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Channa marulioides is one of the species that is facing a population decrease due to high fishing activity. This study aims to determine the value of the length-weight relationship and condition factors of C. marulioides in the Kapuas River as a relevant conservation effort. Several sampling areas in this study were used to represent the Kapuas River, including Kapuas Hulu River in Kapuas Hulu Regency, Putussibau District; The central part of the waters area of Sintang Regency in Sintang Regency; and in the downstream waters of Pontianak City. The study carried out the sampling by analyzing the criteria for specimens with a dimension weight > 500 grams and length > 30 cm, with the same amount for each sex. The results showed that the growth type in the upper and middle waters was positive allometric with a value of b 3.1; however, it is negative allometric in the middle and upstream waters with b values of 2.5 and 1.7. After research, the condition factor of the upstream and middle waters was observed to be in good condition with a value of 1. However, in the downstream waters, the condition of the fish was rather bad with a value below 1, namely 0.99. The study concludes there is a decrease in the quality of the aquatic environment and the food availability from the middle waters to the downstream. This is what underlines conservation efforts in the form of domestication activities within the scope of structured fish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inle Lake is an ancient lake in Myanmar, which is an important area with unique and diverse fauna. Its ichthyofauna is believed to have formed non‐radiatively, but the historical processes are poorly understood. To elucidate the mechanisms that shape species diversity in this moderately isolated biogeographical 'island', this study focused on a typical endemic fish of Inle Lake, Channa harcourtbutleri (Channidae, Anabantiformes), with its widely distributed sister species, C. limbata, and estimated the historical distribution and diversification processes of the endemic fish based on genome‐wide polymorphism (MIG‐seq) and mitochondrial DNA data. Channa harcourtbutleri contained two genetically and morphologically distinct groups inhabiting Inle Lake and the surrounding rivers respectively. These two groups were genetically the closest to each other; however, the riverine group showed some similarity to the closely related species, C. limbata from Southeast Asia. The mtDNA haplotypes of the endemic species were not monophyletic; most of the riverine group had haplotypes identical or close to those of C. limbata from the upper Irrawaddy and Salween rivers. The time tree suggested that C. harcourtbutleri diverged from C. limbata in the early Pleistocene and then experienced secondary contact with C. limbata in the late Pleistocene. Genetic and morphological differentiation within C. harcourtbutleri suggests that local adaptation to different environments has played an important role for the coexistence of its two forms with some reproductive isolation. Further, the results highlight the importance of multiple colonization and allopatric speciation in shaping biodiversity in the long‐term, moderately isolated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Traumatic brain injury has high mortality and morbidity. The involvement of neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal damage in traumatic brain injury is the basis for the development of renewable neuroprotective agents, one of which is the amino acid L-Arginine. The amino acid L-Arginine which can be found in Giant Snake Head fish (Channa micropeltes) is thought to inhibit anti-inflammatory effects through the Arg-1 signaling pathway. Aims: To prove and analyze the effect of giving L-Arginine Giant Snake Head fish on neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) study used a posttest-only control group design. Thirty-five male rats (Rattus norvegicus) with the Wistar strain were randomly divided into five treatment groups, namely the normal control group (N), negative control (KN), and 3 treatment groups (A-C). The KN and A-C groups were modeled after traumatic brain injury and given L-Arginine at a dose of 0.5; 1.5; and 3 g/kgBW/day for 7 days specifically A-C. Brain tissue samples were used for the examination of TLR4, TNF-α, GSDMD, Caspase-3, and histopathological features. All data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, except for GSDMD expression with a significance <0.05. Results: The mean TLR4 expression in A (15.7 ± 5.35), B (12.9 ± 5.67), and C (11.4 ± 6.27) were lower and significant compared to KN, but higher and significant compared to N. The same pattern appears in the decrease in TNF-α expression, Caspase-3 expression, and histopathology of brain tissue damage. The mean relative expression of GSDMD to N in A (1.3 ± 0.53), B (1.2 ± 0.52), and C (1.2 ± 0.60) was higher than in KN, but not significant. Relative expression of GSDMD to Beta Actin, A and B have the same higher expression than C, KN, and N. Conclusion: Expression of TLR-4, TNF-α, Caspase-3 and histopathology of brain tissue damage in traumatic brain injury model rats given Giant Snake Head fish L-Arginine were lower than without L-Arginine. Meanwhile, the expression of GSDMD in traumatic brain injury model rats when given Giant Snake Head fish L-Arginine was slightly higher than without L-Arginine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the growth and spawning characteristics of wild Channa lucius (Cuvier, 1831) populations in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The study was carried out from March 2011 to February 2012. The length–weight relationship of C. lucius was determined according to the equations W = 0.0044L3.2494, R2 = 0.9157 (female fish) and W = 0.0047L3.2178, R2 = 0.9434 (male fish). The length and weight of the body for female fish ranged from 16.3 to 36.0 cm and 49.0 to 550.0 g, and for male fish, from 14.6 to 38.2 cm and 46.0 to 639.0 g, respectively. Female and male fish had almost similar lengths at first maturity (21.3958 cm for females and 21.3952 cm for males). The condition factor of female fish ranged from 0.842 to 0.864 and for male fish ranged from 0.848 to 0.874. The gonadosomatic index of female fish was highest in June (1.68%) and lowest in November (0.69%); that of male fish was highest in June (0.53%) and lowest in September (0.15%). The sexual maturity rate (SMR) of female fish peaked in May, with SMRs of 33.3% (stage III) and 58.3% (stage IV). In conclusion, C. lucius has a positive allometric range (b > 3), reaching sexual maturity when its length reaches 21.39 cm for both sexes, and the spawning season begins in December but peaks in May and June. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sepsis causes significant damage to the endothelial glycocalyx layer, which albumin can protect against. Unfortunately, human albumin is quite expensive, so cheaper substitutes must be found without sacrificing effectiveness. Albumin extract Channa striata is one that is commonly used in Indonesia. Objectives: Conducted a non-inferiority study between human albumin and Channa striata extract in protecting the glycocalyx layer through syndecan-1 levels. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort study of adult patients with early sepsis with hypoalbuminemia (<4 g/dL) treated at ICU Dr Moewardi Hospital between May and October 2021 and got human albumin or Channa striata extract as therapy. The Channa striata group was oberved in two separated groups. The control groups with human albumin 20% 100 ml single dose and the Channa striata group with 15 gram extract of Channa striata in two days, then syndecan-1 levels were compared before treatment and on the third day of the study. Results: We discovered a statistically significant decrease in syndecan-1 levels in both the study (p = 0.013) and control groups (p = 0.027) from the 44 samples we obtained. Conclusion: In both groups, we found a significant decrease in syndecan-1 levels. This demonstrates that Channa striata extract is not inferior to human albumin in terms of glycocalyx layer protection. And it has a higher economic value because the price is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, Fluoride has emerged as one of the most harmful pollutants in the world and its presence has been shown to negatively impact the quality of groundwater in many countries. According to World Health Organization (WHO), when its concentration exceeds 1.5 mg/L limit, it may cause threats to the health. Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride has been known to have deleterious effects on the biological system of human as well as other animals. Based on this background, a study has been conducted to show the effects of sodium fluoride induced toxicity in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.). The fishes were exposed to sublethal doses of 25 ppm and 50 ppm of sodium fluoride for a period of 3 and 7 days. The damaging effects of sodium fluoride were manifested in the morphological, behavioural, haematological, biochemical and histological parameters of the fishes. The fishes were then further exposed to 100 mg/L of methanolic leaf extracts of tulsi, tea and a combined formulation of the two extracts to investigate the ameliorative properties in the revival of fluoride toxicity in the fishes. However, the results showed that the impact of toxicity caused by exposure to 25 ppm was much less pronounced as compared to 50 ppm of sodium fluoride. These effects were revealed to be effectively reduced by the addition of the plant extracts. Both the selected plant extracts showed positive results. However, their combined formula revealed the highest level of effectiveness in the remedial activity of fluoride induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine types, prevalence, and intensity of ectoparasites and endoparasites that infect kerandang fish Channa pleurophtalma and catfish Clarias batrachus. Sampling was carried out in Sebangau River, while identification was carried out at the Fish Quarantine, Quality Control, and Safety Station, Palangka Raya. Examination of ectoparasite infection included bilateral body mucus, caudal fin, and gills. Endoparasite examination was done by observing the fish organs, such as liver, blood, meat, intestines, and stomach. The parasite analysis was determined by calculating the prevalence and intensity. In kerandang fish, the ectoparasites were identified as Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Epistylis sp., Dactylogyrus sp., while the endoparasites were Camallanus sp. and Neoechinorhyncus. In catfish, the ectoparasites were identified as Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Myxobolus sp., and Costia sp., while the endoparasites were Camallanus sp. Dominant ectoparasite that infected fish was Dactylogyrus sp. on fish gills. For endoparasites, the dominant endoparasites were identified as Neoechinorhyncus in kerandang fish and Camallanus sp. in catfish. The highest prevalence was found in Dactylogyrus sp. at 27%. The prevalence was categorized as a frequent infection. The highest ectoparasite intensity level was obtained from Trichodina sp. at 20.3 ind/fish in kerandang fish and Dactylogyrus sp. at 12.2 ind/fish in catfish. This intensity level is categorized in a medium intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract West Bengal and Odisha, two distinguished provinces of India, are consecrated with prosperous animal resources. Both territories have substantially affluent traditional dairy-based products. Rasgulla is one of such kind of traditional Indian dessert made from milk casein with attractive white colour having a spongy, porous structure and spherical shape, popular all over the world for its taste, flavour and unique texture. It is mainly originated in the West Bengal and Odisha, through a cascade of ethnic gastronomic phenomena. Both the traditional and cutting-edge practice of rasgulla preparation has its own impact on the sensory attributes of the product. Researchers’ approach to improve textural, colour and sensory qualities of this astonishing dairy product has an appulse on overall acceptability of the product. Different types of milk and coagulant have a tremendous effect on the final quality of the product in terms of nutritional, textural and palatability characteristics of rasgulla. To make this traditional sweetmeat more nutritious, fortification and enrichment of functional features have been studied. Anti-diabetic rasgulla has been prepared to conquer the diabetes mellitus through re-modulation in the extent of sugar used to process this sweetmeat. Shelf-life of casein based products is one of the main concerns for researchers, due to abundance of ample amount of nutrients for optimum growth of microorganisms, along with the warm and humid condition of Indian subcontinent which accelerates the microbial propagation. Though the product has immense nutritional and sensory idiosyncrasy as well as folk medicinal importance, it is yet to be explored in coetaneous medical sciences.

