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Fat authentication is strongly required for the reason of religious food ethics, human health, and preferences. This research reported two simple techniques approach for recognizing fat based on the character of microscopic and physicochemical properties of fat extractedusing different polarity solvents. The formation of microcrystals as well as fatty acid composition were investigated by involving variables of four different types of animal fat and three different solvents. Theisolate fats were directly crystallized under incubation at room temperature and observedusing an optical microscope while fatty acid composition was determined by hydrolyzing and trans-esterifying fat samples before analysis using GC-MS. The microscopic structures of the obtained crystals areneedle-basedwitharadial orientation in spherulitic pattern which characteristic to each type of fat. The lard fat crystal was authentically distinguished from its shape of a partially radial fan, whilst the shape of fat crystals from beef, goat, and lamb are needle-shaped with a full radialorientation. Fatty acids obtained from all types of fats and types of solvents show similar types but different abundances, the main saturated fatty acids are palmitate, stearate myristic and the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that lard composed higher ΣUSFA compared to ΣSFA but other fats (tallow, goat, and lamb) showed converse behavior.

The development of techniques for detecting halal and non-halal animal meat is of great importance as a useful tool for monitoring and assuring food quality for Muslim. Flavor or aroma is one of the sensory attributes for consumers to distinguish broth cattle. The differences aroma of broth cattle is contributed by the content of volatile compounds. This study was aimed to determine the composition of volatile compounds in meat and bone broth from five different animals, i.e., cow (beef), pig (pork), goat, lamb, and chicken for initial identification of halal and non halal food. A preliminary test for samples of meat and bone broth was done by identifying their physical properties including pH, viscosity, and density. The volatile compounds in meat and broth samples were extracted using a solid phase-micro extraction (SPME) at room temperature and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The results revealed the physical properties of meat and bone broth, i.e., pH, viscosity, and density, cannot be used to distinguish the type of broth produced from beef, pork, goat, lamb, and chicken. Successful results for the identification were achieved through chromatogram profile of volatile compounds from meat and bone broth which show characteristics to each type of animal, and therefore it can be used to distinguish pork from beef, goat, lamb, and chicken as initial detection for halal and non halal food. The research also identified 7 predominant volatile compounds as a marker for meat pork and other 8 specific compounds marker for pork bone.

This study aimed to determine the effect of storage time for fortified goat's milk yogurt white rice bran flour on organoleptic physical characteristics, pH value, amount of coliform and Salmonella sp. contamination. A total of 20 samples were divided into five treatment groups, based on storage time of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks, and 4 replications. Every week, tests for organoleptic physical characteristics were carried out using 20 semi-trained panelists, measuring pH values using a pH meter, evaluating the amount of coliform contamination using the MPN method, and Salmonella sp. using SSA media, Gram stain, and TSIA media. Data of organoleptic physical characteristics was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann-Whitney, data on the amount of coliform contamination and pH values were analyzed using OneWay ANOVA followed by Tukey. Qualitative data on contamination of Salmonella sp. descriptively. The results showed that storage time had a significant effect (p0,05) on color criteria. The results on the amount of coliform contamination and the pH value showed a significant difference (p

