amomum mioga Thunberg, Systema Vegetabilium: secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus et differentiis. Editio decima quarta: 51 (Thunberg 1784). Material examined TAIWAN – Ilan County • Yingzi Ling roadside; Y.C. Lin 1339; TCF • ibid.; Y.C. Lin 1366; TCF • Mt. Yingtzuting; T.C. Hsu 9667; TAIF • Yingtzuling; C.T. Chao 4644; TAIF. Description Perennial rhizomatous herb, 60–80 cm tall. Rhizomes fleshy, weakly aromatic, compacted, branched, 0.9–2.9 cm in diameter, brown externally, light yellow internally; root tubers terete, distant from the rhizomes, ca 3.0× 1.5 cm, brownish externally. Leafy shoots forming dense clumps, spreading, each shoot comprising13–16 well-developed leaves at flowering. Leaves deciduous, simple, distichous; ligules ca 3 mm long, bilobed, membranaceous, pale green, auriculate; petiole 8–11 mm long, connate a pulvinus; lamina elliptic, 13–29 × 4–7 cm, length / width ratio 3.3–5.6, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially pale green, pubescent along the midrib, base cuneate, apex acuminate, margin entire, conspicuously undulate, chartaceous. Inflorescences 2–4 per plant, arising from rhizomes; peduncles 1.5–2.4 cm long, ascending, glabrous; spike ellipsoid, ca 4.2–8.2 × 1.6–3.7 cm, each with 3–7 flowers; fertile bracts greenish-yellow, narrowly ovate, 3.5–4.1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, involute on both sides, apex acute to attenuate, glabrous externally and internally; bracteole narrowly ovate, 1.7–2.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, translucent greenish, apex acute, involute on both sides, glabrous externally and internally. Flowers 6–8 cm long, much exserted beyond the bracts; calyx tubular, membranaceous, ca 6 mm long, with unilateral incision, translucent. Corolla tube slender, ca 2.5 cm long, yellowish-white, glabrous externally and internally; dorsal corolla lobe narrowly ovate, ca 2.7 × 1.1 cm, yellow, translucent, apex acuminate, glabrous; lateral corolla lobes narrowly ovate, ca 2.2 × 0.7 cm, yellowish, translucent, apex acuminate, glabrous; labellum widely obovate, ca 2.8 × 2.0 cm, yellowish, apex retuse or entire, glabrous; lateral staminodes narrowly oblong, ca 1.6 × 0.5 cm, connate to labellum at ca basal ⅓, yellow, apices obtuse, glabrous. Stamen one; filament ca 2 mm, glabrous; anther connective tissue yellow, elongate appendage wrapped around style; anther thecae two, ca 1.1 cm long, longitudinal dehiscence, pollen light yellow; anther crest beak-shaped, ca 10 mm long when stretched, yellow, apex entire. Style filiform, white, ca 5.6 cm long, extending to the end of anther crest; stigma, white, ciliate. Ovary cylindrical, trilocular, ca 0.6 × 0.3 cm, yellow, pubescent; epigynous glands two, narrowly conical, ca 6 mm long, pale yellow, apices sharp. Capsule ovate, dehiscence loculicidal, ca 2.9 × 1.5 cm, usually shorter than persistent bract, pericarp yellow and orange-red inside. Seed ellipsoid, ca 0.4 × 0.3 cm, enveloped by the aril. Aril white, enveloping ¾ of the length of the seeds. Phenology Flowering from July to September. Fruiting from September to October. Distribution Distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. In Taiwan, this species was naturalized in Ilan County (see Discussion). Conservation Status This species is evaluated as data-deficient (DD) here, due to its uncertain taxonomic status., Published as part of Lin, Yuan-Chien, Chao, Chien-Ti, Chang, Chih-Yi & Tseng, Yen-Hsueh, 2022, Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan, pp. 74-102 in European Journal of Taxonomy 839 on pages 85-87, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1933, http://zenodo.org/record/7119107, {"references":["Roscoe W. 1807. A new arrangement of the plants of the Monandrian class usually called Scitamineae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 330 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1807. tb 00321. x","Thunberg C. P. 1784. Amomum. Systema Vegetabilium: secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus et differentiis. Editio decima quarta. Typis et impensis Jo. Christ. Dieterich, Gottingae."]}

