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Simple Summary: Behavioral diversity is sometimes used by animal scientists to better understand and compare how animals behave. The methods used in behavioral diversity research have not been investigated across the entire research sector. This paper aims to identify which methods are being used in behavioral diversity research and find some novel methods from other areas of science that could be used in new research. To investigate the techniques and species investigated in behavioral diversity literature, a literature search was conducted. Two methods: behavioral richness and the Shannon–Wiener index, were the most often used methods, whereas the Behavioral Variability index featured rarely. While a range of species appeared in the behavioral literature, mammals were the most frequently studied animal group, whereas amphibians did not feature in any papers. There are several diversity indices which did not feature in behavioral diversity including Simpson's index, and Chao. These methods could be used to better understand animal behavioral study outputs or be used to estimate the number of 'unobserved' behaviors that an animal may express. Future studies could therefore make use of these unused tools. Behavioral diversity is a commonly used tool used to quantify the richness and evenness of animal behaviors and assess the effect of variables that may impact an animal's quality of life. The indices used in behavioral diversity research, and the study subjects, have not been formally reviewed. This paper aims to identify which indices are being used in behavioral diversity research, and under which scenarios, and uncover novel indices from other disciplines that could be applied to behavioral diversity. To investigate the techniques and species investigated in behavioral diversity literature, a Web of Science literature search was conducted. Two methods: behavioral richness and the Shannon–Wiener index, were the most frequently used indices, whereas the Behavioral Variability index featured rarely. While a range of species appeared in the behavioral literature, mammals were the most frequently studied Class, whereas amphibians did not feature in any papers. There are several diversity indices which did not feature in behavioral diversity including Simpson's index, and Chao. Such indices could be used to better understand animal behavioral study outputs or be used to estimate the number of 'unobserved' behaviors that an animal may express. Future studies could therefore extend beyond the Shannon–Wiener and richness indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chao merupakan produk fermentasi tradisional dari daerah Sulawesi Selatan dengan bahan baku ikan tembang, garam dan nasi yang difermentasi dengan ragi tape dan ragi tempe. Penelitian ini menggunakan bakteri asam laktat (BAL) proteolitik Lactobacillus plantarum Ags1-3 dan P. acidilactici Ags7-3 sebagai co-starter untuk mempelajari perananan dan potensinya sebagai penghasil ACE inhibitor selama fermentasi chao ikan tembang. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu fermentasi garam (20%) (A-B), fermentasi BAL (C-D), dan fermentasi campuran BAL dengan nasi terfementasi (E-F). Sebagai kontrol adalah chao yang difermentasi tanpa penambahan inokulum BAL. Selama fermentasi diamati kadar garam, aktivitas air, populasi mikroorganisme, produksi asam dan perubahan pH serta kadar protein terlarut dan aktivitas inhibitor Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada fermentasi garam (A-B) terjadi kenaikan kadar garam pada ikan tembang dari 10,75% menjadi 16,48% dan tidak terjadi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme pada tahap ini. Pada tahap fermentasi BAL (C-D), terjadi kenaikan jumlah bakteri dan total BAL lebih dari 2 siklus log, namun pada kontrol, jumlah bakteri dan total BAL lebih rendah. BAL proteolitik mendegradasi protein menjadi komponen yang lebih sederhana yang ditandai dengan kenaikan yang nyata pada kadar protein terlarutnya dan tidak terjadi penurunan pH. Isolat BAL proteolitik berpotensi menghasilkan inhibitor ACE yang ditandai dengan aktivitas ACE-I mencapai 84-85%, sedang pada kontrol, aktivitas penghambatan ACE pada ikan yang difermentasi hanya 58%. Pada fermentasi campuran (E-F) terjadi peningkatan produksi asam dan penurunan pH yang nyata karena tersedianya sumber karbon yang berasal dari nasi terfermentasi. Fermentasi chao tanpa penambahan inokulum juga terjadi penurunan pH, namun nilai pHnya lebih tinggi. Fermentasi chao dengan penambahan inokulum BAL proteolitik berpotensi menghasilkan aktivitas penghambatan ACE dan dapat memperpendek waktu fermentasi.