Dioksin merupakan turunan dari Polychlorinated trichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDDs) yang bersifat lipofilik dan bioakumulasi. Dioksin mampu berikatan dengan Aryl hydrocarbon Receptors maupun Transforming Growth Faktor Beta, sehingga sitokrom P450 teraktivasi dan memicu kerusakan jaringan. Kasein yogurt susu kambing merupakan sumber peptida bioaktif dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh tablet konvensional kasein yogurt susu kambing terhadap kadar residu dioksin dan kerusakan jaringan musuculus pectoralis ayam broiler yang terpapar dioksin. Penelitian ini menggunakan 18 ekor ayam broiler berusia 21 hari, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, terdiri atas: 1) Kelompok negatif (tanpa perlakukan); 2) Kelompok positif (TCDD 50 ng/kg pakan/hari); 3) Kelompok terapi (TCDD 50 ng/kg pakan/hari + tablet konvensional kasein yogurt susu kambing 750 mg/ekor peroral). Kadar residu dioksin diukur dengan metode spektrofotometri-UV diolah sebagai data kuantitatif dianalisa dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dilanjutkan Uji Tukey. Histopatologi musculus pectoralis diwarnai dengan menggunakan metode pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) dan diamati secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan analisa statistik pemberian tablet konvensional kasein yogurt susu kambing memberikan pengaruh tidak berbeda nyata (p>0.05) pada penurunan kadar residu dioksin, namun data pengukuran residu dioksin menunjukkan bahwa adanya penurunan kadar residu dioksin sebesar 18,20%. Pemberian tablet konvensional kasein yogurt susu kambing juga terbukti dapat memperbaiki kerusakan jaringan musculus pectoralis ayam broiler (Gallus domesticus) yang dipapar dioksin dengan mengurangi jumlah jaringan ikat perimisium yang mengalami penebalan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pemberian tablet konvensional kasein yogurt susu kambing tidak memberi pengaruh yang signifikan untuk menurunkan kadar residu TCDD dan dapat memperbaiki kerusakan histopatologi musculus pectoralis ayam broiler (Gallus domesticus) yang dipapar dioksin.

Uric acid is an oxidation product of the xanthine oxidase enzyme found in extracellular fluid, and when it exceeds, uric acid will build up and cause hyperuricemia. TNF-α is released by epithelial cells and mesangial cells when inflammation occurs and causes apoptosis in epithelial cells, causing damage to kidney structures and initiating acute kidney poisoning. Green tea extract (Camellia sinensis L.) contains many antioxidants, especially flavonoids with potent antioxidant properties such as lipid peroxidase and free radical absorbers, inhibiting xanthine oxidase. This study expresses the potential of green tea extract on kidney repair caused by HUA. Twenty-four male albino rats (175-225 g) of Wistar strain being fed a high purine diet in 60 consecutive days and divided into six groups randomly, I: negative control, II: positive control, III: allopurinol, IV: green tea extract 150mg of body weight, V: green tea extract 300mg of body weight, and VI: green tea extract 600mg of body weight. Treatment was done for 14 days and measured by total creatinine levels, malondialdehyde levels, and kidney histopathology. The statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey analysis by SPSS 23.0 proved that green tea extract with a dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight green could lower levels malondialdehyde of the kidney as much as 58.85% (p0.05), and improved kidney histopathology. This study proved that green tea extract is a promising alternative for hyperuricemia while improving kidney tissues and lowering malondialdehyde and creatinine levels.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozone exposure to the physicochemical and microbial activity in dairy milk. The research material was fresh milk from dairy cows and ozone was produced by commercial ozone generator brand HANACO, production capacity up to 0.702 mg/min at 24-27ºC with oxygen source coming from ambient air in the nature. The experiment used ozone treatments for 0, 10, 20, and 30 min with variable of analysis such as density, protein, fat, electrical resistance, total plate count, and malondialdehyde which was analyzed using One Way Annova. The results showed that ozone treatment had no significant effect on the density, protein and fat in dairy milk, but had significant (P

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a toxic compound of organic pollutants that is very persistent in the environment. This compound can accumulate in the body through contaminated food and can cause various adverse effects on human health. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of casein tablets made from goat milk yogurt on Liver histopathological profile, residual TCDD and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in broiler chicken exposed to 50 ng/mL TCDD. A total of 18 male broiler chickens aged 3 weeks were used in this study and were divided into 3 experimental groups based on a completely randomized design (CRD): 1 (negative control group), 2 (positive control group), 3 (therapeutic group) which were administered by 750 mg of casein from goat milk yogurt for 21 days. TCDD residue and MDA levels in the liver were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, respectively. The liver histopathological profile was observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results showed that the administration of casein tablets decreased the level of TCDD residue and MDA by 5.75% and 43.74%, respectively. Moreover, the liver histopathological profile of the therapeutic group was better than that of the positive control group. It is suggested that casein tablet made from goat milk yogurt possesses anti-dioxin and antioxidant capacities.

Diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide is widely used in agricultural sectors. The metabolic products of this organophosphate compound can increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the body. It causes complications to the various organs, one of which is gastric. Red pitaya peel extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has high antioxidant activity in lowering ROS, in cases of diazinon poisoning. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of redpitaya peel extract in reducing the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and repairing histopathological damage of rats induced by diazinon. This study used 20 tails of male white Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) from 8-12 weeks of age with the average weight of 150 grams . The subject was divided into 5 groups, which were negative control (-), positive control (+), treatment 1 (P1), treatment 2 (P2), and treatment 3 (P3). A dose of 40 mg/kg BW of Diazinon was given orally every day through feeding tube (sonde) for 5 consecutive days. Red pitaya peel extract was given to test groups with a dose of 150 mg/150 g BW, 200 mg/150 g BW and 250 mg/150 g BW, for 14 days. MDA levels were measured using the Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Gastric histopathology features were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) after 14 days. The MDA levels were analyzed quantitatively by ANOVA using SPSS version 22 for Windows and continued with honestly significant difference (HSD) test (α = 5%) and gastric histopathology were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the extract of red pitaya peel with dose of 150 mg/150 g BW significantly (p

Liver has an important role in detoxification of toxins such as xenobiotic which could interfere the function of liver. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic widely used, despite of its toxicity potentials. The enhancement of free radicals in the body could suppress antioxidant activity. Propolis of Trigona sp. has been known to contain very high amount of antioxidants. The enhanced serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum is used as marker of liver damage due to the increase of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of Trigona sp. propolis ethanolic extract on SGOT and ALP levels in rats (Rattus novergicus) pretreated by chloramphenicol to induce liver damage. Test animals used for this research were male rats aged 8-12 weeks divided into five treatment groups: negative control group (normal), positive control group (induced by 400 mg/kgBW chloramphenicol), first therapy group, second therapy group, third therapy group induced by chloramphenicol with and propolis extract with the dose of 8 mg, 16 mg, and 24 mg, respectively. Chloramphenicol was injected subcutaneously for 14 days, whereas propolis extract were administered orally for 21 days. The level of SGOT and ALP was determined using spectophotometry. The results showed that propolis extract could reduce levels of SGOT and ALP. Dose of 24 mg/kg was the effective dose to decrease levels of SGOT and ALP significantly (p

Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by significant exacerbation of bronchial spasm (bronchospasm) and airway inflammation. Asthma symptoms become more severe by oral infectious due to exposure of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The essential oils (EO) of the canary sap (Canarium indicum L.) contained linalool, p-cymene and γ-terpinene as an anti-inflammatory agent. The aim of this study to determine the potency EO canary therapy toward level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lung histopathology of asthmatic rats. The asthmatic rats were prepared by sensitization of allergent conducted by intraperitonial injection and nebulized of ovalbumin (OVA) also intramuscular injection of Lipopolysaccharide from Phorphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Five groups of rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used in this research; ie the control group, the asthmatic group, and three groups with therapy of EO canary the dose of 25 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW for 7 days. The contain of EO canary were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). The MDA levels were measured using the Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) technique and histopathology of bronchial stained using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and observed microscopically. The data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA with Tukey test (α = 0.05). The result showed that EO canary significantly (p < 0.05) decrease MDA levels and repair lung histopathology of asthmatic rats. The analysis EO canary performed by GCMS composed of l-phellandrene; p-cymene; γ-terpinene; linalool; camphor; limonene and 1,8-cineole. It can be concluded EO canary has potency as anti-inflammatory agent of asthmatic condition. The most effective dose therapy was obtained as high as 100 mg/kgBW that decreased 46.56 % level of MDA.