Striped snakehead (Channa striata) has enormous fisheries and aquaculture importance due to its high market demand and food value. Recently, Vietnam strain of the species has been introduced to Bangladesh for aquaculture. Therefore, it is essential to develop a reliable molecular technique that can distinguish the Bangladesh strain from the Vietnam ones as biological invasion by feral exotic fish to the wild may cause enduring damage to ecosystem and species diversity. Fin clips from snakehead samples were collected from six locations and total DNA was extracted. The cytochrome oxidase c 1 (COI) gene fragment was amplified by PCR using the Fish F1/R1 primer set and sequenced for analysis of intra- and inter-strain genetic diversity and detection of single nucleotide polymorphism to distinguish the Vietnam strain from Bangladesh ones. A total of 15 haplotypes were identified with an overall haplotype diversity of 0.888. The median-joining network created based on COI gene sequences clearly differentiated the Bangladesh strain from the strain of Vietnamese origin by a total of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms. An In silico restriction analysis revealed AluI was the most suitable restriction enzyme that produced diagnostic restriction profiles of the two strains of C. striata. PCR-RFLP analysis by the restriction enzyme AluI created distinguishing restriction profile similar to that in the In silico analysis. This work illustrates a simple, reliable and inexpensive molecular tool for the identification of the Bangladesh and Vietnam strains of C. striata by one-step PCR and restriction of the COI gene fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esterase enzymes catalyse the formation and breakdown of carboxylic acid esters of alcohols. The present work aimed to study the electrophoretic banding patterns of esterase isozymes in fresh water fish Channa punctatus The results revealed that the electrophoretic esterase banding patterns varied in different tissues i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle, and brain of fish c. puctatus Esterase patterns were separated on thin layer 1.5mm (thickness) polyacrylamide gels (SDS-7.5 ) and stained with α-naphthyl acetate used as substrate. Three different esterase bands were detected and named as Esi-1; Est-2; and Est-3; with different relative mobilities such as 0.6 ±0.05; 0.4±0.05; 0.3±0.05. All the three esterase bands were found in all tissues i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain. Among the three esterases Est-1 is found in all the tissues. Est-2 and Est-3 were found in all the tissues. Studies on esterases of fishes and other organisms revealed similar type of patterns of esterase were noticed in one or the other tissue of all the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provisioning of trophic eggs is exceedingly rare in fish, with only a single example of a species exhibiting this behaviour reported in the scientific literature: the Lake Malawi catfish Bagrus meridionalis. However, observations in captivity suggest that the behaviour is widespread and likely universal among all species within the most species-rich lineage of Channa. The evolution of trophic eggs could have led to the large adaptive radiation found in the C. gachua Group, which comprises almost half of the species diversity within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Bengal and Odisha, two distinguished provinces of India, are consecrated with prosperous animal resources. Both territories have substantially affluent traditional dairy-based products. Rasgulla is one of such kind of traditional Indian dessert made from milk casein with attractive white colour having a spongy, porous structure and spherical shape, popular all over the world for its taste, flavour and unique texture. It is mainly originated in the West Bengal and Odisha, through a cascade of ethnic gastronomic phenomena. Both the traditional and cutting-edge practice of rasgulla preparation has its own impact on the sensory attributes of the product. Researchers' approach to improve textural, colour and sensory qualities of this astonishing dairy product has an appulse on overall acceptability of the product. Different types of milk and coagulant have a tremendous effect on the final quality of the product in terms of nutritional, textural and palatability characteristics of rasgulla. To make this traditional sweetmeat more nutritious, fortification and enrichment of functional features have been studied. Anti-diabetic rasgulla has been prepared to conquer the diabetes mellitus through re-modulation in the extent of sugar used to process this sweetmeat. Shelf-life of casein based products is one of the main concerns for researchers, due to abundance of ample amount of nutrients for optimum growth of microorganisms, along with the warm and humid condition of Indian subcontinent which accelerates the microbial propagation. Though the product has immense nutritional and sensory idiosyncrasy as well as folk medicinal importance, it is yet to be explored in coetaneous medical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A is a high volume, synthetic monomer that has been reported in all environmental matrices. Its structural analogy to Diethylstilbestrol, a high risk estrogen mimic, raises concern about its genotoxic potential. This study investigated the genotoxic potential of Bisphenol-A in the snake headed murrel, Channa punctatus. The effect of three sublethal concentrations of Bisphenol A on C. punctatus was studied for two different durations i.e., 15 days and 30 days. Micronucleus assay of peripheral erythrocytes and comet assay of liver cells were used to estimate the genotoxic potential of Bisphenol-A. An increase in micronucleus frequency was observed in all Bisphenol A exposed groups after both durations. Tail DNA% was significantly higher in liver cells following Bisphenol-A exposure. These results suggest that Bisphenol-A exposure probably causes DNA damage due to double strand breaks. This study highlights the genotoxic potential of Bisphenol A. These results also suggest that micronucleus test and comet assay of C. punctatus tissue can be used as useful tool to estimate the exposure of aquatic fauna to ambient genotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorous pesticides are mainly used to destroy harmful insects or pests which infect agricultural field, forests and houses. Increasing amount of agricultural, domestic and industrial chemicals into the aquatic environment lead to deleterious effects on the aquatic organisms. The biochemical study is recognized as a valuable tool for evaluating health status, physiological and pathological condition of fish. The present study deals with the level of imbalance evolved by the sub-lethal concentration of phorate on the tissue biomolecule of Channa punctatus. The pesticide, phorate was involved in the metabolic regulation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid in muscles, liver and kidney of Channa punctatus. Although, the mechanism is not clear that how phorate interferes in the metabolic process of these biomolecules. During recovery period, the tissue carbohydrate, protein and lipid content recorded a pattern towards normalcy when compared with 96 h exposed fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Nematostrigea comprises trematodes parasitising in fish-eating birds of Europe, Africa, and North America. Their life cycle is unknown. Purpose: To provide the first description of metacercariae of Nematostrigea serpens serpens, a nominative subspecies of the type species of Nematostrigea, and to record metacercaria of Nematostrigea vietnamiensis, with molecular data. Methods: Encysted metacercariae of N. serpens serpens and N. vietnamiensis were collected from fish in Russia and Vietnam, respectively, and were processed, identified, and documented using standard morphological techniques. The 28S rRNA gene of metacercariae of both species and the cox1 gene of metacercariae an earlier studied adult of N. serpens serpens were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. Results: Metacercaria of N. serpens serpens have a spatulate body with a foliate forebody and a short hindbody, two long lateral rectilinear pseudosuckers, and the holdfast organ with bifurcated anterior and entire posterior external lobes. The analysis of the cox1and 28S rRNA gene sequences unequivocally showed the conspecificity of metacercariae and adult stage of N. serpens serpens. Based on the 28S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, the genus Nematostrigea is a sister taxon to the group of strigeid genera Cotylurus + Ichthyocotylurus. Morphological and phylogenetic data demonstrated that N. vietnamiensis does not belong to the genus Nematostrigea and is possibly be affiliated with the crassiphialine trematodes. Conclusion: This is the first record of metacercariae of N. serpens serpens. N. vietnamiensis, renamed Prodiplostomulum vietnamiense comb. nov., must be moved to the crassiphialine 'Prodiplostomulum'-type metacercariae group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otoliths are commonly used to discriminate between fish stocks, through both elemental composition and otolith shape. Typical studies also have a large number of elemental compositions and shape measures relative to the number of otolith samples, with these measures exhibiting strong mean–variance relationships. These properties make otolith composition and shape data highly suitable for use within a multivariate generalised linear model (MGLM) framework, yet MGLMs have never been applied to otolith data. Here we apply both a traditional distance based permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and MGLMs to a case study of striped snakehead (Channa striata) in India. We also introduce the Tweedie and gamma distributions as suitable error structures for the MGLMs, drawing similarities to the properties of Biomass data. We demonstrate that otolith elemental data and combined otolith elemental and shape data violate the assumption of homogeneity of variance of PERMANOVA and may give misleading results, while the assumptions of the MGLM with Tweedie and gamma distributions are shown to be satisfied and are appropriate for both otolith shape and elemental composition data. Consistent differences between three groups of C. striata were identified using otolith shape, otolith chemistry and a combined otolith shape and chemistry dataset. This suggests that future research should be conducted into whether there are demographic differences between these groups which may influence management considerations. The MGLM method is widely applicable and could be applied to any multivariate otolith shape or elemental composition dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was designed to study the effect of sublethal concentration of paper mill effluent on the total protein and amino acid contents in muscles, liver and gill of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96 hours. A significant decrease in protein content with increase in amino acids content in muscles, liver and gill of effluent exposed fishes was observed. A reduction in the protein content and enhancement of free amino acids in the muscles, liver and gill of experimental fish suggests that the tissue protein might have undergone proteolysis, during the stressful situation. Thus, the present study concludes that the protein metabolism of fish Channa punctatus affected during effluent exposure and reduces the nutritive value of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on xylachor (a weedicide) induced changes in plasma and muscle protein content have been made in an air breathing fresh water murrel fish, Channa marulius (Ham.). It was observed that xylachlor at all the concentrations (1.0 to 2.5ppm) brought marked effect on the levels of plasma as well as muscle protein of the fish under experiment causing a gradual decrease in the value as compared to control upto 96hrs of treatment in both sexes, thus indicating the deteriorated nutrient value of the fish exposed to xylachlor. The reason and mechanism of such changes have been discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Channa punctatus was exposed to various concentrations of chlorpyrifos 1.7, 1.8 and 1.9 ppm with contact time of 15, 30 and 45 days. After stipulated time, glycogen content in gill, liver, kidney, brain and muscle of treated fish found to be dropped after pesticide introduction. The efficiency of chlorpyrifos in the destruction of total glycogen content was evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models in relations of Qm and Kf. The spontaneity of the reaction in between chlorpyrifos and fish glycogen was determined by Gibb's free energy equation. The present analysis reports the metabolic dysfunction in response to pesticide toxicity in the fish. The glycogen level was estimated by method of Kemp and Kitsvan Heijhinger and the data obtained were analyzed by applying Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and thermodynamic analyses. The result shows deteriorated levels of glycogen during all the exposure periods when compared with control. The results of the current study show the toxic nature of the chlorpyrifos on the glycogen content in gill, liver, kidney, brain and muscle of treated fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathology is an important diseases diagnostic tool. Penetration into the host is the first step for a microbial agent to mutiply and invade the vital organs of its host. Like all animals fishes suffers from environmental, stress, which is followed by pathogenic attacks and parasitic afflictions causing Epizootic Ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Histological investigations of tissues of EUS infected fish Channa punctatus showed an eroded epidermis, necrosis of skeletal muscles and intense granulomatous inflammation, infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells in muscular as well as submuscular layers of the skin. Also a characteristic focal grannular granuloma in the gill lamellae was noticed. The electron microscopic observations, of the tissue cells of the fishe showed viruses like Parvovirus even at a red spot stage. Thus, it can be said that Viruses being crystalline in nature have cellular penetrating power & the EUS infection follows the phyllogenetic evolution in life in true sense i.e. RNA virus followed by Bacterial cell and then Fungus. Thus, the presence of EUS in Channa punctatus is confirmed histologically.

