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Although occupational therapists have been practicing in forensic settings for many years, there is a paucity of literature regarding the nature of this practice in Canada. The purpose of this study was to describe the practices of Canadian occupational therapists in forensic mental health. An online survey was designed based on the Canadian Practice Process Framework. Following purposive and snowball sampling, responses were analysed with descriptive statistics and content analysis. Twenty-seven clinicians responded (56% response rate). Respondents indicated commonalities in workplaces, client caseloads and practice challenges. The outstanding need in Canada to demonstrate client outcomes through the use of evaluation instruments reflects those practice gaps identified internationally. Education, advocacy and research are critical areas for the development of Canadian forensic occupational therapy. Although findings heavily reflect one provincial context and may not be generalizable to nonhospital settings, a number of priority areas were identified. Future efforts should clarify the role of forensic occupational therapy to stakeholders, and validate their contributions through research that evaluates intervention efficacy and meaningful outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

National audience; Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a vector-borne disease caused by blood protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus. It represents a major constraint to the development of cattle breeding in the humid and sub-humid zones of Africa because of the high morbidity and mortality it causes. Zebu breeds and European taurine breeds are very susceptible to AAT and they usually die in the absence treatment. On the contrary, some taurine breeds in West Africa have the capacity to tolerate the disease and are called trypanotolerant. The trypanotolerant phenotype is known to be polygenic and multifactorial, but up to now, its mechanisms remain unknown. In order to decipher the molecular bases of trypanotolerance, we chose to analyse the genes expression of blood cells of susceptible and tolerant cattle during an experimental infection, performed in Burkina Faso, in 40 cattle from five West African breeds with T. congolense. mRNA were extracted from blood, comprising bovine leukocytes and parasites, before and during the infection and were sequenced using a Illumina highSeq2000. We mapped the reads on the bovine and trypanosome genomes, counted the reads on the annotated genes and performed a differential expression analysis. The genes identified as differentially expressed during the infection were then analysed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software in order to identify enriched functional patterns. The functional analyses highlighted upstream regulators and canonical pathways associated with the immune response, the cell proliferation and signaling. Very fine differences in the modulation of the response between trypanotolerant and susceptible cattle were observed.

National audience

National audience; Macrophages are major cells of the innate immunity. Macrophages derived from monocyte precursors undergo specific differentiation depending on the local tissue environment. Similar to the T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 polarization, two distinct states of polarized activation for macrophages have been defined in mouse and humans: the classically activated (M1) macrophage and the alternatively activated (M2) macrophage phenotypes. On the other hand, these different patterns of macrophage differentiation drive adaptive responses during the stages of infection, hence restraining inflammation and favoring tissue repair. In vitro generation and characterization of these subpopulations are essential to perform relevant studies understanding the host-pathogen interactions. Currently, several in vitro differentiation and polarization protocols are used to induce M1 or M2 mouse and human macrophages but none have been developed for the bovine species. We developed a method for in vitro differentiation and polarization of bovine macrophages using GM-CSF and IFNγ to induce M1, and IL-4 to induce M2 phenotype. We characterized M1/M2 macrophages by specific morphology, production of cytokines (IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α), NO production, and phenotypic marker such as CD206.

In vitro differentiation and polarization of bovine macrophages: an optimized protocol. Journées du Réseau français d'Immunologie des Animaux Domestiques (IAD)

Macrophages are major cells of the innate immunity. Macrophages derived from monocyte precursors undergo specific differentiation depending on the local tissue environment. Similar to the T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 polarization, two distinct states of polarized activation for macrophages have been defined in mouse and humans: the classically activated (M1) macrophage and the alternatively activated (M2) macrophage phenotypes. On the other hand, these different patterns of macrophage differentiation drive adaptive responses during the stages of infection, hence restraining inflammation and favoring tissue repair. In vitro generation and characterization of these subpopulations are essential to perform relevant studies understanding the host-pathogen interactions. Currently, several in vitro differentiation and polarization protocols are used to induce M1 or M2 mouse and human macrophages but none have been developed for the bovine species. We developed a method for in vitro differentiation and polarization of bovine macrophages using GM-CSF and IFNg to induce M1, and IL-4 to induce M2 phenotype. We characterized M1/M2 macrophages by specific morphology, production of cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, TNF-a), NO production, and phenotypic markers such as CD206 and TLR2.