Behavioral diversity is a commonly used tool used to quantify the richness and evenness of animal behaviors and assess the effect of variables that may impact an animal’s quality of life. The indices used in behavioral diversity research, and the study subjects, have not been formally reviewed. This paper aims to identify which indices are being used in behavioral diversity research, and under which scenarios, and uncover novel indices from other disciplines that could be applied to behavioral diversity. To investigate the techniques and species investigated in behavioral diversity literature, a Web of Science literature search was conducted. Two methods: behavioral richness and the Shannon–Wiener index, were the most frequently used indices, whereas the Behavioral Variability index featured rarely. While a range of species appeared in the behavioral literature, mammals were the most frequently studied Class, whereas amphibians did not feature in any papers. There are several diversity indices which did not feature in behavioral diversity including Simpson’s index, and Chao. Such indices could be used to better understand animal behavioral study outputs or be used to estimate the number of ‘unobserved’ behaviors that an animal may express. Future studies could therefore extend beyond the Shannon–Wiener and richness indices.

Copyright of Commons. Revista de Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital is the property of Universidad de Cadiz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this review note, a historical scientific investigation is presented for Lamb's problem in the mathematical theory of elasticity. This problem first appeared in 1904 in the pioneering paper of Professor Sir Horace Lamb (Lamb, H. On the propagation of tremors over the surface of an elastic solid. Philos Trans R Soc Lon 1904; 203: 1–42). Of special interest here are the analytical studies of the three-dimensional version of Lamb's problem, which consists of a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic elastic solid that is set in motion by the exertion of a dynamical point force applied suddenly on the surface of the domain. The objective of this paper is to offer a comprehensive introduction to Lamb's problem for the reader, along with discussing its mathematical complexities. An account is given of the history of this ever-significant problem from its earlier stages to the more recent investigations via outlining and discussing different rigorous approaches and methods of solution that have been hitherto suggested. The limitations of different methods, if they exist, are also discussed. Eventually, various solution methods are compared considering their nature, advantages, and restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important foundations of the coinage system and exchanges in the Ilkhanate era were metal coins including gold, silver and copper. In the short run, paper money or Banknotes also became popular. So, the system was Multi-metal. Until the Ghazan reforms, it did not follow a centralized policy. Each of the countries under the jurisdiction of the Ilkhanate had a special weight and carat. Generally, its most important feature in many times was coin fraud and weight loss. The economy of this era was based on money, and barter system of exchange did not have much place. The present article tries to recognize the status of the system of coinage and exchanges in the Ilkhanate era, its most important features, its efficiency and ineffectiveness based on its effective factors.

Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu nhằm khảo sát một số yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng chao thành phẩm. Qua đó, tiến hành nghiên cứu cải tiến quy trình sản xuất chao ở Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long. Tỷ lệ chủng nấm mốc Actinomucor elegans và các điều kiện ảnh hưởng đến quá trình lên men nhằm cải thiện chất lượng chao đã được khảo sát. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã xác định được tỷ lệ chủng mốc là 105 bào tử sống/gram cơ chất khô (cfu/gdw), thời gian ủ mốc 48 giờ cho hiệu quả thủy phân cao nhất (đạt 12,0 U/mg protein). Hơn nữa, thí nghiệm khảo sát ảnh hưởng của bổ sung muối và rượu vào nước chan cho thấy bổ sung hàm lượng muối NaCl với mức độ 12%, hàm lượng rượu ethanol 10% giúp nâng cao giá trị đạm amin, hiệu suất lên men và giảm hàm lượng đạm amoniac trong sản phẩm.

