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Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers, such as MoS2, possess a direct optical bandgap and are useful for emerging ultrathin optoelectronics in the visible light range, whereas their thickness limits light absorption and emission properties. To address this drawback, one promising approach is to hybridize plasmonic nanostructures with monolayer TMDs to utilize local field enhancement effects owing to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Herein, we propose a strong enhancement of the local light–matter interaction in MoS2 monolayers on naturally generated nanoscale grooves. The nanogrooves are formed at grain boundaries (GBs) of template-stripped metal film substrates that are fabricated by mechanically stripping Ag films deposited on an ultra-flat Si substrate, wherein the nanogroove densities are systematically modulated by the Ag film thickness. We observe an effective photoluminescence enhancement factor of 758 and a Raman spectroscopy intensity enhancement of approximately 5 times in MoS2 on the subwavelength-scale nanogrooves, compared with that on grain planes, which is attributed to a strong local field enhancement of the LSPR effect. Moreover, this plasmonic enhancement effect is elucidated by dark-field scattering spectroscopy and optical simulations. Our results can facilitate the utilization of density-controllable plasmonic nanogrooves synthesized without nanopatterning techniques for plasmonic hybrids on 2D semiconductors.

In recent years, many recommender systems using network embedding (NE) such as graph neural networks (GNNs) have been extensively studied in the sense of improving recommendation accuracy. However, such attempts have focused mostly on utilizing only the information of positive user-item interactions with high ratings. Thus, there is a challenge on how to make use of low rating scores for representing users' preferences since low ratings can be still informative in designing NE-based recommender systems. In this study, we present SiReN, a new sign-aware recommender system based on GNN models. Specifically, SiReN has three key components: 1) constructing a signed bipartite graph for more precisely representing users' preferences, which is split into two edge-disjoint graphs with positive and negative edges each, 2) generating two embeddings for the partitioned graphs with positive and negative edges via a GNN model and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), respectively, and then using an attention model to obtain the final embeddings, and 3) establishing a sign-aware Bayesian personalized ranking (BPR) loss function in the process of optimization. Through comprehensive experiments, we empirically demonstrate that SiReN consistently outperforms state-of-the-art NE-aided recommendation methods., 15 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables; to appear in the IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (Special Issue on Deep Neural Networks for Graphs: Theory, Models, Algorithms and Applications) (Please cite our journal version that will appear in an upcoming issue.)

Anisotropic materials with chirality or birefringence can be used to manipulate the polarization states of electromagnetic waves. However, the comparatively low anisotropy of natural materials hinders the miniaturization of optical components and devices at terahertz frequencies. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate that the relative phase retardation of a THz wave can be electrically controlled by integrating patterned mono- and bilayer graphene onto an otherwise isotropic metasurface. Specifically, we show that a refractive index for one of the orthogonal polarization states can be electrically controlled by modulating graphene’s conductivity, thereby weakening the capacitive coupling between adjacent meta-atoms in an anisotropic manner. With monolayer graphene, phase retardation of 15° to 81° between two orthogonal polarization states can be achieved. Maximum phase retardation of 90° through a metasurface with bilayer graphene suggests its use as a tunable quarter-wave plate. Continuous control from linear- to circular-polarization states may provide a wide range of opportunities for the development of compact THz polarization devices and polarization-sensitive THz technology.

Unusually high exciton binding energies (BEs), as much as ∼1 eV in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides, provide opportunities for exploring exotic and stable excitonic many-body effects. These include many-body neutral excitons, trions, biexcitons, and defect-induced excitons at room temperature, rarely realized in bulk materials. Nevertheless, the defect-induced trions correlated with charge screening have never been observed, and the corresponding BEs remain unknown. Here we report defect-induced A-trions and B-trions in monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) via carrier screening engineering with photogenerated carrier modulation, external doping, and substrate scattering. Defect-induced trions strongly couple with inherent SiO2 hole traps under high photocarrier densities and become more prominent in rhenium-doped WS2. The absence of defect-induced trion peaks was confirmed using a trap-free hexagonal boron nitride substrate, regardless of power density. Moreover, many-body excitonic charge states and their BEs were compared via carrier screening engineering at room temperature. The highest BE was observed in the defect-induced A-trion state (∼214 meV), comparably higher than the trion (209 meV) and neutral exciton (174 meV), and further tuned by external photoinduced carrier density control. This investigation allows us to demonstrate defect-induced trion BE localization via spatial BE mapping in the monolayer WS2 midflake regions distinctive from the flake edges.