Rice bran cereals could be used as the alternative treatment on hypercholesterolemia condition. Tocopherol as an antioxidant and dietary fiber as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which contained in rice bran cereals have the potential to decrease total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels. The aims of this study are to determine the role of rice bran cereals to decrease total cholesterol, malondialdehyde levels and improve the histopathology of the aortic organ due to hypercholesterolemia. This study used rats (Rattus Norvegicus) as animals model which were divided into 5 groups: control group (healthy rats), hypercholesterolemia group (sick rat) and 3 therapy groups with variation dose respectively 270, 540 and 810 mg/kg body weight. Data analysis for total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels used one-way ANOVA with α = 0.05 with Tukey test as a follow-up test. The results of statistical analysis proved that rice bran cereals with a dose of 810 mg/kg body weight effect for the changes of total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels which are 21.72% and 50.88%, respectively. In addition, results showed that rice bran cereals therapy could significantly influence (p = 0.05) decrease of total cholesterol, malondialdehyde levels and improve the histopathology of an aortic organ in hypercholesterolemic rats.

This study aims to determine anthocyanin antioxidant performance with a dose of 2 cc/day based on the expression of apoptotic cells on ischemic stroke rats cerebellum. Research was conducted using ischemic stroke rats (Rattus norvegicus) that prepared by ligated for 3 h on the Common Carotid Artery (CCA) and External Carotid Artery (ECA) followed by reperfusion that commonly known as MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion). The anthocyanin extract was characterized by LC-MS and its IC50 was measured by DPPH method. The rats were divided into five groups 1) negative control; 2) reperfusion 1 h; 3) reperfusion 72 h; 4) reperfusion 24 h, with anthocyanin therapy; 5) reperfusion 72 h, with anthocyanin therapy. The results of LC-MS showed that anthocyanin from purple sweet potato extracts contained Petunidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (Pt-DG) with an IC50 value of 22.16 μg/mL, categorized as very strong antioxidant. The results showed that apoptotic cells expression of cerebellum decreased significantly (p

Exploration of the use of medicinal plants to lower uric acid levels has been widely practiced. Stages of new drug development research is a preclinical test using experimental animals, therefore the manufacture of an animal model of hyperuricemia is necessary. This study aims to determine the optimal induction of uric acid to increase blood uric acid levels by administering high purine foods such as cow’s liver, cow’s spleen, Gnetum gnemon, emping and fried peanuts. Eighty male white rats were used individuals to be divided into 4 groups, they were: (I) cow’s liver, (II) cow’s liver and cow’s spleen, (III) cow’s liver, cow’s spleen and boiled gnetum gnemon beans, and (IV) cow’s liver, cow’s spleen, emping and fried peanuts. This study using easy touch GCU to measure blood uric acid level. The result of statistical analysis of uric acid level means with 5 times repetition using One Way ANOVA showed that there was a very significant difference between treatments (p

This research studies the effect of anthocyanin from purple sweet potato in the cerebellum of stroke ischemic rats by MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) technique. This technique was carried out by ligating the blood flow in ECA and CCA region for 3 hours, followed by reperfusion. The MCAO technique proved as a technique for preparing ischemic stroke rats. This technique induces releasing of BDNF and VEGF in the cerebellum of ischemic stroke rats. The level of BDNF measured by ELISA technique and VEGF expression used immunohistochemistry technique. The results showed that anthocyanin from purple sweet potato increased the level of both BDNF and VEGF expression in the cerebellum in ischemic stroke rats. It is suggested that anthocyanin could be used as a therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.

Probiotic of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain is lactic acid bacteria that have benefits to enhance immunity system, as an antioxidant and has the ability to decrease the cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain probiotic toward total cholesterol decreasing and SOD activity increasing in rats’ aorta with a high-cholesterol diet. This study used 25 male rats of Rattus novergicus Wistar strain that will be divided into 5 groups. The 1st group as the negative control, and the 2nd group as positive control. The positive control group was induced by high-cholesterol diet contained quail egg yolk, pure cholesterol, cholic acid and waste oil that were given for 3 weeks. The 3rd, 4th and 5th group were treated by probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain with variation dose of 3.6 x 107, 7.3 x 107 and 10.9 x 107 cells/kg bodyweight/day. The results showed that probiotic of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain therapy dose of 10.9 x 107 cells/kg bodyweight/day can decrease the total blood cholesterol of rats’ serum that were given with high-cholesterol diet of about 32.0%. In addition, the probiotic of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain therapy also increase the activity of SOD about 50.70%.