The aim of the study was to isolate, select, and identify proteolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from chao, a traditional fermented fish from Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. LAB was isolated by poured plate method. Proteolytic LAB were selected using agar skim milk media. Protease activity of LAB was determined based on the amount of tyrosine released in unit/mL. Proteolytic LAB were identified using API 50 CHL kit and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The result showed that a total of 60 isolates were obtained from chao, and 57% of them were cocci-shape. Fifteen isolates were halotolerant proteolytic LAB. Their R values and protease activity were 2.11–3.39 and 0.267–0.304 U/mL, respectively. Identification by API 50 CHL kit showed that four rod-shape isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum, and two others were Lactobacillus curvatus. Cocci-shape isolates could not be identified as cocci bacterium. Rep-PCR results showed that there were two kinds of bands, namely thick and thin. Two isolates were selected from two types of bands that had the highest R for the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, namely Ags1-3 and Ags7-3. The results showed that Ags1-3 isolate was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum and Ags7-3 as Pediococcus acidilactici. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays important roles in some malignant tumors. However, the mechanism underlying how lncRNA regulates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) process remains largely unknown. In this study, we explored the potential role of lncRNA 00607 as a novel tumor suppressor in HCC. In this study, we examined the regulation of lncRNA 00607 by the important inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). We also determined the expression of LINC000607 in 159 HCC tumors and paired adjacent tissues. Effects of LINC000607 in HCC proliferation and apoptosis were examined in vitro in HCC cell lines and in vivo tumor xenografts. Furthermore, we also examine underlying mechanism by which lncRNA 00607 regulates NF-κB p65 and how LIN00607 exerts its tumor suppressor role in HCC. We found that lncRNA 00607 expression level is lower in HCC tumors compared with matched normal liver tissue, and its low expression predicts worse prognosis in HCC. Functionally, lncRNA 00607 overexpression leads to decreased HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, enhanced apoptosis and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity. Mechanistically, lncRNA 00607 inhibits the p65 transcription by binding to the p65 promoter region, therefore contributing to increased p53 levels in HCC. Taken together, the findings of this study show that the TNF-α/IL-6-lncRNA 00607-NF-κB p65/p53 signaling axis represents a novel therapeutic avenue in cancer chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ziran Kexueshi Yanjiu (Studies in the History of Natural Sciences) is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eutopía: Revista de Desarrollo Económico Territorial is the property of Eutopia: Revista de Desarrollo Economico Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interdisciplinary Journal of Social Management / Revista Interdisciplinar de Gestão Social is the property of Revista Interdisciplinar de Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMO Assumindo-se como uma reflexão sobre a transformação e permanência da arquitectura da cidade, guiada pela experiencia litúrgica dos caminhos pisados, a leitura do Chão da cidade surge como um processo relacional entre os diversos lugares, revela-nos um sistema de articulação e estruturação em rede, que se aborda ao nível da definição do conceito, ao nível da formação da sua identidade e finalmente ao nível da crítica e criatividade do projecto como fundamento de cidade. Assim e partindo da questão de como é e como se revela ou caracteriza o Chão da cidade, explora-se o conceito de Chão como uma rede sistémica de espaço público, assumindo esse mesmo espaço como uma espécie de impressão vivencial, onde o Chão da cidade se afirma como uma metáfora de reposicionamento conceptual perante as contingências urbanas actuais, assumido como um princípio agregador do espaço urbano, reestruturador da urbanidade, e da eficácias estética e ética das cidades. Uma espécie de matriz espacial, fundada sobre a criação de uma rede de coesão cívica, uma espécie de impressão digital urbana. SUMMARY Being assumed as a reflection on the transformation and permanence of the city, guided by the liturgical experience of the trodden paths, the reading of the City Ground emerges as a process of relating the various locations. It shows us a system of networked articulation and structuring, studied at the level of concept definition, at the level of the formation of its identity and, finally, at the level of criticism and creativity of the project as a foundation of the city. Thus, and starting from the question of what it is and how the City Ground is revealed or characterized, the concept of the plan is explored as a systematic network of public spaces. This same space assumes a kind of living imprint, where the city ground is stated as a metaphor for conceptual repositioning in the face of current urban contingencies, taking it as a primary aggregator of urban space, restructurer of urbanity and of the aesthetic and ethical efficiencies of the cities. A kind of spatial matrix founded on the creation of a network of civic cohesion, a kind of urban digital imprinting.