The extreme elastic strain of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides provides an ideal platform to achieve efficient exciton funneling via local strain modulation; however, studies conducted thus far have focused on the use of substrates with fixed strain profiles. We prepared 1L-WS2 on a flexible substrate such that the formation of topographic wrinkles could be switched on or off, and the depth or the direction of the wrinkle could be modified by external strain, thereby providing full control of the periodic undulation of the band gap profile of 1L-WS2 in the range 0-57 meV. Nanoscale photoluminescence (PL) imaging unambiguously evinced that the photoexcited excitons of 1L-WS2 were accumulated at the top regions of the wrinkles with less band gap than the valley region. Our results of broad tunability of the two-dimensional (2D) exciton funneling suggest a promising route to control exciton drift for enhanced optoelectronic performances and future 2D exciton devices.

The electrical and optical characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) can be improved by surface modification. In this study, distinctive field-effect transist...

Effective charge separation and rapid transport of photogenerated charge carriers without self-oxidation in transition metal dichalcogenide photocatalysts are required for highly efficient and stab...

The prime example of a two-dimensional photonic crystal featuring Dirac cones is based on the honeycomb lattice. Colloidal self-assembly can produce a two-dimensional colloidal structure over a large area but is limited to hexagonal-close-packed structures. Therefore, it has been challenging to fabricate honeycomb monolayers by colloidal self-assembly. Here, we fabricate a dielectric honeycomb lattice in a large area by template-assisted self-assembly and analyze its photonic structure. Although the Dirac point occurring at the K point is not accessible by light in free space, a part of the upper Dirac cone above the light line is verified by a Fourier analysis of the back-focal-plane image. Because the template-assisted self-assembly enables additional geometrical perturbations in the honeycomb lattice, various lattices can be fabricated. This additional degree of freedom may provide an alternative way of fabricating photonic topological insulators.

Metal&ndash, organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a class of solid-state hybrid compounds consisting of multitopic organic struts and metal-based nodes that are interconnected by coordination bonds, and they are ideal for light harvesting due to their highly ordered structure. These structures can be constructed with chromophore organic ligands structures for the purpose of efficient light harvesting. Here, we prepared porphyrin-based nano-scaled MOFs (nPCN-222) with BODIPY and I2BODIPY photosensitizers by incorporating BODIPY/I2BODIPY into nPCN-222 (nPCN-BDP/nPCN-I2BDP) and demonstrated resonance energy transfer from the donor (BODIPY/I2BODIPY) to the acceptor (nPCN-222) resulting in greatly enhanced fluorescence of nPCN-222, as visually manifested by time-resolved and space-resolved fluorescence imaging of the nano-scaled MOFs.

Purpose Assessing the status of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) by pathologists is an essential task for the accurate staging of breast cancer. However, histopathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes by a pathologist is not easy and is a tedious and time-consuming task. The purpose of this study is to review a challenge competition (HeLP 2018) to develop automated solutions for the classification of metastases in hematoxylin and eosin-stained frozen tissue sections of SLNs in breast cancer patients. Materials and methods A total of 297 digital slides were obtained from frozen SLN sections, which include post-neoadjuvant cases (n = 144, 48.5%) in Asan Medical Center, South Korea. The slides were divided into training, development, and validation sets. All of the imaging datasets have been manually segmented by expert pathologists. A total of 10 participants were allowed to use the Kakao challenge platform for six weeks with two P40 GPUs. The algorithms were assessed in terms of the AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve). Results The top three teams showed 0.986, 0.985, and 0.945 AUCs for the development set and 0.805, 0.776, and 0.765 AUCs for the validation set. Micrometastatic tumors, neoadjuvant systemic therapy, invasive lobular carcinoma, and histologic grade 3 were associated with lower diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion In a challenge competition, accurate deep learning algorithms have been developed, which can be helpful in making frozen diagnosis of intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy. Whether this approach has clinical utility will require evaluation in a clinical setting.