Uric acid is the end product of purine degradation. When uric acid levels exceed normal limits, it will build up and cause hyperuricemia. Allopurinol is one of the most effective and common medicine for hyperuricemia, but it brings serious side effects, therefore it is needed alternative therapy for hyperuricemia. One plant that may be expected to low uric acid levels is green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), that contains many antioxidants polyphenols, especially flavonoids. Flavonoid has strong antioxidant properties, act as free radical and metal scavengers, and also xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors. This study investigates the potential of green tea using various doses of 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of body weight in 24 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain that has been received high purine diet in 60 consecutive days. This study used DHBSA methods to measure uric acid levels in blood serum and urine that excreted 8 hours before surgery. Green tea extract that contains polyphenol can inhibit XOD activities, therefore, it leads to decrease uric acid level in blood and increase the excretion through urine by modulating urate gene transporter. A therapy with 600 mg/kg body weight of GTE is the most effective dose to decrease uric acid levels in serum and to increase excretion of exceeding uric acid significantly (p < 0.01), from One Way ANOVA and Tukey analysis.

This study aimed to determine the fermented milk of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain potential on cholesterol levels, SOD activity, LPL enzyme activity, and cardiac histopathology. This study used 25 rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain aged 2-3 months, weighing 150-200 grams. These rats were divided into 5 groups: negative control group, positive control group with high-cholesterol diet for 21 days, and therapy group with 1.0 ; 1.5 ; 2.0 mL/rat/day of fermented milk for 14 days. The analysis methods used in this study are One Way ANOVA and Tukey. The results showed that the fermented milk of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain had a strong effect on blood cholesterol levels and increasing the SOD activity. This study also showed that the fermented milk of Lactobacillus casei with 2.0 mL/rat/day is the most effective dose to decrease the total cholesterol and increase the SOD activity.

Empirically, fermented milk product has been proven to improve and cure for several certain diseases. Bioactive peptides were produced through a fermentation process in goat milk promotes many benefits on body health. The present study revealed that goat milk was fermented using starter commercial 3% to produced yoghurt increased protein content significantly. By using SDS- PAGE, showed that the decomposition of protein fraction was better than the fresh goat milk. Results then were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and found out that there were three kinds of bioactive each peptide consisted of 16 amino acids and were protected from the action of the protease enzyme. Goat's milk yoghurt was treated per oral in mice after hypercholesterolemic diet for 14 days with dose range of 300 mg/kg; 600 mg/kg; and 900 mg/kg for 4 weeks (28 days). The results demonstrated three type of bioactive peptides performed activity as anti-hypercholesterolemia on mice models which showed highly significant (P

The pattern of high consumption of fat can lead to hypercholesterolemia were accompanied by increased levels of LDL which resulted in LDL oxidation, accompanied by an inflammatory reaction that can lead to liver tissue damage resulting in increased expression of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (INOS) and changes in liver histopathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of goat milk yogurt supplementation on the expression of INOS and liver histopathology picture. This study used 20 male rats, Wistar strain aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 150-200g. Giving goat milk yogurt for 42 days with a dose of 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 900mg/kg and giving dietary hypercholesterolemia by administering poached quail egg yolk, lard, and cholic acid by the stomach sonde for 14 days. Parameters measured were the expression of INOS and liver histopathology picture. The analysis used in this study is the One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test 5%. The results showed that administration of goat milk yogurt as a precaution hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 900mg/kg give a highly significant effect (p

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by leveling up glucose in human blood and affects increasing of free radicals in body as well as leading to cellular oxidative stress. Experimentally, this condition is able to be characterized by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level in cell and histological changing in pancreas appearance. Consumption of antioxidant substances was reported able to reduce the MDA quantity as free radicals. Black soybean or Glycine max (L) Merr. was reported contains important antioxidant agents such as anthocyanin and isoflavone. This paper discloses recent investigation on application of black soybean water extract to reduce the MDA level on diabetes mellitus-rat model induced by STZ (DM) and also reports the pancreas histological changing of the DM rats. Investigation revealed that black soybean water extract significantly affect decreasing of MDA level by 4.9%, 27.1% and 45.7% in three different doses theraphy (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg BW). Histologically, it also clearly indicates repairing of pancreas tissue of the DM rats.