Understanding the functional relationship between the sample size and the performance of species richness estimators is necessary to optimize limited sampling resources against estimation error. Nonparametric estimators such as Chao and Jackknife demonstrate strong performances, but consensus is lacking as to which estimator performs better under constrained sampling. We explore a method to improve the estimators under such scenario. The method we propose involves randomly splitting species-abundance data from a single sample into two equally sized samples, and using an appropriate incidence-based estimator to estimate richness. To test this method, we assume a lognormal species-abundance distribution (SAD) with varying coefficients of variation (CV), generate samples using MCMC simulations, and use the expected mean-squared error as the performance criterion of the estimators. We test this method for Chao, Jackknife, ICE, and ACE estimators. Between abundance-based estimators with the single sample, and incidence-based estimators with the split-in-two samples, Chao2 performed the best when CV < 0.65, and incidence-based Jackknife performed the best when CV > 0.65, given that the ratio of sample size to observed species richness is greater than a critical value given by a power function of CV with respect to abundance of the sampled population. The proposed method increases the performance of the estimators substantially and is more effective when more rare species are in an assemblage. We also show that the splitting method works qualitatively similarly well when the SADs are log series, geometric series, and negative binomial. We demonstrate an application of the proposed method by estimating richness of zooplankton communities in samples of ballast water. The proposed splitting method is an alternative to sampling a large number of individuals to increase the accuracy of richness estimations; therefore, it is appropriate for a wide range of resource-limited sampling scenarios in ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbiota affects host health, and dysbiosis is involved in colitis. Sorghum bran influences butyrate concentrations during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis, suggesting microbiota changes.We aimed to characterize the microbiota during colitis, and ascertain if polyphenol-rich sorghum bran diets mitigate these effects. Rats (n = 80) were fed diets containing 6% fiber from cellulose, or Black (3-deoxyanthocyanins), Sumac (condensed tannins), or Hi Tannin black (both) sorghum bran. Inflammation was induced three times using 3% DSS for 48 h (40 rats, 2 week separation), and the microbiota characterized by pyrosequencing. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in Cellulose DSS rats. Colonic injury negatively correlated with Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillales and Lactobacillus, and positively correlated with Unknown/Unclassified. Post DSS#2, richness was significantly lower in Sumac and Hi Tannin black. Post DSS#3 Bacteroidales, Bacteroides, Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Lactobacillus were reduced, with no Clostridium identified. Diet significantly affected Bacteroidales, Bacteroides, Clostridiales and Lactobacillus post DSS#2 and #3. Post DSS#3 diet significantly affected all genus, including Bacteroides and Lactobacillus, and diversity and richness increased. Sumac and Hi Tannin black DSS had significantly higher richness compared to controls. Thus, these sorghum brans may protect against alterations observed during colitis including reduced microbial diversity and richness, and dysbiosis of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estúdio (1647-6158) is the property of Revista Estudio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents an investigation of the nonlinear dynamical system of an electrostatically actuated micro-cantilever by the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method. An efficient approach is proposed to tackle the difficulty in expanding the nonlinear terms into truncated Fourier series. With the help of this approach, periodic and multi-periodic solutions are obtained by the IHB method. Numerical examples show that the IHB solutions, provided as many as harmonics are taken into account, are in excellent agreement with numerical results. In addition, an iterative algorithm is suggested to accurately determine period doubling bifurcation points. The route to chaos via period doublings starting from the period-1 or period-3 solution are analyzed according to the Floquet and the Feigenbaum theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As recorded in the Zuozhuan, disagreements arose following the death of Shusun Bao. As Shu Niu did not intend to bury him according to the funeral rites of the State of Lu, he conspired with Shuzhong Dai and fought with Du Xie, the chief servant of Shusun, with regard to which city gate the funerary cart should pass through. There are two keywords, namely xian ... and chao ..., used in their arguments that have attracted numerous and controversial discussions since ancient times. The present article conducts a critical examination of the variety of explanations provided by both Chinese and Japanese scholars. It proposes an approach by combining meaning with syntax, and taking both the