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Background: This in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of professional and home-use fluoride regimens for protecting irradiated enamel, undergoing pH cycling resembling xerostomia. Methods: Sixty human premolar teeth were irradiated with a total dose of 70 Gy and subsequently sectioned into 3 × 3 cm enamel slabs. These slabs were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 12 per group): professional-use groups received fluoride varnish either weekly (FV1) or biweekly (FV2); home-use groups applied 5000 ppm (FT5) or 1450 ppm (FT) fluoride toothpaste; and a control group (control) received no treatment. Following radiation, microhardness was measured to establish baseline values. Following 28 days of pH cycling and concurrent fluoride therapy, microhardness was reassessed on day 7, 14, 21, and 28. After the pH cycling period, surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Results: All groups demonstrated declines over the 28-day pH cycling period. FV1 and FV2 maintained higher microhardness relative to control (p < 0.0001). FT5 consistently showed better preservation of enamel microhardness compared to FT (p < 0.0001), with both outperforming control (p < 0.0001), albeit FT to a lesser extent. Conclusion: Fluoride treatments significantly enhanced the enamel's resistance to pH reduction caused by radiation. It is recommended to apply professional fluoride varnish biweekly and use 5000 ppm fluoride toothpaste twice daily for the most effective enhancement of pH resistance in irradiated enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate M1 and M2 macrophage polarization in radicular cysts and periapical granulomas through an immunohistochemical analysis and the correlation between macrophage polarization and histopathological diagnosis, clinical characteristics and lesion volume using cone‐beam computed tomography. Methodology: Periapical biopsies diagnosed as radicular cysts (n = 52) and periapical granulomas (n = 51) were analysed by immunohistochemical method. Teeth with periapical lesion with no history of root canal treatment (primary lesion) and lesions persistent to root canal treatment (persistent lesions) were included. Pathological diagnosis, patients' age, gender and clinical characteristics were obtained from treatment records. A cone‐beam computed tomographic periapical volume index (CBCTPAVI) score was assigned to each periapical lesion based on the volume of the lesion. Immuno‐expressions of CD68 and CD163 were quantified. The CD68/CD163 ratio was adopted to represent M1 or M2 macrophage polarization. Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine the different CD68/CD163 ratio between groups of radicular cyst and periapical granuloma. Spearman's correlation test was performed to assess the correlation between the CD68/CD163 ratio and lesion volume and CBCTPAVI score. Results: Radicular cysts and periapical granulomas had CD68/CD163 median of 2.05 (IQR = 1.33) and 1.26 (IQR = 0.81), respectively. A significantly higher CD68/CD163 ratio was observed in radicular cysts (p <.001). In contrast, periapical granulomas had significantly lower median of CD68/CD163 ratio. Larger lesions had a higher median of CD68/CD163 ratio, while smaller lesions had lower median of CD68/CD163 ratio (p =.007, rs =.262). CD68/CD163 ratio was significantly correlated with the CBCTPAVI score in the overall periapical lesions (p =.002, rs =.306). The higher CD68/CD163 ratio in larger lesions indicated a higher degree of M1 polarization compared to smaller lesions. Regarding the pathological diagnosis, there was a significant positive correlation between CBCTPAVI score and CD68/CD163 ratio in periapical granulomas (p <.001, rs =.453), whereas the negative correlation was observed for radicular cysts (p <.001, rs = −.471). Conclusions: Periapical granulomas are characterized by a M2‐dominant macrophage polarization, while radicular cysts have significantly higher M1 macrophages. The higher degree of M1 macrophage polarization was significantly correlated with larger volume and higher CBCTPAVI scores of overall periapical lesion and periapical granuloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various orodental problems affect patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI), but there are limited studies on these issues. Aim: To study orodental status and its confounding factors in patients with IEI. Design: Caries, enamel defects, gingival, and soft tissue conditions were examined. Data on patient characteristics, dental hygiene habits, dental attendance, and household income were collected. Statistical analysis and logistic regression were performed. Results: Forty‐five participants with a mean age of 9.20 ± 6.41 years were included. Almost all participants had gingivitis (42 of 45; 93.3%), whereas a small number had periodontitis (five of 45; 11.1%). Calculus was found in 33 (73.3%) and caries in 30 (66.7%). Mucosal ulcers, enamel defects, and candidiasis were observed in 23 of 45 (51.1%), 16 of 43 (37.2%), and six of 43 (14.0%), respectively. Chances of having caries, moderate‐to‐severe gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus, and ulcers increased with age. Taking antibiotics in the last two months increased the risk of caries by five times. Lower income increased the risk of calculus deposit by nine times. Conclusion: Gingivitis, calculus, caries, and mucosal ulcers were the most common orodental findings in patients with IEI. Antibiotics increased the risk of caries, and low‐income children had higher calculus accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the relative frequency, demographic and pathologic profiles of patients diagnosed with cysts of the jaws. Materials and Methods: Biopsy records of the participating institutions from 2000 to 2020 were reviewed for lesions diagnosed in the cyst category. Demographic data, the location of the cysts and pathologic diagnoses were collected. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistics using IBM SPSS software version 28.0. Results: From 148,353 accessioned cases, 25,628 cases (17.28%) were diagnosed in the cyst category. Mean age of the patients ± SD = 42.62 ± 19.36 years. Paediatric patients (aged ≤ 16 years) accounted for 9.63%, while geriatric patients (aged ≥ 65) comprised 14.22% of all the patients. The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.27:1. The majority of the lesions were encountered in the mandible. The most prevalent cyst was radicular cyst followed by dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst. In the paediatric group, dentigerous cyst was the most prevalent, whereas in the geriatric group, radicular cyst was the most common. Conclusions: In general, the results of this study are in accordance with previous studies. This study provides an invaluable database for clinicians when formulating clinical differential diagnoses as well as for pathologists in rendering the final diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This cross‐sectional study investigated the effect of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI polymorphism and its interactions with smoking/drinking on the proportions of periodontal pathogens and periodontitis severity. Materials and Methods: FokI genotyping and bacterial quantification were performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Periodontitis severity was determined using mean clinical attachment level (CAL). Regression analyses examined the associations between the FokI polymorphism (rs2228570) and bacterial proportions or periodontitis severity. Effect modification by smoking or drinking was assessed. Results: The study population comprised 1,460 individuals, aged 39–66 years. After multivariable adjustment, the FokI risk genotypes (CC + CT) were associated with elevated Porphyromonas gingivalis proportions (regression coefficient (β) =0.294 ± 0.139; p =.034) and increased mean CAL (β = 0.130 ± 0.048; p =.007). The effect of the FokI polymorphism on P. gingivalis proportions was greater in smokers (β = 0.897 ± 0.328; p =.006) compared to non‐smokers (β = 0.164 ± 0.153; p =.282) and in drinkers (β = 0.668 ± 0.242; p =.006) compared to non‐drinkers (β = 0.114 ± 0.169; p =.500). The genotype*smoking interaction for P. gingivalis proportions was significant (p =.043), whereas the genotype*drinking interaction was not (p =.061). Similar results were found for the effect of the genotype*smoking/drinking interaction on mean CAL. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the interplay between the host genotype and smoking is important in determining the subgingival microbial composition and periodontitis severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) delays wound healing, including those following tooth extractions. Curcumin (CCM) can promote soft tissue and bone healing. The present study investigates the healing effects of CCM on tooth extraction sockets in diabetic rats., Methodology: Ninety-six male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: Control+Corn Oil (CO), Control+CCM, DM+CO, and DM+CCM. Each group was subdivided into 7-, 14-, and 28-day time point subgroups comprising eight rats. All animals had their maxillary first molars extracted. CCM-treated rats received 100 mg/kg of CCM orally for 7, 14, and 28 days. The lesion area was evaluated using macroscopic analyses, whereas socket healing was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and collagen type I (COL1) expression levels were obtained using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Bone healing was analyzed by means of microcomputed tomography (μCT)., Results: After 7 days, the groups showed no significant differences in lesion area and by day 14, no lesions were present. CCM treatment increased KGF mRNA expression in diabetic rats; however, diabetic rats showed delayed bone healing unrelated to CCM. CCM treatment resulted in increased Runx2 mRNA expression only in control rats, whereas COL1 mRNA expression remained unaffected by CCM., Conclusion: CCM shows potential as a soft tissue healing enhancer in diabetic rats and could serve as an additional treatment to promote soft tissue repair in diabetic individuals. Although CCM did not impact alveolar bone healing, it may enhance bone healing in other skeleton regions.