Purpose : Fish species of the family Channidae, commonly known as snakeheads, represent biggest and most caught native freshwater species in Sri Lanka. Despite importance for biodiversity and fisheries in Sri Lanka, members of this family are one of the least studied on taxonomic status and geographic distribution. Research Method : As an initial step of a study to revise the taxonomy and biogeography of freshwater fish in the family Channidae based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological relationships and biogeographical affinities, authors reviewed all the available published information and examined the specimens available at the National Museum of Sri Lanka. Findings : Six valid species have been recorded; Channa ara (Deraniyagala, 1945), C. marulius (Hamilton, 1822) C. kelaartii (Gunther,1861), C. orientalis Bloch and Schneider 1801 C. punctata (Bloch, 1794) and C. striata (Bloch, 1793). Current review suggests the exiting knowledge on the phylogeny and biogeography of Channidae in Sri Lanka is far from complete, identifying specific gaps to be prioritized in future research. Limitations : Current regional studies on the family Chanidae highlight the importance of a complete systematic revision of Sri Lankan species with an integrative approach. Literature review shows the necessity of a fresh analysis on the distribution data with ecological niche modeling and molecular phylogenetic studies to understand biogeographical and evolutionary history of the family. Originality / Value : Provides a consolidated account of the current knowledge on the taxonomy and biogeography of the Sri Lankan members of the family Channidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus is increasing globally, approximately 463 million people in the year 2019, and is predicted to 700 million people by the year 2045, and it has high comorbidity and mortality based on International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The wound healing process can be divided into 4 phases, which are homeostasis, inflammatory, proliferation, and remodeling phase. Each phase plays a major important role and has an interconnecting signal network to complete the process. The hyperglycaemic condition has been known to have an impact on inhibiting vascular homeostasis, elevating oxidative stress, elevating procoagulantproinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting angiogenesis, therefore delaying the wound healing process. Diabetic wound healing is somehow made it very challenging. Various traditional medicine has been studied to have a pivotal role in enhancing immunological response at the molecular level. Channa striata (snakehead fish) has a potential role in regulating molecular and immunological mechanisms since it has been known to have an impact in accelerating the wound healing process, due to its antiinflammation, antioxidant, and promote cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Several studies have revealed its molecular and immunological mechanisms, such as enhancing regulatory T-cell, inhibiting CD68+, inhibiting TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, NF-κB, and increasing SDF-1α chemokines. The objective of this article is to review comprehensively the molecular and immunological mechanism of Channa striata in the diabetic wound healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum biochemical assessment is an important tool to provide information about the internal organs, metabolic and nutritional parameters and electrolytes. Present study was conducted to determine the serum biochemistry of Channa marulius in hatchery and riverine populations. For this purpose blood samples were collected by caudal vein puncture. Inferences of the study showed non-significantly (p ≥ 0.05) higher values of calcium 10.24 mmol/L as compared to lower 9.66 mmol/L whereas, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher values of serum globulin 21.06 g/L, total protein 53.0 g/L, albumin 14.87 g/L, cholesterol 6.116 mmol/L, alanine transaminase 530 U/L and alkaline phosphatase 398 µ/L were observed in cultured populations as compared to lower 20.40 g/L, 44.84 g/L, 12.30 g/L, 5.084 mmol/L, 453 U/L and 255 µ/L in riverine populations. On the other side, non-significantly (p ≥ 0.05) higher values of serum triglyceride 0.674 mmol/L as compared to lower 0.604 mmol/L, while significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher values of glucose 28.43 g/L, urea 2.541 mmol/L, bilirubin 28.20 µmol/L, chlorine 70.3 mmol/L, potassium 13.43 mmol/L, sodium 126.5 mmol/L and aspartate transaminase 1169 U/L in riverine populations as compared to lower 23.89 g/L, 2.17 mmol/L, 26.23 µmol/L, 61.9 mmol/L, 12.08 mmol/L, 111.2 mmol/L and 1029 U/L were recorded in cultured populations, respectively. Findings of the study will be helpful in the field of biochemistry, physiology and toxicology as well as to enhance the management and rearing potential of the Chnanna marulius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination in fresh water bodies is of great concern owing to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. The current study deals with the acute toxicity of cadmium to fresh water fish, Channa punctatus. The objective of this study was to grasp the link between mortality and abnormal behavioral and morphological changes of C. punctatus exposed to cadmium chloride. Static bioassay tests were carried out to evaluate LC50 value of Cadmium (Cd) for fresh water fish, C. punctatus as well as the behavioral responses and morphological changes were also observed. Fish after treatment with various concentrations of cadmium chloride for different exposure period the percent mortality was recorded. The lowest cadmium chloride concentration at which mortality was observed as 45 mg/l. The first death of experimental fish was recorded as 125 mg/l at 24 hrs. of exposure. After 96 hrs. LC50 value of cadmium (Cd) was found to be 80.62mg/l. The major behavioral responses observed during the experiment were restlessness, jumping, erratic swimming, gulping of air at the surface, loss of equilibrium, sluggishness, opercular movements and fishes lied on the water surface before death and morphological changes like, discoloration of skin, pigmented patches on body, shedding of scales, sedimentation of chemical on body, mucous secretion, and ballooning were observed in exposed animals. The observed data showed that C.punctatus can be used as a good bio-indicator for heavy metal contamination in fresh water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted to assess the haematological profile of Channa marulius from hatchery and riverine populations. Blood samples were collected by caudal vein puncture. Significantly higher values (p ≤ 0.05) were recorded for various blood indices in hatchery populations as compared to those of riverine sources. Observed values of haematological parameters in hatchery populations were: Erythrocytes 4.90×106 cells µL-1, eosinophils 4.06 %, monocytes 5.53 %, haematocrit count 28.86 %, haemoglobin content 5.385 gdL-1, platelet distribution width 6.91 fL, red blood cell distribution width 23.83 fL, Procalcitonin 2.37 µL, mean corpuscular volume 7.87 fL and large platelet concentration ratio 14.64 %. In riverine populations, significantly higher values (p ≤ 0.05) for leucocytes count 5625×103 µL-1, mean cell haemoglobin 32.75 pg, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration 43.66 gdL-1 and mean cell volume 171.90 fL were observed as compared to those of hatchery populations. Conversely, non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) differences were observed with elevated values for neutrophils (14.042 %) in riverine fish populations as compared hatchery