Although occupational therapists have been practicing in forensic settings for many years, there is a paucity of literature regarding the nature of this practice in Canada. The purpose of this study was to describe the practices of Canadian occupational therapists in forensic mental health. An online survey was designed based on the Canadian Practice Process Framework. Following purposive and snowball sampling, responses were analysed with descriptive statistics and content analysis. Twenty-seven clinicians responded (56% response rate). Respondents indicated commonalities in workplaces, client caseloads and practice challenges. The outstanding need in Canada to demonstrate client outcomes through the use of evaluation instruments reflects those practice gaps identified internationally. Education, advocacy and research are critical areas for the development of Canadian forensic occupational therapy. Although findings heavily reflect one provincial context and may not be generalizable to nonhospital settings, a number of priority areas were identified. Future efforts should clarify the role of forensic occupational therapy to stakeholders, and validate their contributions through research that evaluates intervention efficacy and meaningful outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John WileySons, Ltd.

African trypanosomiases are parasitic diseases transmitted by tse-tse flies, considered as themain sanitary obstacle to animal production development in sub-Saharan Africa. However, if trypanosomiases have dramatic consequences on zebu (Bos indicus) populations, they have a weaker impact on the western African taurine (Bos taurus), which is known to be naturally tolerant to trypanosome infection. Mechanisms governing this trypanotolerant trait are still poorly understood, but today, recent postgenomic biotechnologies, such as the SAGE technique (serial analysis of gene expression) allow us to explore the full transcriptome. Twelve SAGE libraries were constructed from two trypanotolerant animals (N'Dama and Baoul´e) and one susceptible species of cattle (the Sudanese zebu) during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection; 43,458 different tags were obtained at several particular points during the infection (before infection, at the maximum of parasitemia, the maximum of anemia, and at the end of the experiment after value normalization). Bioinformatics analyses highlighted some interesting gene variations with respect to the trypanotolerance status of the animal.

Genomic DNA sarnples were obtained from blood buffy coat preparations ofNarnchi or Doayo (Bos taurus) and Akou or White Fulani (Bos indicus) cattle that were randomly chosen from several herds in the region of Poli, Cameroon for the purpose of identifying liitherto unknown BoLA DQB alleles. Tlie DQB (207 bp) exon 2 fragments were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The PCR products were cloned with the Promega pGEMT-T Vector System II kit. Sequencing of the DQB exon 2 clones was perforrned on an Applied Biosytems 377 automated sequencer using 3' ciye labelled dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (Dye terrninator). After verification of the forward and reverse sequences of each allele in six clones of ai least three different animaIs, the arnino acid sequences were compared with aIl the DQB alleles referenced in the official BoLA Nomenclature (http://wvvw2.ri.bbsrc.ac.ukibola/). The new BoLA DQB exon 2 sequences were assigned allele narnes by the BoLA nomenclature committee of the International Society for Animal Genetics. In all six new BoLA-DQB alleles from NamchiiDoayo and Akou "White Fulani cattle were sequenced and given the accession numbers indicated in brackets: CIR1 (AJ421631), CIR2 (AJ421632), CIR3 (AJ421633); CIR4 (AJ421634), CIRS (AJ421635) and CIR6 (AJ421636). CIR1, CIR2 and CIR3 were identified in Doayo and Akou cattle, CIR4 and CIR5 occurred only in Doayo while CIR6 (AJ421636) occurred oruy in Akou cattle. Breedspecifie alleles may be indicators of certain breed-specific characteristics such as disease resistance or susceptibility; so this needs to be investigated further.