Characters of Zingiber from Taiwan We examined and compared several characters of species of Zingiber from Taiwan, and those that were shown to have taxonomic value are listed in Table 1. Habit The Taiwanese taxa of Zingiber can be classified into two types, evergreen (Z. pleiostachyum and Z. shuanglongense) and deciduous (Z. chengii, Z. mioga, and Z. oligophyllum). Rhizome The cross sectional color of the rhizome varies from purple in Z. shuanglongense to yellow in other taxa (Fig. 1). Ligule The ligule is bilobed except in Z. oligophyllum, in which it is reduced (Fig. 2). Inflorescence The number of flowers per inflorescence and the shape of the bract, including the bracteole, are diagnostic characters. Zingiber chengii has only one to three loosely arranged flowers in an inflorescence. The other taxa all have more than three flowers that are densely arranged. The fertile bracts are usually narrowly ovate except in Z. oligophyllum where they are broadly ovate (Fig. 3). Flowers Floral characters are often regarded as diagnostic by several scholars (Wu & Larsen 2000; Yeh et al. 2012, 2013; Bai et al. 2016; Ohba 2016), and we found that to be true for the classification and identification of Taiwanese Zingiber. Each character is listed and described below. Corolla tube Two colors of corolla tube are classified here, creamy-white and yellow. Zingiber chengii and Z. shuanglongense have creamy-white corolla tubes, while Z. mioga, Z. oligophyllum, and Z. pleiostachyum have yellow corolla tubes. Labellum The labella can be separated according to color into purple and yellow. Zingiber chengii and Z. shuanglongense have obovate to widely ovate, bluish-purple labella with creamy-white patches on the basal parts. In contrast, Z. pleiostachyum has an obovate to oblong, reddish-purple labellum with yellow patches on the basal parts (Fig. 4). For the yellow type, Z. mioga and Z. oligophyllum have ovate to widely ovate, yellowish labella without patches. Lateral staminodes The morphology of lateral staminodes is similar to the labella; however, the dimensions of the adnate part could be of some taxonomic significance. For Z. pleiostachyum, the adnate part is ½ to ⅔ of the size of the staminodes, while all others often have adnate parts that are only ⅓ to ¼ the size of the staminodes. Anther crest Stamen morphology also provides taxonomic value for the Zingiber of Taiwan. The anther crest can be distinguished by color. The purple variety includes Z. chengii, Z. shuanglongense, and Z. pleiostachyum, while Z. mioga and Z. oligophyllum represent the yellow color. Distribution pattern of taxa of Zingiber of Taiwan Zingiber of Taiwan are often found in shady areas with high humidity, such as beneath the forest canopy, at forest margins, and in deep valleys. In terms of vertical distribution, the highest altitude habitat was found for Z. shuanglongense, which grows at heights up to 1600 m in the south (Fig. 5). Zingiber pleiostachyum is the most widely distributed species in Taiwan, found across the island and Lanyu Island (Fig. 6); in contrast, Z. chengii and Z. mioga are restricted to a very narrow area in Hsinchu and Ilan counties, respectively (Figs 5, 7). Zingiber shuanglongense and Z. oligophyllum are found in the central to southern parts of Taiwan (Fig. 7). Haplotype network and genetic distance of Zingiber koshunense, Z. pleiostachyum, and Z. shuanglongense In order to clarify the relationship of taxa with similar morphology, i.e., Z. koshunense, Z. pleiostachyum, and Z. shuanglongense, we reconstructed a haplotype network of these taxa. Two groups emerged from