Search

Presents a debate on the impact of the changes in household livelihood strategies on gender roles, relations and identities in Latin America. Background to debate; Implications of changing household livelihood strategies for gender; Research on men and masculinities in families.

This article is based on a literature review carried out as part of a study of communication skills training in pre-registration nursing education in England in 2000. A systematic literature search was conducted and 200 articles were found that were relevant to the study. Definitional problems were found, with terms such as communication skills and interpersonal skills being used interchangeably. The term communications strategies is suggested to overcome these problems, as it reflects the logical organization of a number of different communication skills within a theoretical or empirical framework. Problems in current communication skills teaching and social barriers to using communication skills in practice are discussed. It is concluded that problems continue to exist in these areas and that an emphasis on both aspects is needed if patient and staff satisfaction is to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined infection of cowpea seedlings (c.v. 'California Blackeye') by cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Fusarium oxysporum induced greater losses in leaf area, fresh and dry weights than infection by either pathogen alone. The growth of seedlings infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum was less than that of comparable seedlings infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. The virus infectivity of extracts of the trifoliate leaves of dual-infected plants was significantly higher than that of comparable extracts from the leaves of plants singly infected with CPMV. The nature of the effects of multiple infection in cowpea is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the seedlings of three cultivars of French bean (Phaseolns vulgaris), 'Prince', 'Masterpiece' and 'Pinto', co-infection by Sunn-hemp mosaic virus (SHMV) with either of the vascular wilt pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop) or f. sp. tracheiphilum (Fot) caused greater losses in total fresh weight and in leaf area compared with uninfected plants or plants infected singly with any one of these pathogens. Co-infection of a fourth cultivar ('Canadian Wonder') had no greater effects on growth reduction than single infection. The concentration of SHMV in the leaves of 'Prince' and to a greater extent in the leaves of 'Masterpiece' increased more after double infection than with infection by the virus alone. The nature and possible mechanisms of the pathogenic effects in French bean are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an antibody raised against highly purified dog renal proximal tubule brush border membranes, we have investigated the tissue distribution and ontogenic development of antigens sharing specificity with those in the renal brush border membrane. The antigens have been found in the small intestine, gall bladder, epididymis, pancreas, salivary gland, lacrimal gland, liver and spleen. Examination of embryos at various stages of gestation bas revealed that the antigens make their appearance early in organogenesis, and are present in the cytoplasm as well as on the membrane during foetal development. Absorption studies have shown that at least two populations of antigens are present in the kidney: one appears to be kidney-specific and the other is shared by many epithelial. Maltase has been identified as one of the shared antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing by indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of antiretinal antibodies and lymphocyte stimulation for cell-mediated immunity to retinal antigens was performed on blood obtained from 59 patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and 29 without RP who had other types of retinal disease. The results from the patients' immunological studies were correlated in a masked fashion with six parameters of the fluorescein angiogram: disc staining, peripapillary oedema, vascular arcade oedema, macular oedema, and focal vascular staining (late phases), and disc telangiectasia (early phases). Significant correlations for both groups together were found for IgG antiretinal antibody reactivity and macular oedema (p less than 0.038) and disc staining (p less than 0.033). The non-RP retinal disease group had more significant correlations, including IgG antiretinal antibody reactivity with vascular arcade oedema (p less than 0.018), disc staining (p less than 0.018), and peripapillary oedema (p less than 0.023); the RP patients had significant correlation with IgG reactivity and arcade oedema (p less than 0.045). With combinations of IgG, IgM, and lymphocyte reactivity various significant correlations were found with the fluorescein angiogram. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One hundred and sixteen patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 64 patients with other eye diseases, and 36 control subjects with no known eye disease were examined for antiretinal autoimmune activity. Sera were screened by indirect immunofluorescence on normal donor human eye sections to detect antibodies to human retinal antigens. Forty three of 116 RP patients (37%), 21 out of 64 non-RP patients with other eye diseases (33%), and 1 out of 42 controls (2%) had antibodies reacting with donor eye retinal antigens. Lymphocytes were tested by an in vitro transformation assay to detect cell mediated immunity to retinal antigens. Sixteen RP patients (19%), 11 non-RP patients (18%), and four controls (10%) showed lymphocyte sensitisation. Autoimmune responses were detected in many degenerative ocular disorders, but it is not known if they play a contributory pathogenic role. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effect of different nutritional amendments on the growth of tomato seedlings subjected to combined infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) and either Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV) or Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV) was investigated. The growth of healthy or infected tomato seedlings was repressed more when they were maintained under conditions of nitrogen deficiency than in nutrient solutions devoid of potassium or phosphorus. Plants infected with the fungus and either virus had lower fresh weights and smaller leaf areas than those infected by any of these pathogens alone. With the exception of seedlings grown in potassium-deficient solutions, co-infection resulted in no fundamental differences in virus concentration per plant. The concentration of both TBSV and ToMV was higher per unit fresh weight of leaf in co-infected plants maintained in all types of nutrient. It is suggested that the presence of the fungus in the plant tissues may be a more important factor than nutrition in promoting virus replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a quantitative comparison of the nationality preferences of two groups in University of Chicago and University of Toronto. The study was based upon the judgments of 239 undergraduates at the University of Chicago and the judgments of 200 undergraduates at the University of Toronto. The most marked differences between the two groups are, first, the high percentage of students of American birth and parentage in the Chicago group as compared with the Toronto group. The Chicago group shows 94.1% of the subjects, 62.8% of the fathers, and 68.2% of the mothers to be American-born. The figures for the Toronto group are, respectively, 6.1% of the subjects, 3.5% of the fathers, and 6.1% of the mothers American born. The other pronounced difference is the higher percentage of students of British birth and parentage in the Toronto group as compared with the Chicago group. The Toronto group shows 90.5% of the subjects, 86.7% of the fathers and 82.8% of the mothers British-born, whereas the figures for the Chicago group are 7.9% of the subjects.