narrative and the ritual into consideration. The article argues that xian is an equivalent of si ... (dead) and that xianzhe ... (dead people) collocates with ximen ... western city gate). Also, chao refers to a specific space in front of the kumen ... (court door), the primary gate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta diversity is a conceptual link between diversity at local and regional scales. Various additional methodologies of quantifying this and related phenomena have been applied. Among them, measures of pairwise (dis)similarity of sites are particularly popular. Undersampling, i.e. not recording all taxa present at a site, is a common situation in ecological data. Bias in many metrics related to beta diversity must be expected, but only few studies have explicitly investigated the properties of various measures under undersampling conditions., On the basis of an empirical data set, representing near-complete local inventories of the Lepidoptera from an isolated Pacific island, as well as simulated communities with varying properties, we mimicked different levels of undersampling. We used 14 different approaches to quantify beta diversity, among them dataset-wide multiplicative partitioning (i.e. 'true beta diversity') and pairwise site x site dissimilarities. We compared their values from incomplete samples to true results from the full data. We used these comparisons to quantify undersampling bias and we calculated correlations of the dissimilarity measures of undersampled data with complete data of sites., Almost all tested metrics showed bias and low correlations under moderate to severe undersampling conditions (as well as deteriorating precision, i.e. large chance effects on results). Measures that used only species incidence were very sensitive to undersampling, while abundance-based metrics with high dependency on the distribution of the most common taxa were particularly robust. Simulated data showed sensitivity of results to the abundance distribution, confirming that data sets of high evenness and/or the application of metrics that are strongly affected by rare species are particularly sensitive to undersampling., The class of beta measure to be used should depend on the research question being asked as different metrics can lead to quite different conclusions even without undersampling effects. For each class of metric, there is a trade-off between robustness to undersampling and sensitivity to rare species. In consequence, using incidence-based metrics carries a particular risk of false conclusions when undersampled data are involved. Developing bias corrections for such metrics would be desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study performs a systematic analysis of the dynamic behavior of a gear-bearing system with nonlinear suspension, nonlinear oil-film force, and nonlinear gear mesh force. The dynamic orbits of the system are observed using bifurcation diagrams plotted with both the dimensionless unbalance coefficient and the dimensionless rotational speed ratio as control parameters. The onset of chaotic motion is identified from the phase diagrams, power spectra, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov exponents, and fractal dimensions of the gear-bearing system. The numerical results reveal that the system exhibits a diverse range of periodic, sub-harmonic, and chaotic behaviors. The results presented in this study provide an understanding of the operating conditions under which undesirable dynamic motion takes place in a gear-bearing system and therefore serves as a useful source of reference for engineers in designing and controlling such systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates the applications of capture–recapture methods to human populations. Capture–recapture methods are commonly used in estimating the size of wildlife populations but can also be used in epidemiology and social sciences, for estimating prevalence of a particular disease or the size of the homeless population in a certain area. Here we focus on estimating the prevalence of infectious diseases. Several estimators of population size are considered: the Lincoln–Petersen estimator and its modified version, the Chapman estimator, Chao’s lower bound estimator, the Zelterman’s estimator, McKendrick’s moment estimator and the maximum likelihood estimator. In order to evaluate these estimators, they are applied to real, three-source, capture-recapture data. By conditioning on each of the sources of three source data, we have been able to compare the estimators with the true value that they are estimating. The Chapman and Chao estimators were compared in terms of their relative bias. A variance formula derived through conditioning is suggested for Chao’s estimator, and normal 95% confidence intervals are calculated for this and the Chapman estimator. We then compare the coverage of the respective confidence intervals. Furthermore, a simulation study is included to compare Chao’s and Chapman’s estimator. Results indicate that Chao’s estimator is less biased than Chapman’s estimator unless both sources are independent. Chao’s estimator has also the smaller mean squared error. Finally, the implications and limitations of the above methods are discussed, with suggestions for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]