the haplotype network analysis: Z. pleiostachyum and Z. shuanglongense, with nine and four haplotypes, respectively. No shared haplotypes were found between the two groups. The haplotype of a specimen of Z. koshunense from Lanyu Island was identical to that of Z. pleiostachyum (Fig. 8). The genetic distance of Z. pleiostachyum vs Z. shuanglongense and Z. koshunense vs Z. shuanglongense was 0.0113, and that of Z. koshunense vs Z. pleiostachyum was 0.0005. These results revealed that Z. koshunense was more close to Z. pleiostachyum than to Z. shuanglongense, which was similar to the pattern of haplotype network analysis (Table 2). Key to the species of Zingiber from Taiwan 1. Labellum yellowish.......................................................................................................................... 2 – Labellum violet or reddish................................................................................................................ 3 2. Ligules reduced, truncate, Z. oligophyllum K.Schum. – Ligules bilobed,> 1 mm long; leaf upper surface smooth........................ Z. mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe 3. Spike with only few sterile bracts; capsule ovoid; ⅓ of seed enveloped by the aril............................................................................................................... Z. chengii Y.H.Tseng, C.M.Wang & Y.C.Lin – Spike with several sterile bracts; capsule ellipsoid; ¾ of seed enveloped by the aril...................... 4 4. Corolla tube yellow; ½ to ⅔ of lateral staminodes connate to labellum; capsule longer than the persistent bract....................................................................................... Z. pleiostachyum K.Schum. – Corolla tube creamy-white; ⅓ to ¼ of lateral staminodes connate to labellum; capsule equal to or shorter than the persistent bract...................................... Z. shuanglongense C.L.Yeh & S.W.Chung, Published as part of Lin, Yuan-Chien, Chao, Chien-Ti, Chang, Chih-Yi & Tseng, Yen-Hsueh, 2022, Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan, pp. 74-102 in European Journal of Taxonomy 839 on pages 76-83, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1933, http://zenodo.org/record/7119107, {"references":["Yeh C. L., Chung S. W., Kuo Y. W., Hsu T. C., Leou C. S., Hong S. J. & Yeh C. R. 2012. A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Taiwan, China, based on morphological and molecular data. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 50: 163 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1759 - 6831.2011.00179. x","Yeh C. R., Lee C. T., Leou C. S., Yeh C. L. & Hsieh S. I. 2013. Newly recorded distribution areas and taxonomic study of Zingiber oligophyllum K. Schumann (Zingiberaceae) in Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of Forest Research 35: 93 - 102.","Bai L., Leong-Skornickova J., Xia N. H. & Ye Y. S. 2016. Taxonomic studies on Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) in China III: Z. ventricosum, a new species from Yunnan, and notes on three closely related species. Phytotaxa 261 (2): 101 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 261.2.1","Ohba H. 2016. Zingiberaceae. In: Iwatsuki K., Boufford D. E. & Ohba H. (eds) Flora of Japan. IVb: Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae: 187 - 191. Kodansha, Tokyo."]}