Assessing the status of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) by pathologists is an essential task for the accurate staging of breast cancer. However, histopathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes by a pathologist is not easy and is a tedious and time-consuming task. The purpose of this study is to review a challenge competition (HeLP 2018) to develop automated solutions for the classification of metastases in hematoxylin and eosin–stained frozen tissue sections of SLNs in breast cancer patients. A total of 297 digital slides were obtained from frozen SLN sections, which include post–neoadjuvant cases (n = 144, 48.5%) in Asan Medical Center, South Korea. The slides were divided into training, development, and validation sets. All of the imaging datasets have been manually segmented by expert pathologists. A total of 10 participants were allowed to use the Kakao challenge platform for six weeks with two P40 GPUs. The algorithms were assessed in terms of the AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve). The top three teams showed 0.986, 0.985, and 0.945 AUCs for the development set and 0.805, 0.776, and 0.765 AUCs for the validation set. Micrometastatic tumors, neoadjuvant systemic therapy, invasive lobular carcinoma, and histologic grade 3 were associated with lower diagnostic accuracy. In a challenge competition, accurate deep learning algorithms have been developed, which can be helpful in making frozen diagnosis of intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy. Whether this approach has clinical utility will require evaluation in a clinical setting.

Inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) are potential nanoscale photosensitizers; moreover, two-dimensional (2-D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been intensively studied for application in the active layers of optoelectronic devices. In this study, heterostructures of 2D-monolayered MoS2 with zero-dimensional functionalized CsPbBr3 QDs were prepared, and their nanoscale optical characteristics were investigated. The effect of n-type doping on the MoS2 monolayer after hybridization with perovskite CsPbBr3 QDs was observed using laser confocal microscope photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectra. Field-effect transistors (FETs) using MoS2 and the MoS2–CsPbBr3 QDs hybrid were also fabricated, and their electrical and photoresponsive characteristics were investigated in terms of the charge transfer effect. For the MoS2–CsPbBr3 QDs-based FETs, the field effect mobility and photoresponsivity upon light irradiation were enhanced by ~ 4 times and a dramatic ~ 17 times, respectively, compared to the FET prepared without the perovskite QDs and without light irradiation. It is noteworthy that the photoresponsivity of the MoS2–CsPbBr3 QDs-based FETs significantly increased with increasing light power, which is completely contrary to the behavior observed in previous studies of MoS2-based FETs. The increased mobility and significant enhancement of the photoresponsivity can be attributed to the n-type doping effect and efficient energy transfer from CsPbBr3 QDs to MoS2. The results indicate that the optoelectronic characteristics of MoS2-based FETs can be significantly improved through hybridization with photosensitive perovskite CsPbBr3 QDs.

In this study, a pyramidal metal–dielectric hybrid-structure geometry with high broadband light absorption was prepared and applied as a photoelectrode for solar water oxidation. TiO2 was obliquely deposited on the pyramidal Au film, leading to asymmetrically thick pyramids. With the decoration of Au nanoparticles, the light absorption in the entire UV–visible region significantly increased to > 90%, which was examined by three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations and confirmed by confocal spectral mapping techniques. By the introduction of Ti as the insertion layer, the alignment of bands at the TiO2/Au film interface was tuned, thereby promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers via the efficient transport of electrons to the Au film. This transport led to a remarkable enhancement in the photocurrent density (~0.16 mA/cm2) by 3.4 times compared to that observed for a flat TiO2 layer.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of international people choosing to learn the Korean language. However, many of them are...

Monolayer (1L) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are two-dimensional direct-bandgap semiconductors with promising applications of quantum light emitters. Recent studies have shown that intrinsically low quantum yields (QYs) of 1L-TMDs can be greatly improved by chemical treatments. However, nonradiative exciton–exciton annihilation (EEA) appears to significantly limit light emission of 1L-TMDs at a nominal density of photoexcited excitons due to strong Coulomb interaction. Here we show that the EEA rate constant (γ) can be reduced by laser irradiation treatment in mechanically exfoliated monolayer tungsten disulfide (1L-WS2), causing significantly improved light emission at the saturating optical pumping level. Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed that γ reduced from 0.66 ± 0.15 cm2/s to 0.20 ± 0.05 cm2/s simply using our laser irradiation. The laser-irradiated region exhibited lower PL response at low excitation levels, however at the high excitation level displayed 3× higher PL...