Dermatophilosis is a severe skin infection of tropical ruminants inducing a loss in productivity and a 15% mortality rate. This disease is due to the actinocyces Dermatophilus congolensis associated with the tick Amblyomma variegatum. Currently, no vaccine is expected and chemoresistance phenomena decrease the means of control (acaricides and antibiotics). Breeders observed that the disease seemed to be controlled by genetic determinism. Based on an 8 year-Iong ecopathological survey of 568 zebu Brahman cattle from several herds located in Martinique Island (FWI), we classified into two extreme groups 123 unrelated animals of both sexes, reared in the same environmental conditions. The most resistant individuals (n=61) were never infected whereas the susceptible individuals (n=62) showed severe clinical signs and later died. Using a functional candidate gene approach we studied the DNA polymorphisms of several targeted genes (macrophage lysosyme, Nramp1, TNF alpha, lymphotoxin, MHC class I and class II molecules (BoLA-DRB3 and DQB) and TcR-CD3) encoding molecules implicated in known mechanisms of both non-specific and specific immune responses. The most significant results were obtained within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) where the BoLA-DRB3 and DQB genes encode molecules involved in the pathogen/host interface mechanisms, particularly in the antigen presentation to T cell receptors. Firstly in the highly polymorphic BoLA-DRB3 exon 2 encoding the antigen binding groove, we found a particular CESFLQKN amino, acids sequence present in the 5 official alleles DRB3.2*0301, *0302, *0901, *0902, and *1202, which correlates with the susceptibility. On the other hand, we found another strong correlation between susceptibility and the BoLA-DQB*1804 allele. Finally, the most interesting observation is the strong linkage of both previous DRB3.2 and DQB alleles in a unique particular BoLA class II haplotype, which constitutes a highly significant marker (P

International audience; Multiplexing was used to increase the efficiency of microsatellite analysis in Eucalyptus grandis. Primers were chosen based on the range of eucalyptus SSR alleles and their hybridization temperatures. Choice of PCR conditions proved to be the most impor- tant factor; concentrations of primers must be adjusted for use in combination. Results show that 6 primers can be analyzed in 2 PCR reactions, one containing 2 and the other containing 4 primers. Multiplexing promises to be a particularly efficient tool for micro- satellite diversity analysis in Eucalyptus grandis

The zebu Brahman cattle of Martinique (F.W.I.) come from Indian zebu ancestors of Cir, Neiore (Ongole) and Guzerat breeds, selected in Texas (USA) and introduced in Martinique, 50 years ago. A total of 568 animals were typed for Bol-A-DRB3.2 aileles using KR-RFLP technique and cloning-sequencing for new described alleles. These animals from both sexes were unrelated, chosen at random in 8 different herds and reared in the same environmental cond'tions. Thirty five out of the 47 official PCR-RFLP patterns and 9 new ones were found in this cattle population (see diagram), indicating a good genetic dive sity where the heterozygote level is 0,843. These results contribute to characterize this zebu Brahman population and could be used for comparisons with other populations of the same or different breed to evaluate genetic distances. They also will be used as a candidate genetic system to identify possible marker of resistance or susceptibility to diseases, the BoLA molecules being highly implicated in immunological mechanisms.

La dermatophilose est une maladie associée à la tique Amblyomma variegatum; une prédisposition génétique à la manifestation des symptômes a été démontrée. En effet, les bovins Créole de la Guadeloupe constituent une population très résistante à cette maladie, tandis que les zébus Brahman de la Martinique semblent très sensibles avec une intensité des symptômes variable selon les individus. Chez ces zébus Brahman purs, maintenus dans les mêmes conditions, des groupes d'animaux sensibles et résistants ont été sélectionnés sur la base de la présence simultanée d'animaux cliniquement affectés par la dermatophilose et d'animaux non affectés. Plusieurs systèmes génétiques très polymorphes ont été étudiés sur ces animaux, tels que l'hémoglobine, l'albumine, le complexe BolA (classes I et II) et le gène de gamma S crystalline. Seulement l'exon 2 de gène BolA-DRB3, examiné par la technique de PCR-RFLP a montré un polymorphisme intéressant. Une carte génotypique a été établie qui montre au moins 4 allèles différents, dont un semble particulier à un animal sensible à la dermatophilose. Avant d'arriver à des conclusions, d'autres recherches avec plus d'échantillons d'ADN d'animaux sensibles sont nécessaires

La présente invention concerne l'utilisation de l'aprotinine dans le traitement des maladies ou infections parasitaires animales qui affectent les mammifères domestiqués, en particulier le bétail, notamment les bovins. En particulier, l'aprotinine trouve application dans la lutte contre les effets pathogènes induits par les parasites de la famille des Trypanosomatidae, tels que les protozoaires appartenant au genre Trypanosoma ou au genre Leishmania. L'invention concerne également l'utilisation de l'aprotinine pour le pronostic de la tolérance bovine aux infections trypanosomiennes.