Zingiber chengii Y.H.Tseng, C.M.Wang & Y.C.Lin urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77204420-1 Fig. 9 PhytoKeys 139: 3 (Wang et al. 2020). Type: TAIWAN – Hsinchu County • Jianshih Township; alt. 320 m; 23 May 2014; Y.H. Tseng 5614; holotype: TCF!. Additional material examined TAIWAN – Hsinchu County • same collection data as for holotype; Y.H. Tseng 5615; TCF • ibid.; Chao 4471; TAIF • ibid.; C.M. Wang & C.Y. Li 16051; TNM • ibid.; Y.C. Lin 1148; TCF • Bilin Bridge; Y.C. Lin 1355; TCF. Description Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 40–70 cm tall. Rhizomes fleshy, weakly aromatic, compacted, densely branched, 0.8–1.4 cm in diameter, brown externally, light yellow internally; root tubers terete, distant from the rhizomes, ca 3.8 × 1.2 cm, brownish green externally. Leafy shoots forming dense clumps, spreading, each shoot comprised of 11–15 well-developed leaves at flowering. Leaves deciduous, simple, distichous; ligules ca 2 mm long, bilobed, membranaceous, pale green, auriculate; petioles 2.0−3.0 mm long, connate a pulvinus; lamina narrowly ovate, 9−15 × 1.5−2.5 cm, length/ width ratio 5.1−6.6, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially pale green, pubescent along the midrib, base cuneate obtuse, apex acuminate, margin entire, undulate, chartaceous. Inflorescences 1–2 per plant, arising from rhizomes; peduncles 2.5–6.2 cm long, ascending, glabrous; spike narrowly oblong, ca 10.5–12.5 × 2.0–3.0 cm, each with 1–3flowers; fertile bracts yellowish green, usually tinged with red, narrowly ovate, 2.5–3.0 × 0.6–0.8 cm, involute on both sides, apex acute to attenuate, glabrous externally and internally; bracteole narrowly ovate, 1.8–2.8 × 0.6–0.8 cm, translucent green with slight red tinge, apex acute, involute on both sides, glabrous externally and internally. Flowers 7.0–9.0 cm long, much exserted beyond the bracts; calyx tubular, membranaceous, ca 7 mm long, with unilateral incision, translucent. Corolla tube slender, ca 3.5 cm long, creamy-white, glabrous externally and internally; dorsal corolla lobe narrowly ovate, ca 2.7 × 0.7 cm, purple, apex acuminate, glabrous; lateral corolla lobes narrowly ovate, ca 2.5 × 0.7 cm, purple, apex acuminate, glabrous; labellum widely obovate, ca 3.0 × 2.5 cm, purple, apex retuse or entire, with scattered creamy-white patches at base, glabrous; lateral staminodes narrowly oblong, ca 2.0 × 0.5 cm, connate to labellum at ca basal ⅓ to ¼, purple, apices obtuse, glabrous. Stamen one; filament ca 1 mm, glabrous; anther connective tissue creamy-white, elongate appendage wrapped around style; anther thecae two, ca 1 cm long, longitudinal dehiscence, pollen light yellow; anther crest beak-shaped, ca 1.5 cm long when stretched, purple, apex entire. Style filiform, white, ca 5.5 cm long, extending to the end of anther crest; stigma white, ciliate. Ovary cylindrical, trilocular, ca 6.0 × 3.0 mm, yellowish green, pubescent; epigynous glands two, narrowly conical, ca 6 mm long, pale yellow, apices sharp. Capsule ovate, dehiscence loculicidal, ca 1.5 × 1.3 cm, usually as long as the persistent bract, pericarp yellowish-cream or orange-red inside. Seed ellipsoid, ca 4.0 × 2.0 mm, enveloped by the aril. Aril white, deeply denticulate at apex, enveloping ⅓ of the length of the seeds. Phenology Flowering between May and July, and fruiting between July and September. Distribution Endemic to Taiwan. Conservation status This species was evaluated as Endangered (EN) by Wang et al. (2020)., Published as part of Lin, Yuan-Chien, Chao, Chien-Ti, Chang, Chih-Yi & Tseng, Yen-Hsueh, 2022, Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan, pp. 74-102 in European Journal of Taxonomy 839 on pages 83-85, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1933, http://zenodo.org/record/7119107, {"references":["Wang C. M., Lin Y. C. & Tseng Y. H. 2020. Zingiber chengii (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Taiwan. PhytoKeys 139: 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / phytokeys. 139.37294"]}