Black soybean (Glycine max ( L. ) Merr.) is a tropical plant and spread widely in South East Asia including Indonesia. It contains anthocyanins and isoflavones which acts commonly as natural antioxidants. This paper discloses recent investigation on the benefits of its water extract on the oxidative stress in diabetes rat model exposed with multiple low dose of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ). It will also be reported the effect on increasing of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lowering of blood glucose levels. Groups of male Rattus novergicus strain Winstar was applied as animal model.

Goitrogenic substances can inhibit of iodine taking by the thyroid gland. Thus iodine concentration in thyroid gland will be low, and this phenomena is indicated by inflammation in the thyroid gland. Moreover, it can cause releaseing of an excessive amount of free radicals. This radicals, in the body, causes oxidative stress and also increase the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). This is also as an indicator for lipid peroxidation and the decreasing of urinary iodine excretion levels (EIU). The treatment with KIO3 and KI salt was intended to study the level of supplementation of iodine (I2) toward level of MDA in serum and histological description of rat’s thyroid gland. The MDA levels was determined through TBA test (Thio Barbituric Acid), meanwhile the histological pattern of rat thyroid gland was determined by Hematoxylen-Eosin staining (HE). The results indicated both of KIO3 and KI salt significantly (p

Goitrogenic a substance that can inhibit the taking of iodine by the thyroid gland, so that the concentration of iodine in the thyroid to be low., is characterized by the inflammation in the gland thyroid area caused an excessive of free radicals. An excessive of free radicals in the body cause oxidative stress, That increasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of urinary iodine excretion levels (EIU). The treated to give KIO3 and KI salt was intended to determine the level of supplementation of iodine (I2), the level of MDA in serum and histological rat thyroid gland. MDA levels are determined through a TBA test (Thio Barbituric acid), meanwhile the histological of the rat thyroid gland was determined by Hematoxylen-Eosin staining (HE). The results showed the KIO3 and KI salt was significantly (p3 salt (33.62%) and KI salt (37,02%) and improving histological of the thyroid gland rats.

The aim of our research is predicting the alpha-patchouli alcohol isomer Pogostemon Herba as inhibitors cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) isoenzymes. The data for the alpha-patchouli alcohol isomer (CD521903, CD442384, and/or CD6432585) Pogostemon Herba were explored from the pubchem database. Molecular interaction studies with COX-1 and COX-2 from mouse were done using the molecular docking tools Hex 6.12 and LeadIT2 Bisolve. The analysis of the alpha-patchouli alcohol compounds of patchouli oil showed that alpha-Patchouli alcohol (CD521903) binds to COX-1 at active sites including: LEU223B, ASP228B, LEU237B, ARG 332B, TRP 138A, GLU 139A, SER 142A, ASN 143A, and the interaction to COX-2 at active site including: GLN 289B, GLU 290B, ARG 222B, LYS 211B, THR 212B, HIS 214B, ASN 382B, HEM682B, GLN 454B, HIS 386B, TRP 387B, HIS 388B, VAL 274B, GLN 203B, VAL 291B, VAL 295B. The interaction hydrogen bond energy between alpha-patchouli alcohol: (CD521903-COX-1 complexes (-4 kJ/mol) and CD521903-COX-2 complexes (-8 kJ/ mol) by LeadIT2 Biosolve. This suggests alpha-patchouli alcohol CD521903 as candidate for a selective COX-2 inhibitor. These in silico data need further analyses of biological function activity