We present phosphorescence enhancement of 2,5-dihexyloxy-4-bromobenzaldehyde (Br6A), a metal-free organic phosphor, by means of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) through surface plasmon excitation. The emission enhancement and lifetime reduction was observed in the fluorescence and phosphorescence suggesting that the phosphorescence enhancement can be achieved in the same manner as in fluorescence, through the increase of photoabsorption and the enhanced emission rate by the field enhancement around the metal nanostructures. Our results help to improve the understanding of the phosphorescence enhancement mechanism of a new class of purely organic phosphors.

The optical and electrical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs) are critically influenced by two dimensionally confined exciton complexes. Although, extensive studies on controlling the optical properties of 1L-TIVIDs through external doping or defect engineering have been carried out, the effects of excess charges, defects, and the populations of exciton complexes on the light emission of 1L-TMDs are not yet fully understood. Here, we present a simple chemical treatment method for n dope 1L-TMDs, which also enhances their optical and electrical properties. We show that dipping lLs of MoS2 WS2, and WSe2, whether exfoliated or grown'y chemical vapor deposition, into methanol for several hours can increase the electron density and also can reduce the defects, resulting in the enhancement of their photoluminescence, light absorption, and the carrier mobility:. This methanol treatment was effective for both n- and p-type 1L-TMDs, suggesting that the surface restructuring around structural defects by methanol is responsible for the enhancement of optical and electrical characteristics. Our results have revealed a simple process for external doping.that can enhance both the optical and electrical properties of 1L-TMDs and help us understand how the exciton emission in 1L-TMDs can be modulated by chemical treatments.

Lattice distortion, spin interaction, and dimensional crossover in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have led to intriguing quantum phases such as charge density waves (CDWs) and 2D magnetism. However, the combined effect of many factors in TMDs, such as spin-orbit, electron-phonon, and electron-electron interactions, stabilizes a single quantum phase at a given temperature and pressure, which restricts original device operations with various quantum phases. Here, nontrivial polymorphic quantum states, CDW phases, are reported in vanadium ditelluride (VTe2 ) at room temperature, which is unique among various CDW systems; the doping concentration determines the formation of either of the two CDW phases in VTe2 at ambient conditions. The two CDW polymorphs show different antiferromagnetic spin orderings in which the vanadium atoms create two different stripe-patterned spin waves. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the magnetic ordering is critically coupled with the corresponding CDW in VTe2 , which suggests a rich phase diagram with polymorphic spin, charge, and lattice waves all coexisting in a solid for new conceptual quantum state-switching device applications.

Organic semiconducting-rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene) microplates (MPs) were transferred onto the surface of two-dimensional (2-D) inorganic semiconducting molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The nanoscale photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the 2-D hybrid layers of the rubrene/MoS2 were measured using a high-resolution laser confocal microscope (LCM). We observed that the LCM-PL spectra of the rubrene MPs vary drastically according to the thicknesses of the 2-D MoS2 layers. When the organic-rubrene MPs were transferred onto the relatively thin MoS2 layers, the LCM-PL intensities of the rubrene MPs considerably decreased, i.e., PL quenching, because of the photoinduced charge-transfer effect between the p-type rubrene and n-type MoS2 materials. However, the LCM-PL intensities of the organic-rubrene MPs were gradually enhanced with the increasing thicknesses of the MoS2 layers due to the dominance of the reflection of the thicker MoS2 layers whereby the PL quenching is overcome. The results can be used for the data-base to improve the performance of p-n junction photovoltaic devices and light-emitting field-effect transistors.

Heterostacking of layered transition-metal dichalcogenide (LTMD) monolayers (1Ls) offers a convenient way of designing two-dimensional exciton systems. Here we demonstrate the simultaneous hosting of positive trions and negative trions in heterobilayers made by vertically stacking 1L MoSe2 and 1L MoS2. The charge transfer occurring between the 1Ls of MoSe2 and MoS2 converted the polarity of trions in 1L MoSe2 from negative to positive, resulting in the presence of positive trions in the 1L MoSe2 and negative trions in the 1L MoS2 of the same heterostacked bilayer. Significantly enhanced MoSe2 photoluminescence (PL) in the heterostacked bilayers compared to the PL of 1L MoSe2 alone suggests that, unlike other previously reported heterostacked bilayers, direct band transition of 1L MoSe2 in heterobilayer was enhanced after the vertical heterostacking. Moreover, by inserting hexagonal BN monolayers between 1L MoSe2 and 1L MoS2, we were able to adjust the charge transfer to maximize the MoSe2 PL of the heteromultilayers and have achieved a 9-fold increase of the PL emission. The enhanced optical properties of our heterostacked LTMDs suggest the exciting possibility of designing LTMD structures that exploit the superior optical properties of 1L LTMDs.