Zingiber shuanglongense C.L.Yeh & S.W.Chung urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77133995-1 Fig. 13 Journal of Systematics and Evolution 50: 168 (Yeh et al. 2012), as ʻ shuanglongensis ʼ. Type: TAIWAN – Nantou County • Shuanglung; 12 Apr. 2008; C.R. Yeh s.n.; holotype: TAIF [TAIF-156518]!. Additional material examined TAIWAN – Nantou County • Shuanglung Logging Trail; T.W. Hsu 3301; TAIF • ibid.; Y.C. Lin 1294; TCF • Jenlun logging road; Y.C. Lin 1306; TCF. – Chiayi County • Shihcho to Shihtzulu; T.W. Hsu 5546; TAIF • Dadungshan backbend (huitouwan); Y.C. Lin 1292; TCF • Dingshizhao; Y.C. Lin 1347; TCF. – Kaohsiung County • Tengchih Forest resort area; C.I. Peng 11225; HAST • Terng-Jr; J.C. Wang et al.7528; TNU • ibid.; S.Z. Yang 7202, 7203, 7185, 9804; PPI • Tengchih; T.W. Hsu 9861; TAIE • ibid.; S.W. Wu 5084; TAIF • ibid.; S.W. Wu 5084; TAIF • ibid.; Y.C. Lin 1256; TCF • Tengchih National Forest recreation area; T.W. Hsu 14360; TAIE • Mt. Paiyun; Y.C. Lin 1319; TCF; Hsiaokuangshan logging road; Y.C. Lin 1316; TCF. – Pingtung County • Along Tahan forest road; C.I. Huang et al. 2828; HAST • Forest trail from Ali to Hsiaokueihu; C.C. Liao et al. 636; HAST, TNU • Xiaoguihu; C.S. Kouh 16039; NCKU, TNM • Tahan forest road; Y.C. Lin 1329; TCF • Aluwan historical trail; Y.C. Lin 1342; TCF. – Taitung County • Hungshih Logging Trail; Y.P. Cheng 4381; TAIF • Yanping forest road 11 km; C.H. Chen 6006; TAIE • Lichia Logging Trail; Y.C. Lin 1338; TCF. Description Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 40–70 cm tall. Rhizomes fleshy, weakly aromatic, compacted, densely branched, 0.8–2.7 cm in diameter, brown externally, purplish internally; root tubers terete, distant from the rhizomes, ca 5 × 1.5 cm, brownish externally. Leafy shoots forming dense clumps, spreading, each shoot comprising 7–21 well-developed leaves at flowering. Leaves evergreen, simple, distichous; ligules ca 5 mm long, bilobed, membranaceous, pale green, auriculate; petiole 3−7 mm long, connate a pulvinus; lamina elliptic to narrowly ovate, 12−23 × 2−7 cm, length/ width ratio 2.8−6.7, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially pale green sometimes flush, pubescent, base cuneate or obtuse, apex acuminate, margin entire, undulate, chartaceous. Inflorescences 1–4 per plant, arising from rhizomes; peduncles 2–8.3 cm long, ascending, glabrous; spike narrowly cylindrical, ca 8–9.3 × 2.0– 2.5 cm, each with 3–8 flowers; fertile bracts greenish-red, lanceolate, 2.3–3.3 × 0.5–1.0 cm, usually red tinged, involute on both sides, apex acute to attenuate, glabrous externally and internally; bracteole lanceolate, 1.7–2.2 × 0.4–0.6 cm, translucent reddish with slight red tinge, apex acute, involute on both sides, glabrous externally and internally. Flowers 6.2–7.3 cm long, much exserted beyond the bracts; calyx tubular, membranaceous, 5–10 mm long, with unilateral incision, translucent. Corolla tube slender, 2.6–3.4 cm long, creamy-white, glabrous externally and internally; dorsal corolla lobe lanceolate, ca 2.5 × 0.7 cm, red, apex acuminate, glabrous; lateral corolla lobes lanceolate, ca 2.3 × 0.6 cm, red, apex acuminate, glabrous; labellum widely obovate, ca 2.9 × 1.9 cm, purple, apex retuse, with scattered cream-white patches at base, glabrous; lateral staminodes narrowly oblong, ca 2.3 × 0.4 cm, connate to labellum at basal ⅓ to ¼, purple, apices obtuse, glabrous. Stamen one; filament ca 2 mm, glabrous; anther connective tissue creamy-white, elongate appendage wrapped around style; anther thecae two, ca 1.1 cm long, longitudinal dehiscence, pollen light yellow; anther crest beak-shaped, ca 1.3 cm long when stretched, purple, apex entire. Style filiform, white, ca 5.6 cm long, extending to the end of anther crest; stigma white, ciliate. Ovary cylindrical, trilocular, ca 5.0 × 2.8 mm, yellowish green, pubescent; epigynous glands two, narrowly conical, ca 5 mm long, pale yellow, apices sharp. Capsule elliptic, dehiscence loculicidal, ca 3.3 × 1.4 cm, usually shorter or as long as the persistent bract, pericarp yellowish-red and red inside. Seed ellipsoid, ca 6.5 × 4.5 mm, enveloped by the aril. Aril white, enveloping ¾ of the length of the seeds. Phenology