Methyl mercury (MeHg) has the highest toxicity among the derivative of the organic mercury compounds. Rate of accumulation of MeHg in the body is very high because it is soluble in lipids. The ability of methyl mercury binds to proteins in the body causing MeHg to penetrate the blood-brain barrier easily, so that it can quickly disrupt the central nervous system and speed up nerve cell damage. This paper reported the effect of methyl mercury on the number of microglia cells and expression of iNOS in the brains of Rattus norvegicus. In this study, rats were divided into two groups: a control group with no exposure of MeHg and groups of rats exposed with MeHg at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg BW/day given orally for 21 days. Number of microglia cells is investigated using silver nitrate staining method and iNOS expression is determined by immunohistochemistry methods. The results showed that exposure with MeHg in a dose of 0.6 mg/kgBW can increase the number of microglia cells and iNOS expression respectively as mush as 151.63% and 918.08% . Keyword: Methyl mercury, microglia, brain, iNOS, immunohistochemistry

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels as a result of insufficiency of insulin function. Xanton a bioactive compound in the mangosteen rind is convinced to possess antidiabetic effects. There for, in this study effect of juice mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) on blood sugar levels, and histological features of pancreatic rats with the induction of streptozotocin was investigated. This research using experimental rats species of Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain male. Rats were divided into 3 groups, the first group was the control without any treatments, group II was sick rat group, and group III was therapy rat group treated with juice mangosteen rind (a dose of 110 mg/kg body weight) by sonde for 2 consecutive weeks. Then,blood sugar levels of all rat groups were measured along with observation of their pancreatic histological. The results showed that the blood sugar level in therapy rat group (104.7 ± 10.9 mg/dL) is not significantly different with that of rat control group (108.5 ± 19.5 mg/dL), revealing effectiveness of therapy. Conservely, blood sugar level remained high in sick rat group (163.8 ± 16.2 mg/dL). Juice mangosteen rind can improve conditions of the pancreatic histology rat with the induction of streptozotocin.

Rheumatoid arthritis (AR), an autoimun disease, is characterized by the inflammation in the joint area caused an excessive of free radicals. An excessive of free radicals in the body cause oxidative stress, that increasing levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and the decreasing levels of anti-oxidants. The treated with extract of brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.) intended to find out the MDA levels in serum and the histological of the foot joints rheumatoid arthritis rats. Malondialdehyde levels are determined through a TBA test (Thio Barbituric acid), meanwhile the histological of the rat foot joints was determined by Hematoxylen-Eosin staining (HE). The results showed the brown seaweed extract therapy (Sargassum sp.) was significantly (p

Pectinase is enzyme which functions to hydrolyze pectin become D-galacturonic acid unit. This enzyme is potential in various industries, especially in fruit juice industry. Pectinase can be derived from various microorganisms resulting in different pectinase character. The aims of this research were to determine the optimum condition of pectinase production and to characterize the resulted pectinase including optimum condition of pectinase activity and the influence of metal ion. The optimum condition of pectinase production was carried out by growing Bacillus firmus on basal media containing pectin as inducer at various pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, 50) oC and fermentation time (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36) hours. while the optimum pectinase activity was done at various pH ( 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ), temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, 50) oC and reaction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) minutes. The influence of Zn2+, Mg2+, K+ at 2-10 mM to pectinase activity were also investigated. The result showed that optimum condition of pectinase production occurred at pH7-8, temperature 40-50 oC and fermentation time 18hours, while the optimum condition of pectinase activity was pH 7, temperature 50 oC and reaction time 30 minutes. The existence of Zn2+, Mg2+, K+ ions affected significantly to pectinase activity. Mg2+ acted as non competitive inhibitor; however K+ and Zn2+ acted as un competitive inhibitor.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitant (Aa) is gram-negative bacteria composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in its outer membrane. This bacteria is normally found in dental plaque and periodontal pockets causing parotid gland damage when it is present in excess amounts. LPS is an endotoxin and a complex glycolipid composed of polysaccharides (hydrophilic) and lipid A (hydrophobic) which can induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and increase the levels of malonaldialdehyde (MDA) and tissue damage. The aims of this research are to find the expression of iNOS parotid gland cell and to determine levels of MDA using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) spectrophotometric test at 533 nm. The results showed a significantly difference (PAa rats (6.307 ± 0.0473 ppm). iNOS expression is confirmed by the brown spots formed on the parotid gland, affording the enhancements of iNOS expression in Aa rats and control rats of 2.292 ± 0.038 and 0.166 ± 0.003, respectively (P Keywords : Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Reactive Oxygen Species, malondialdehyde, iNOS