Electrical control of ferromagnetism in semiconductor nanostructures offers the promise of nonvolatile functionality in future semiconductor spintronics. Here, we demonstrate a dramatic gate-induced change of ferromagnetism in ZnO nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs). Ferromagnetism in our ZnO NWs arose from oxygen vacancies, which constitute deep levels hosting unpaired electron spins. The magnetic transition temperature of the studied ZnO NWs was estimated to be well above room temperature. The in situ UV confocal photoluminescence (PL) study confirmed oxygen vacancy mediated ferromagnetism in the studied ZnO NW FET devices. Both the estimated carrier concentration and temperature-dependent conductivity reveal the studied ZnO NWs are at the crossover of the metal-insulator transition. In particular, gate-induced modulation of the carrier concentration in the ZnO NW FET significantly alters carrier-mediated exchange interactions, which causes even inversion of magnetoresistance (MR) from negative to positive values. Upon sweeping the gate bias from -40 to +50 V, the MRs estimated at 2 K and 2 T were changed from -11.3% to +4.1%. Detailed analysis on the gate-dependent MR behavior clearly showed enhanced spin splitting energy with increasing carrier concentration. Gate-voltage-dependent PL spectra of an individual NW device confirmed the localization of oxygen vacancy-induced spins, indicating that gate-tunable indirect exchange coupling between localized magnetic moments played an important role in the remarkable change of the MR.

Monolayer tungsten disulfides (WS2) constitute a high quantum yield two-dimensional (2D) system, and can be synthesized on a large area using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), suggesting promising nanophotonics applications. However, spatially nonuniform photoluminescence (PL) intensities and peak wavelengths observed in single WS2 grains have puzzled researchers, with the origins of variation in relative contributions of excitons, trions, and biexcitons to the PL emission not well understood. Here, we present nanoscale PL and Raman spectroscopy images of triangular CVD-grown WS2 monolayers of different sizes, with these images obtained under different temperatures and values of excitation power. Intense PL emissions were observed around the edges of individual WS2 grains and the grain boundaries between partly merged WS2 grains. The predominant origin of the main PL emission from these regions changed from neutral excitons to trions and biexcitons with increasing laser excitation power, with biexcitons completely dominating the PL emission for the high-power condition. The intense PL emission and the preferential formation of biexcitons in the edges and grain boundaries of monolayer WS2 were attributed to larger population of charge carriers caused by the excessive incorporation of growth promoters during the CVD, suggesting positive roles of excessive carriers in the PL efficiency of TMD monolayers. Our comprehensive nanoscale spectroscopic investigation sheds light on the dynamic competition between exciton complexes occurring in monolayer WS2, suggesting a rich variety of ways to engineer new nanophotonic functions using 2D transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers.

We studied the enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and photocurrent (PC) of 1,4-bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)styryl)-2,5-dibromobenzene (TSDB) microrods decorated with ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). Chemically synthesized crystalline ZnO NPs with an average size of 40 nm were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane to result in the chemical bonding of the NPs onto the surface of the TSDB microrods. We observed a 2-fold PL enhancement in the ZnO/TSDB hybrid microrods compared with the PL of the pure TSDB microrods. In addition, PC measurement carried out on the TSDB and ZnO/TSDB hybrid microrods at two different excitation wavelengths of 355 nm and 405 nm showed the significant enhancement of the PC from the hybrid system, where the resonant excitation of the laser (355 nm) corresponding to the absorption of both ZnO and TSDB caused ∼3 times enhancement of the PC from the ZnO/TSDB hybrid microrods.

Designing and synthesizing the ordered light-harvesting systems, possessing complementary absorption and energy-transfer process between the chromophores, are essential steps to accomplish successful mimicking of the natural photosynthetic systems. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be considered as an ideal system to achieve this due to their highly ordered structure, superior synthetic versatility, and tailorable functionality. Herein, we have synthesized the new light-harvesting mixed-ligand MOFs (MLMs, MLM-1–3) via solvothermal reactions between a Zr6 cluster and a mixture of appropriate ratio of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene and [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxy-phenyl)porphyrinato]-Zn(II) ligands. The identical symmetry and connectivity of the two ligands of the MLMs was the key parameter of successful synthesis as a single MOF form, and the ample overlap between the emission spectrum of pyrene and the absorption spectrum of porphyrin provided the ideal platform to design an efficient-energy ...