Flowering from August to November and fruiting from October to February. Distribution Endemic to Taiwan. Conservation status This species was evaluated as Least Concerned (LC) by the Editorial Committee of the Red List of Taiwan Plants (2017). Notes According to ICN art. 23.5 (Turland et al. 2018), the adjective form of the species epithet must agree with the gender of the generic name, and must be corrected when not conforming to this article. Therefore, the gender of the original spelling of ʻ shuanglongensis ʼ by Yeh et al. (2013) did not conform to the neuter gender of ʻ Zingiber ʼ, thus needed to be corrected to ʻ shuanglongense ʼ. Bai et al. (2015b) also made the same correction for this specific epithet., Published as part of Lin, Yuan-Chien, Chao, Chien-Ti, Chang, Chih-Yi & Tseng, Yen-Hsueh, 2022, Taxonomic revision of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) of Taiwan, pp. 74-102 in European Journal of Taxonomy 839 on pages 93-95, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1933, http://zenodo.org/record/7119107, {"references":["Yeh C. L., Chung S. W., Kuo Y. W., Hsu T. C., Leou C. S., Hong S. J. & Yeh C. R. 2012. A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Taiwan, China, based on morphological and molecular data. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 50: 163 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1759 - 6831.2011.00179. x","Editorial Committee of the Red List of Taiwan Plants. 2017. The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan, 2017. Endemic Species Research Institute, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics, Taiwan.","Turland N. J., Wiersema J. H., Barrie F. R., Greuter W., Hawksworth D. L., Herendeen P. S., Knapp S., Kusber W. H., Li D. Z., Marhold K., May T. W., McNeill J., Monro A. M., Prado J., Price M. J. & Smith G. F. 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Yeh C. R., Lee C. T., Leou C. S., Yeh C. L. & Hsieh S. I. 2013. Newly recorded distribution areas and taxonomic study of Zingiber oligophyllum K. Schumann (Zingiberaceae) in Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of Forest Research 35: 93 - 102.","Bai L., Leong-Skornickova J. & Xia N. H. 2015 b. Taxonomic studies on Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) in China II: Zingiber tenuifolium, a new species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 227 (1): 92 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 227.1.10"]}

Polygonatum is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, especially in eastern Asia. There has been no comprehensive taxonomic study of Taiwanese taxa for some time, and researchers could not agree on a consistent treatment of the genus. Therefore, we revised the genus by literature review and type specimen examination along with comparison of morphology, karyotype and pollen characteristics. Only one species P.arisanense Hayata was recognized in this study. P.chingshuishanianum Ying and P.formosanum (Hayata) Masamune & Simada are regarded as varieties of P.arisanense and are here presented as two new combinations, P.arisanensevar.chingshuishanianum and P.arisanensevar.formosanum.

A taxonomic revision of Disporum of Taiwan is presented with two species and one variety being recognised. The diagnostic characters of Disporum include the colour of tepals, stolon morphology, the trichomes of filaments and style and leaf morphology. These characters, along with karyotype and pollen morphology, are discussed and evaluated amongst different taxa. As a result, D.kawakamii and D.shimadae are treated as independent species, rather than varieties of D.cantoniense and D.sessile, respectively. Disporumnantouense is treated as a synonym of D.sessilevar.intermediumstat. nov. Detailed descriptions, type information, diagnostic key, line drawings, photos and distribution maps are provided.