samples (13.896 %). Lymphocytes and platelets counts were 17.344 % and 33.742×103 µL-1, respectively in hatchery populations whereas in riverine populations these were 13.764 % and 33.896×103 µL-1, respectively. Physico-chemical parameters of sample water were observed to be in safe range throughout the study period. The observed variation in haematological profile between both groups is due to different inhabiting conditions that exert direct impacts on fish haematology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic is a major toxicant impairing in diverse metabolic alterations of the organisms and the mechanism of adaptive response is yet to be identified. In the present study, effects of different doses of arsenic in liver of Channa punctata on the regulation of metabolic activities were done. C. punctata, a variety of fresh water fish were exposed to 1, 10 and 1000 μM concentration of Na2HAsO4 for 1 h. The amount of protein, in response to 1, 10 and 1000 μM concentration of arsenic were augmented by 184.47% (2.84-folds), 202.82% (3.0- folds) and 317.49% (4.17-folds), respectively and was found to be higher for 1000 μM dose. Cholesterol contents in liver were similarly exaggerated by 517.45% (6.17-folds), 308.13% (4.1-folds) and 286.41% (3.86-folds), respectively. However, the higher response was found for 1 μM dose of Na2HAsO4. Similar stimulatory effects on triglyceride level were observed in response to arsenic. Na2HAsO4 causes 443.74% (5.43-folds), 533.11% (6.33-folds) and 548.48% (6.48-folds) enhanced triglyceride level in liver respectively and the effects were pronounced for 1000 μM concentration. Our findings conclude that arsenic is involved in impairment of metabolic activities in liver of the species of fish and gives an impact to the environment for survival.

The use of nanoparticles is growing exponentially, but they are hazardous to biological world. Nanoparticles released in aquatic environment may affect cellular and biochemical functions and in turn, reduce fish productivity. Carbon nanotube is a nanomaterial which is mainly used for water purification, but they may cause toxicity in aquatic species. Hence the effects of carbon nanotubes on some metabolic enzymes of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus were investigated. Treatment of carbon nanotubes declined the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in liver, brain, gill and kidney of the fish. Maximum decrease in SDH activity was in gill followed by kidney, brain and liver. The decline in cMDH activity was maximum in kidney and minimum in brain. Likewise, reduction in LDH activity was maximum in brain and minimum in gill. The tissue-specific reductions in activity of enzymes may be assigned to the differences in nature of different organs. Among these enzymes maximum decline was in activity of cMDH reflecting inhibition in gluconeogenic and lipogenic capacity of fish. The effects of carbon nanotubes on activity of these metabolic enzymes were concentration-dependent. The present findings indicated that the carbon nanotubes are toxic to the cellular and subcellular enzymes and their uses should be restricted to save the health of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present systematic experiment was conducted to estimate the impact of behavioral and pathological indices on freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sub-lethal concentration (5 ppm) of an organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Fish were segregated into four experimental groups (G1, control; G2, 10 days; G3, 20 days; and G4, 30 days exposure), each group comprises 15 fish in triplicate. The behavioral and histological changes were assessed in each group. Severe behavioral changes were observed in the 30 days, moderate changes in the 20 days, and mild changes in the 10 days exposure groups respectively when compared with the control group. The pathologic lesions such as inter lamellae space, necrotic lamellae, fused lamellae, and lifting of lamellae epithelium in gills; vacuolation, blood conjunctions, and necrotic hepatocytes in the liver; and lamina propria, fusion of villi, and flattened villi in the intestine were observed. These structural alterations of the gills, liver, and intestine could affect respiration, osmotic and ionic regulation; absorption, storage and secretion; digestion; and absorption of nutrients respectively, which in turn could adversely affect the growth and survival of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. This study serves as a biomonitoring tool for the effects of organophosphorus insecticide CPF on the aquatic biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myxozoan infections of Indian freshwater fishes are relatively well studied, but their validity is supported with molecular and phylogenetic data only for a few species. The primary objective was to present molecular data for two Myxozoan species, Myxobolus cylindricus and Henneguya gachua collected from Indian freshwater fishes, the dwarf snakehead Channa gachua and the striped dwarf catfish Mystus vittatus, respectively. Various organs of 56 C. gachua and 48 M. vittatus were dissected. Myxozoan plasmodia with mature spores were collected from the gills under a dissecting microscope. Spores obtained from plasmodia from infected hosts were fixed in 80% ethanol in vials and sent for further morphological and molecular examinations to Hungary. The 18S rDNA gene of Myxobolus and Henneguya spp. was amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Morphological characteristics of M. cylindricus and H. mystasi spores corresponded to the original descriptions made by Sarkar, Mazumdar and Pramanik, 1985 and Haldar, Samal, and Mukhopadhyay, 1997, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA gene revealed that the sequences of M. cylindricus differed from those of most Indian Myxobolus sp., known mostly from cyprinid fishes and formed a subgroup with Myxobolus neurophilus, a parasite of a perciform host, and with Henneguya chaudhuryi, a species belonging to a different genus but described from a closely related channid host. It was also closely related to another Henneguya species, H. lesteri, described from Sillago analis, a coastal fish. Henneguya mystasi had the closest similarity to Henneguya bicaudi, a species described from an Indian cyprinid fish and to Henneguya pellucida reported from a characid fish known from South America. Molecular data received by us gives a solid basis for further identification of these myxozoans, the pathogenicity of which probably plays an economic role at culturing the hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Very limited information is available on nutrient requirements of Channa striata , particularly during the grow-out stage. A study was carried out to study the requirement and utilization of protein and lipid by Channa striata growing from 31 g to ~ 200 g. Nine experimental diets with graded levels of dietary protein and lipid were formulated using practical ingredients. Increasing dietary crude protein content from 43.4% to 55.6% at 11% dietary