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS

Organic/inorganic hybrid structures have been widely studied because of their enhanced physical and chemical properties. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs) and organic nanoparticles can provide a hybridization configuration between zero- and two-dimensional systems with the advantages of convenient preparation and strong interface interaction. Here, we present such a hybrid system made by dispersing π-conjugated organic (tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(III)) (Alq

Monolayer tungsten disulfides (WS2) constitute a high quantum yield two-dimensional (2D) system, and can be synthesized on a large area using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), suggesting promising nanophotonics applications. However, spatially nonuniform photoluminescence (PL) intensities and peak wavelengths observed in single WS2 grains have puzzled researchers, with the origins of variation in relative contributions of excitons, trions, and biexcitons to the PL emission not well understood. Here, we present nanoscale PL and Raman spectroscopy images of triangular CVD-grown WS2 monolayers of different sizes, with these images obtained under different temperatures and values of excitation power. Intense PL emissions were observed around the edges of individual WS2 grains and the grain boundaries between partly merged WS2 grains. The predominant origin of the main PL emission from these regions changed from neutral excitons to trions and biexcitons with increasing laser excitation power, with biexcitons completely dominating the PL emission for the high-power condition. The intense PL emission and the preferential formation of biexcitons in the edges and grain boundaries of monolayer WS2 were attributed to larger population of charge carriers caused by the excessive incorporation of growth promoters during the CVD, suggesting positive roles of excessive carriers in the PL efficiency of TMD monolayers. Our comprehensive nanoscale spectroscopic investigation sheds light on the dynamic competition between exciton complexes occurring in monolayer WS2, suggesting a rich variety of ways to engineer new nanophotonic functions using 2D transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers.

This paper introduces a direct conversion transmitter for IEEE 802.15.4 applications with a high gain up-conversion mixer. An RF DCT (Direct Conversion Transmitter) is composed of differential-ended DAC (Digital to Analog Converter), passive low pass filter, quadrature active mixer, and drive amplifier. The most important thing in designing RF direct conversion transmitter is satisfying 2.4GHz Zigbee standards with using low power and compact cell configurations. Active mixer provides enough high gain as well as sufficient ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power ratio) performance.

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2, WSe2 and WS2, are exciting two-dimensional (2D) materials because they possess tunable optical and electrical properties that depend on the number of layers. In this study, the nanoscale photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the p-type WSe2 monolayer, and WSe2 layers hybridized with the fluorescent dye Cy3 attached to probe-DNA (Cy3/p-DNA), have been investigated as a function of the concentration of Cy3/DNA by using high-resolution laser confocal microscopy. With increasing concentration of Cy3/p-DNA, the measured PL intensity decreases and its peak is red-shifted, suggesting that the WSe2 layer has been p-type doped with Cy3/p-DNA. Then, the PL intensity of the WSe2/Cy3/p-DNA hybrid system increases and the peak is blue-shifted through hybridization with relatively small amounts of target-DNA (t-DNA) (50-100 nM). This effect originates from charge and energy transfer from the Cy3/DNA to the WSe2. For t-DNA detection, our systems using p-type WSe2 have the merit in terms of the increase of PL intensity. The p-type WSe2 monolayers can be a promising nanoscale 2D material for sensitive optical bio-sensing based on the doping and de-doping responses to biomaterials.

Organic/inorganic hybrid structures have been widely studied because of their enhanced physical and chemical properties. Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDs) and organic nanoparticles can provide a hybridization configuration between zero- and two-dimensional systems with the advantages of convenient preparation and strong interface interaction. Here, we present such a hybrid system made by dispersing π-conjugated organic (tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(III)) (Alq3) nanoparticles (NPs) on 1L-MoS2. Hybrids of Alq3 NP/1L-MoS2 exhibited a two-fold increase in the photoluminescence of Alq3 NPs on 1L-MoS2 and the n-doping effect of 1L-MoS2, and these spectral and electronic modifications were attributed to the charge transfer between Alq3 NPs and 1L-MoS2. Our results suggested that a hybrid of organic NPs/1L-TMD can offer a convenient platform to study the interface interactions between organic and inorganic nano objects and to engineer optoelectronic devices with enhanced performance.