Diabetic Nephropathy is a kidney disease which occurs due to complication of diabetes mellitus as a consequence of the damage of the kidney endothelial cells. Hyperglicemia condition in patients with diabetes mellitus that induces an oxidative stress, were related to endothelial cell damage. Oxidative stress as a result of hyperglycemia will activate a number of signal transduction pathways resulting in increase of free radicals. D-alpha tocopherol as one of antioxidant substance, that can act as an inhibitor of free radical chain reactions, play an important role in the reduction of the oxidative stress effect. Effect of D-alpha-tocopherol in reducing oxidative stress is identified by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney and histology of kidney. This study used five groups mice; they were a control group, a diabetic group which was induced with MLD-STZ, and a therapeutic groups with a varieties doses of D-alpha tocopherol (100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW and 300 mg/kgBW). The results showed that the D-alpha tocopherol was able to reduce the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and repair the histology of kidney of mice induced by MLD-STZ.

Formaldehyde is a simplest organic compound of aldehyde or alkanal group. Formaldehyde is a toxic and carcinogenic substance. Formaldehyde contamination through food or feeding diet continuously is very dangerous for the body, especially for bodies organ for instances likes hepar and kidney. Because formaldehyde is sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals substances for the body. This purpose of the study is to know the effect of formaldehyde exposure and yogurt supplementation on profile and characters of rats (Rattus norvegicus) protein hepar tissues. The research methods is laboratory methods. The protein profiles determined by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods. The character of hepar protein tissue determined by ELISA, Dot Blot and Western Blot methods. The result showed that formaldehyde exposure through the feeding diet of rats affect on profile of hepar protein tissue, that characterized by appear of new band of specific protein with molecule weigh is 29.6 kDa (PSForm 29.6). Yogurt supplementation on rat that exposure by formaldehyde through the feeding diet of rat, that characterized by expressing of new band of specific protein with relative molecule weight 24.8 kDa (PSYogh 24.8 kDa), and followed by depressed or dispear of protein specific band of 29.6 kDa(PSForm 29.6 kDa). The result showed that isolated protein PSForm 29.6 kDa have a antigenecity character. Keywords: Formaldehyde exposure, yogurt, ROS, profile and protein character

Ruellia tuberosa L. is a folk remedy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, its hypoglycemic activity has not been investigated so far. In the present study, the antidiabetic mechanism of the n-hexane fraction of methanolic extract (HFME) of this plant was investigated in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. In silico study was performed using AutoDock4.2 software. In vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity was investigated by starch-iodine method. A single dose of 450 mg/kg HFME for 14 days was subjected to an antidiabetic screening in vivo by a multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced rats. Molecular modeling results show that Betulin exhibited noncompetitive α-amylase inhibitory activities. The effect of HFME elicited significant reductions of diabetic rat blood glucose. A single dose administration of HFME inhibited α-amylase activity in vivo (P

Areca catechu which is known in Indonesia as pinang, contains alkaloids such as arecoline, arecaine,arecaidine, arecolidine, guvacine, guvacoline, and isoguvasine. Arecoline has an ability to change gonadmorfofunction, including shape abnormality of sperm. The aim of this research was to find out the prospectof extract betel nut of A.catechu as male anti fertility agents based on its activity to increase the testosteroneconcentration. Animal models used consisted of 5 groups of 2-3 months male rats (Rattus norvegicus,Wistar strain) and induced for 1 week by water extract of betel nut at the dose of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 gram/200gram body weight. Testosterone concentration was determined by ELISA technique. The result showedthat extract betel nut of A. catechu is potential source of natural and beneficial male anti fertility agentsas it can increase the testosterone concentration.