lipid content resulted in increases of weight gain, amount of feed consumed, specific growth rate, and thermal-unit growth coefficient. The crude protein requirement of Channa striata was estimated by the saturation kinetics model to be 51.6% dry matter (DM) for growth and 52.1% DM for protein deposition. On the digestible protein basis, the requirement of Channa striata was estimated to be 47.2% DM for growth and 47.8% DM for protein deposition. Increasing lipid content in diets from 7.5% to 23.1% in this study resulted in linear decreases of fish growth and feed intake. Apparently Channa striata cannot tolerate high dietary lipid levels; lipid levels of >19% DM could negatively affect growth performance. It was also revealed that dietary lipids did not have a protein-sparing effect in Channa striata. Results from this study not only contribute to a better understanding of the nutrient requirement and utilization of Channa striata , but also would be helpful for the development of cost-effective sustainable practical feed formulations for this fish species. Highlights • Digestible protein requirement was estimated for grow-out Channa striata. • Channa striata does not seem to tolerate more than 19% of lipids in diets. • A lack of a protein-sparing effect from dietary lipids in Channa striata was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourth stage larvae of Eustrongylides exciscus were recovered from the abdominal cavity, musculature and ovaries of Channa punctatus (prevalence 24%, intensity 2 to 18 per fish). Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were conducted to demonstrate the surface anatomy of the worm. The worm is slender, elongated and cylindrical. The mouth is slit-like, surrounded by two lateral rows of somatic papillae, cephalic end was conical with 12 labial papillae arranged in two circles of 6 papillae each. Scanning electron microscopy on attachment structures revealed that the inner papillae had narrow bases and spine-like apices, the outer ones had wide bases and nipple like apices encircled by a conspicuous ring and embedded in the body wall. The body of the worm was striated and grooved assisting flexibility to the worm during movement. Attempts to develop the larvae in ducks Anas platyrynchas by feeding were unsuccessful up to 17 days post infection suggesting that ducks were not the final hosts of the worm. Channa punctatus serves as a paratenic host for Eustrongylides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantified the intra‐specific diversity and characterized the population structure of the Asian snakehead fish, Channa striata in Sabah, North Borneo by determining the variability at six microsatellite loci. Range of genetic diversity across all sampled populations was comparatively moderate in relation to levels reported for C. striata populations occurring elsewhere and the overall Sabah population is highly structured, reflecting isolations across geological and ecological time scales. Two reciprocally monophyletic genodemes were identified along the west and east coast that may have been separated by mountain upthrusts throughout the central region of Sabah. Despite kinship among populations within each genodeme, individual demes were discrete as indicated by significant genotypic differentiation (all P < 0.0014) and low estimates of gene flow between them that likely reflect natural fragmentation of freshwater habitats they occupy. Our findings underline the potential of molecular markers in delimiting and delineating geospatial units of conservation in Sabah. Lowland freshwater ecosystems in the area may comprise two geographically isolated ecoregions, in which each hypothetically harbours biota that have evolved allopatrically. Additionally, identification of biodiversity hotspots within these putative ecoregions can be greatly facilitated with genetic‐level investigations as the rate by which freshwater communities are inventoried has been extremely slow in most habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of Larvivorous fishes is the best medium in controlling immature mosquitoes and thereby in reducing spread of mosquito borne diseases. Several species of fresh water fishes feed on immature stages of mosquito larvae and are of considerable value in controlling mosquito population. A study was conducted in Doon valley with an aim to document the larvivorous fish fauna. Study revealed the occurrence of 20 species of larvivorous fishes under 4 orders, 7 families and 15 genera. Categorization of fish was done as voracious feeder (Trichogaster fasciata, Esomus danrica, Rasbora daniconius, Danio rerio, Gambusia affinis, Poecilia reticulata, Aphanius dispar and Aplocheilus panchax), opportunistic feeder (Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Channa striata, Channa marulius, Mystus vittatus, Mystus tengara, Mystus seengtee and Amblypharyngodon mola) and moderate feeder (Barilius bendelisis, Puntius sophore, Pethia ticto and Devario devario) based on their feeding potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Snakehead fishes have significant economic importance in Bangladesh as food due to their exquisite taste. Some species of snakeheads are considered in threatened categories due to their population decline and loss of habitats. DNA Barcoding has been considered as a global bio-identification system for freshwater and marine fishes in recent years. In the present study, four snakehead species: Channa gachua, C. marulius, C. punctata and C. striata were investigated using both morphological methods and molecular identification with mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Our study confirms that no C. orientalis existing in Bangladesh and all the older reports are pertaining to C. gachua. Phylogenetic relationships, the divergence of sequences between species was determined using Kimura 2-parameter distance model, and a Maximum Likelihood tree was generated in which the COI sequences for each of the four species could clearly be discriminated. The average interspecies genetic divergence was 26.90%. The study strongly validated the efficacy of COI as an ideal marker for DNA barcoding of Bangladeshi freshwater fishes and identification of specific species that necessitate further taxonomic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 16‐week experiment was accomplished to determine the dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (6.8 ± 0.92 cm; 4.65 ± 0.46 g) by feeding seven casein‐gelatin based isonitrogenous (450 g/kg CP) and isoenergetic (18.39 kJ/g GE) diets with graded levels of niacin (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/kg diet) twice a day to apparent satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Significantly best absolute weight gain (AWG; 38.19 g/fish), feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.42) and protein retention efficiency (PRE; 26.47%) were registered in fish fed 40 mg niacin/kg diet. Also, fish fed above diet exhibited maximum carcass protein. Hemoglobin (Hb), RBCs counts and hematocrit (Hct) were improved with the incremental levels of dietary niacin up to 40 mg/kg. However, liver niacin content showed the positive correlation up to 50 mg/kg niacin and then leveled off. Fingerling C. punctatus fed niacin‐free diet showed retarded growth, poor feed utilization, high mortality, difficult motion and skin haemorrhage. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, FCR and PRE indicated that fingerling C. punctatus require niacin in the range of 37.1–42.1, whereas that of liver niacin concentration indicated the niacin requirement at 52.3 mg/kg dry diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the histopathological effect of lead nitrate on the testis of fsh (Channa striatus). Fishes having average length 20-25 cm and weight 50-60 g were distributed into four groups. The fshes of group I were kept as control, while II, III and IV were exposed to sub lethal concentrations (8, 18 and 28 mg/l) of lead nitrate for 30, 60 and 90 days. Examined sections revealed that the testis of C. striatus had damaged wall of seminiferous tubules, disorganization of seminiferous tubules, clustering of seminiferous tubules, deshaped and damaged seminiferous tubules, indistinguishable leydig's cells, reduction in the number of leydig's cells, necrosis, vacuolization, centralization of spermatozoa and reduction in the number of spermatozoa. The result of the present study clearly indicates that testicular histopathological alterations depend on duration of exposure and concentration of lead nitrate on the testis of Channa striatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid (AA), is important in growth and physiological functions of fish. Six soybean meal-based (SBM) diets containing 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg.kg-1 of AA were fed to snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch 1793) (initial weight 6.63 ± 0.16 g) for 8 weeks in the laboratory. Survival of snakehead in the 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 treatments was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control, but not in the other treatments. Final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish in all the AA-supplemented diet treatments were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control. Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) also differed significantly, but not in a clearly dose-dependent manner. The requirement of AA for snakehead was calculated to be 277 mg.kg-1. No vertebral anomalies were observed. Erythrocyte count was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 1000 and 2000 mg.kg-1 than at 0 and 125 mg.kg-1. Fish in 250 mg.kg-1 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher leukocyte count than those in 0, 1000, and 2000 mg.kg-1. A bacterial challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila revealed that 500 and 1000 mg.kg-1 had the lowest cumulative mortality. In an on-farm trial, SBM-based and commercial diets augmented with 0, 500, 750, or 1000 mg.kg-1 AA were fed to C. striata for 23 weeks. All AAsupplemented SBM-based diets provided significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weights and overall yield than did all the AA-supplemented commercial diets. Maximum survival (85.3%), final fish weight (573.5 g), yield (293.3 kg.hapa-1) and profit (0.38 USD.kg fish-1), as well as minimum FCR (1.16), production cost (1.12 USD.kg fish-1) and feed cost (0.98 USD.kg fish-1) were obtained with the 500 mg.kg-1 SBM diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dietary thiamin requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus was quantified by feeding casein/gelatin‐based diets (450 g/kg CP; 18.39 kJ/g GE) with seven graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.9 ± 0.93 cm; 4.91 ± 0.62 g) for 16 weeks. Fish fed diet with 2.5 mg/kg thiamin reflected highest absolute weight gain (AWG), protein gain (PG), RNA/DNA ratio and lowest feed conversion ratio. Similarly, highest liver thiamin concentration was also recorded in fish fed 2.5 mg/kg thiamin diet. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration responded negatively with increasing concentrations of dietary thiamin up to 2.5 mg/kg, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were found to improve with the increasing levels of dietary thiamin from 0 to 2.5 mg/kg. Transketolase activity also improved as the thiamin concentrations increased up to 2.5 mg/kg. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, PG, RNA/DNA ratio, liver thiamin concentrations, transketolase and TBARS activities exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 2.34–2.59 mg/kg diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Channa striatus, also called snakehead murrel, is an important freshwater teleost fish which has been widely cultured for its tasty flesh along with nutritional and medicinal values. The growth of both cultured and wild murrels is affected by various physical, chemical and biological factors. As a teleost fish, C. striatus is an intermediate organism between invertebrates and vertebrates. They have a well‐developed innate immune system than invertebrates and a primitive adaptive immune system compared to that of higher vertebrates, thus an interesting unique immune structure to explore. Studies have identified that a few external stimulants do instigate the immune system to fight against the pathogens at the time of infection in C. striatus. This review discusses the physicochemical and biological stress factors, immune system and immune molecules of C. striatus which are potentially involved in combating the stress factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 16‐week experiment was conducted to determine the dietary riboflavin requirement of the fingerling Channa punctatus (6.7 ± 0.85 cm; 4.75 ± 0.72 g) by a feeding casein–gelatin‐based (450 g/kg crude protein; 18.39 kJ/g gross energy) purified diet containing graded levels of riboflavin (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg/kg diet) to triplicate groups of fish near to satiation at 09:30 and 16:30 hr. Absolute weight gain (AWG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR, % per day), protein retention efficiency (PRE%) and RNA/DNA ratio were positively affected by increasing concentrations of dietary riboflavin to 6 mg riboflavin per kg diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased up to 6 mg riboflavin per kg diet but did not decrease further with higher riboflavin supplementation. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) concentration also supported the pattern of FCR, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities increased with increasing concentrations of dietary riboflavin from 0 to 6 mg/kg. Liver riboflavin concentrations increased with increasing levels of riboflavin up to 8 mg/kg diet. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, PRE and liver riboflavin concentrations of fingerling C. punctatus with dietary riboflavin level indicated optimum growth and liver riboflavin saturation at 5.7, 6.1 and 7.7 mg riboflavin per kg diet, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]